[00:01.450 --> 00:06.470]  Today, I'm going to be talking about this project that I've been working on for a little bit called the BioArtBot.
[00:07.310 --> 00:15.410]  And hopefully by taking you through that project, I'll be able to just give you a bit of a primer on biosafety and lab automation.
[00:15.490 --> 00:20.610]  And I think it's just a good project to get involved if you want to try to build your skills in one of these areas.
[00:20.870 --> 00:23.630]  And if you're not interested in that sort of stuff, it's just interesting.
[00:24.810 --> 00:26.370]  So I'm going to introduce myself.
[00:26.410 --> 00:29.950]  I'm going to talk about the BioArtBot and why I'm even presenting it today.
[00:30.730 --> 00:37.130]  And then I want to go into the hardware and the software and the wetware, because this is like a robot that moves bacteria around.
[00:37.390 --> 00:39.750]  So the wetware is like the organisms and stuff.
[00:40.470 --> 00:45.410]  And then I want to explain like the project that I took on in the last year, which was expanding the palette.
[00:47.170 --> 00:49.590]  And you'll learn more about that as I go through it.
[00:49.690 --> 00:55.610]  But essentially, it means that like there was an existing set of pigments we were using and we wanted to add some more.
[00:55.790 --> 00:57.790]  So that means finding new bacteria of some sort.
[00:58.430 --> 00:58.910]  All right.
[00:59.110 --> 01:05.990]  So yeah, I gave a talk last year, which I think has more of my theoretical framing for why I do this type of DIY bio work.
[01:06.250 --> 01:15.790]  Essentially, like I would really love to see a world in which that we like exchange more biological samples between each other, especially ones that have been engineered in some way.
[01:16.390 --> 01:21.430]  But I think, and my big example is just like, it's frightening.
[01:21.810 --> 01:23.270]  You said you want to exchange samples.
[01:29.870 --> 01:35.870]  Yeah, but I mean, actually, in my thought, it's like, it could be as easy as like, people already exchanged like, you know, yogurt and stuff.
[01:36.030 --> 01:41.130]  And like, I think that that might be the form factor that people are comfortable, like exchanging these things or sneezing.
[01:41.690 --> 01:42.290]  I don't know.
[01:43.550 --> 01:47.590]  Anyways, I'm a microbiologist by training, I actually studied infectious disease microbiology.
[01:48.130 --> 01:52.530]  But then I've sort of taken this path where I like started working as a pharmaceutical advertiser to make some money.
[01:52.770 --> 02:00.050]  And then I kind of quit that and just like volunteered for a bunch of time trying to set up a community biology lab, which is where this work is done.
[02:01.370 --> 02:03.410]  And it's specifically, it's here in New York City.
[02:03.690 --> 02:07.670]  So, you know, I'm really interested in local connection here, like we're a nonprofit lab.
[02:07.850 --> 02:16.150]  We were organized in the 501 C3, but like really, we're just like a group of volunteers who are running this like lab together and essentially splitting the rent and sharing the equipment.
[02:16.350 --> 02:20.510]  Because not everyone wants this equipment in their homes or like it's hard to get it sometimes.
[02:20.510 --> 02:24.510]  And so it's like nice to have a place you can like join together with others who are doing that sort of thing.
[02:26.230 --> 02:29.150]  So, yeah, why am I talking about the bio art bot today at HOPE?
[02:29.150 --> 02:33.690]  Well, we'll start off with this idea of paint that can be anything, even bacteria.
[02:33.970 --> 02:35.230]  It's a funny thing to think about.
[02:35.570 --> 02:40.150]  You know, it's just like if you can deposit the material and it has color, then it's paint.
[02:41.090 --> 02:44.430]  And that's been true as long as bacteria have been around.
[02:44.630 --> 02:49.590]  And in fact, like this Alex Fleming, the guy who is attributed to discover penicillin, right?
[02:49.650 --> 02:51.510]  He had moldy plates in his lab.
[02:51.550 --> 02:53.010]  He also had paint.
[02:53.330 --> 02:56.790]  He was part of like the Chelsea or Soho art club, something like that.
[02:56.970 --> 02:58.750]  And he painted these things.
[02:58.750 --> 03:05.850]  So this top image here with the nursing baby and like the, I don't know, hexoid head fighting people.
[03:06.070 --> 03:09.230]  Like those are his paintings from from back in the day.
[03:10.430 --> 03:21.590]  And, you know, this is not like a new thing, like even in our modern sense, like in 2015, the American side for microbiology has been holding agar art contests, which is just really cool.
[03:21.590 --> 03:24.750]  This image, the bottom image is like from like somebody's drawing them.
[03:24.890 --> 03:25.890]  I don't, you can't really see it.
[03:25.930 --> 03:32.670]  Maybe you can't see, but essentially like they have a, they have a portrait underneath an agar plate and they're kind of tracing it with bacteria.
[03:32.790 --> 03:35.390]  Because you don't see the bacteria when it goes down on the surface.
[03:35.390 --> 03:38.910]  It's like microscopic, but when it grows up, that's when you see the color.
[03:39.790 --> 03:42.070]  So that's one of those caveats, right?
[03:42.190 --> 03:47.010]  Like, oh yeah, you can paint with it, but it's invisible when you place it and you only see that color afterwards.
[03:47.010 --> 03:49.850]  Not everything grows together on the same medium.
[03:50.330 --> 03:54.010]  So like that's a limitation grows at different speeds and makes different textures.
[03:54.650 --> 03:55.810]  Bacteria can fight each other.
[03:55.970 --> 04:01.330]  So like if you're painting with a bunch of different like pigments, like you could like sort of antagonize your own painting.
[04:01.490 --> 04:03.470]  But I mean, that could also be really cool, right?
[04:03.530 --> 04:04.330]  That could be a limitation.
[04:04.550 --> 04:09.170]  And in fact, that's like why I bring it here in some ways, because it's just cool, right?
[04:09.270 --> 04:16.510]  Like this is just a really interesting way to get involved with thinking about how do I work with microbes or how do I work with biotech?
[04:16.510 --> 04:22.090]  So like one of these paintings is done probably in like an academic lab.
[04:22.090 --> 04:24.710]  I think it's like the professional class or whatever.
[04:24.910 --> 04:26.830]  So they have like their own special systems.
[04:26.950 --> 04:31.230]  They don't have to worry about what organisms they're working with already working with them for some other research purpose.
[04:31.330 --> 04:33.690]  And then they paint something really cool with it.
[04:33.850 --> 04:38.270]  And on the other side, that's actually I think it's actually based here in New York City.
[04:38.470 --> 04:45.230]  There's like a lab called the Buka Lab and they do a lot of synthetic biology and they made a whole suite of yeast that had different pigments in it.
[04:45.230 --> 04:53.050]  And so then they deposited it using a commercial like sort of very expensive robot that they have access to to make this kind of cool restart.
[04:53.550 --> 04:54.850]  So I think it looks really cool.
[04:55.050 --> 04:56.630]  That's one of the reasons I brought it to HOPE.
[04:57.270 --> 05:00.490]  And finding new people and ways to engage with ideas is good.
[05:00.650 --> 05:06.310]  So like just that cool factor, I think, is sort of reason enough to show it to an audience and see what people think of it.
[05:06.310 --> 05:09.930]  See if they want to make it themselves and something like that.
[05:11.050 --> 05:16.830]  So I like this quote from somebody from the RSA or it was a talk that was given at the RSA.
[05:17.270 --> 05:20.590]  This is nothing is brand new, but it can be done differently for a brand new outcome.
[05:20.750 --> 05:23.770]  And I tend to think about this in technology a lot, right?
[05:23.830 --> 05:27.490]  Like sometimes you're like you don't have to reinvent the wheel on everything.
[05:27.970 --> 05:32.790]  There's like a lot of prior art that has been lost or that had very narrow applications.
[05:33.330 --> 05:38.330]  But like the interesting thing and I think the hacker ethos of doing it is like opening that up, right?
[05:38.470 --> 05:42.990]  Finding a new application area for something or a place that it wasn't previously applied.
[05:43.170 --> 05:46.830]  Different groups trying to use the same tools that people have been using for a while.
[05:46.830 --> 05:49.430]  So I'm going to tell you some of the biology tools today.
[05:50.110 --> 05:57.170]  And I think actually like zooming out even more like the community biology labs, bio maker labs.
[05:57.330 --> 06:01.830]  Like we want simple activities that people can build that tell them that.
[06:02.030 --> 06:04.590]  Oh, these are cool things you can build inside of our labs, right?
[06:04.730 --> 06:06.610]  I think this is true for makerspaces as well.
[06:06.730 --> 06:17.310]  But in like the electronics world, you have access to the Arduino and the Raspberry Pi systems, which are like really nice hobby platforms to build projects.
[06:17.490 --> 06:19.670]  It's hard to find those things in biology.
[06:20.210 --> 06:23.010]  And I'm hoping that the bio art bot is one of those projects.
[06:23.130 --> 06:26.310]  But you can tell me what you think the barriers are as I tell you more about it.
[06:27.650 --> 06:36.370]  Yeah, there's just like huge opportunities to develop like new entry kits or new entry pathways projects for people to get involved in this space.
[06:37.190 --> 06:42.610]  And the limitations are there's a lot of specialized hardware in biology.
[06:43.430 --> 06:48.650]  So the top two pictures now are like the pyoreactor and the bento box.
[06:48.770 --> 06:53.510]  So pyoreactor is like this kind of cool open-source ish, I think project.
[06:53.510 --> 06:57.630]  It's a shield for a Raspberry Pi that helps you do like bioreactors.
[06:57.630 --> 06:59.890]  So you can have a little 20 milliliter bioreactor.
[07:00.050 --> 07:03.970]  Cost is like $250 for entry, something like that.
[07:04.090 --> 07:07.350]  But like that's ostensibly kind of within the realm of a makerspace.
[07:07.370 --> 07:10.470]  But again, like this is the specialized hardware part, right?
[07:10.470 --> 07:13.890]  They're selling it to scientists that have like huge grants at their disposal.
[07:14.110 --> 07:16.130]  They're selling it to industry folks, right?
[07:16.210 --> 07:17.150]  Who have a little bit larger.
[07:17.330 --> 07:20.970]  Hobby industry hasn't caught on to like what the possibility is yet with this.
[07:21.430 --> 07:25.990]  And then the bento lab is like that's like an all in one molecular biology kit.
[07:26.090 --> 07:26.890]  You got a centrifuge.
[07:26.930 --> 07:28.390]  You got ways to look at DNA.
[07:28.390 --> 07:31.690]  You got ways to grow bacteria and that's all packaged together.
[07:31.690 --> 07:34.030]  And it goes for like $1,000 or something like that.
[07:34.130 --> 07:38.150]  It's like it feels like these things are a little bit outside of the range of hobby, in my opinion.
[07:38.350 --> 07:43.470]  And so I think that they kind of prevent like real tinkering and playing around with this stuff.
[07:43.930 --> 07:46.110]  So then diverse consumables are another thing.
[07:46.250 --> 07:52.810]  Once you get that specialized hardware, biology experiments sort of consume something in the process of making.
[07:52.910 --> 07:52.990]  Right.
[07:53.030 --> 07:54.130]  We're mixing stuff together.
[07:54.330 --> 07:56.490]  They something eats another thing and then grows.
[07:56.490 --> 08:00.050]  Something's consuming nutrients to produce something else.
[08:01.630 --> 08:04.530]  And there are good suppliers for that sort of thing, actually.
[08:04.730 --> 08:07.410]  Like the bottom photo here on the...
[08:07.410 --> 08:09.490]  I guess it's my left, but maybe you're right.
[08:09.750 --> 08:10.770]  Oh, it's everyone's left.
[08:10.910 --> 08:11.010]  Okay.
[08:11.090 --> 08:14.610]  On the left is a kit from Carolina Biosciences.
[08:15.390 --> 08:18.050]  They're a great educational company that makes all these kits.
[08:18.230 --> 08:22.410]  And you can order your scientific reagents from them and then you can tinker with them.
[08:22.490 --> 08:24.790]  You don't have to use the kits intended purpose.
[08:24.790 --> 08:39.090]  And this specific kit is like you get to grow little worms called nematodes and feed them RNAi, which is a type of RNA that when it gets, at least for these nematodes, when it gets into their gut, it like suppresses their gene expression of a certain type.
[08:39.370 --> 08:44.070]  And so you end up changing like the phenotype of these worms by feeding them pieces of RNAi.
[08:44.250 --> 08:50.750]  You can imagine how like that would be an interesting tinker project where you're like, what if I give them different RNAi that suppresses different genes?
[08:50.870 --> 08:51.610]  What does that look like?
[08:51.610 --> 08:53.590]  So like, you know, it does exist out there.
[08:53.770 --> 08:55.850]  It's like kind of packaged with this education framework.
[08:55.990 --> 08:57.390]  And then where do you do that work?
[08:57.510 --> 08:59.590]  Where do you edit the RNAi, right?
[08:59.710 --> 09:00.850]  That's a limitation.
[09:01.310 --> 09:04.610]  And on the other side, the other one down there is bio bits.
[09:05.170 --> 09:07.290]  They make like a cell-free extract.
[09:07.750 --> 09:10.930]  So essentially all the power of making proteins in our cells.
[09:11.130 --> 09:12.770]  We all make proteins in our cells.
[09:12.930 --> 09:18.150]  They take all the liquid outside of it and then they put other templates in so they can make other proteins.
[09:18.930 --> 09:21.010]  Yeah, it's a little bit... it's an interesting reagent.
[09:21.130 --> 09:23.530]  It used to be like made from wheat germ.
[09:24.490 --> 09:27.790]  Wheat germ has all the components to make proteins in it.
[09:28.630 --> 09:31.390]  Anyways, these are sold as educational kits, right?
[09:31.470 --> 09:34.310]  And it's a really good source of that sort of tinkering stuff.
[09:34.590 --> 09:37.890]  But again, like that's not clear to people.
[09:37.890 --> 09:45.350]  I think when they're thinking about making an interesting biology project that like you have to dip into these sources of materials.
[09:45.350 --> 09:50.650]  And then again, there's no real plan or like test project, hello world project that folks are familiar with.
[09:50.810 --> 09:52.890]  And I think the bio art bot could fill that gap.
[09:52.950 --> 09:55.030]  So you tell me, I guess, as you get to it.
[09:55.330 --> 09:58.190]  So yeah, it's adapting automation for art.
[09:59.310 --> 10:04.210]  So the big like what are we is like, it's a project for encouraging curiosity, right?
[10:04.210 --> 10:05.390]  As I said, this on-ramp.
[10:06.690 --> 10:11.910]  It's based on a pipetting robot, an open-source project based on that OT2 pipetting robot.
[10:11.910 --> 10:12.990]  And I'll talk about that more.
[10:13.610 --> 10:17.270]  And it draws user submitted pixel art using colored bacteria.
[10:18.590 --> 10:19.950]  And so that's a...
[10:19.950 --> 10:22.910]  I just removed some of the front image of the last one that I showed you.
[10:23.070 --> 10:25.650]  And here are some examples of bacterial pixel art, right?
[10:25.830 --> 10:27.430]  There's like lots of really fun things you can make.
[10:27.530 --> 10:28.110]  There's lots of colors.
[10:30.450 --> 10:33.110]  And this is from when we expanded the palette.
[10:33.370 --> 10:36.290]  Here's another example of some bacterial bio art.
[10:36.290 --> 10:38.690]  So it's a slightly different color scheme.
[10:38.870 --> 10:41.530]  And that's because we weren't using synthetic...
[10:42.290 --> 10:44.210]  We weren't using engineered bacteria.
[10:44.430 --> 10:47.570]  We were using natural bacteria, quote unquote, that we found in the environment.
[10:47.570 --> 10:49.950]  So the colors are like a little bit muted.
[10:51.290 --> 10:51.810]  Okay.
[10:51.990 --> 10:54.230]  So let's talk about this Opentron's OT2.
[10:54.390 --> 10:58.250]  That's the open-source platform that the lab automation side is built on.
[10:58.430 --> 11:03.690]  It launches a Kickstarter in 2014 from people that came from the community biology environment.
[11:03.690 --> 11:09.530]  Folks that were working in labs like Biotech Without Borders that were kind of like, huh, how can we make a cool thing?
[11:09.650 --> 11:18.830]  And I think this sort of speaks to the fact that it was easier to hack a piece of electronics to help within the lab than to hack like some biology thing in the lab to then kind of get big.
[11:20.110 --> 11:21.430]  The software is open-source.
[11:21.650 --> 11:24.470]  And technically the hardware is too for this OT2 model.
[11:24.630 --> 11:27.910]  But like, I think the sourcing of that hardware is like really difficult actually.
[11:28.250 --> 11:30.270]  But the open-source software is really nice.
[11:30.270 --> 11:35.930]  And that's what led us hack it or hack a build on top of it rather to make the BioArtBot software.
[11:37.090 --> 11:42.790]  And I think it was a relatively successful project because there's a lot more of these machines running around the world now.
[11:43.430 --> 11:50.570]  I think previously before this object existed, you have to spend like hundreds of thousands of dollars to get some sort of lab robot.
[11:50.570 --> 11:56.110]  But now you can spend like $10,000 or maybe you can find a broken one and fix it up yourself.
[11:59.030 --> 12:02.130]  And how does this stuff get used in the lab?
[12:02.370 --> 12:08.230]  Well, as I mentioned before, biology is about mixing small volumes of liquid together to carry out different reactions.
[12:08.230 --> 12:11.590]  So like in this picture, there's like three different reactions that are happening.
[12:11.770 --> 12:12.790]  Those are three different steps.
[12:12.990 --> 12:14.950]  And in each step, you have to add more things.
[12:15.130 --> 12:20.210]  You know, some water, some like squiggles, some other colored squiggles.
[12:20.390 --> 12:26.430]  And then the output of that is like other colored squiggles that go into the next reaction where you add more things and they become something else.
[12:26.430 --> 12:31.050]  This is the general workflow of like doing some sort of biology research.
[12:32.010 --> 12:51.890]  And then where the automation part comes in, or like, I guess this is just part of the scaling up part, is that people use these plates, either 96 wells or times 4, 384 wells or times 4 again, 1536 wells, to carry out a whole bunch of reactions all at once in like a form factor that's like this
[12:51.890 --> 12:52.750]  size, right?
[12:52.810 --> 12:54.110]  Oh, you can see the person's holding it.
[12:54.790 --> 13:00.270]  And like that allows you to either test different conditions, test along a range of conditions, right?
[13:00.310 --> 13:02.030]  You can see the gradients on the top, right?
[13:02.090 --> 13:03.190]  They're testing different conditions.
[13:03.730 --> 13:06.770]  And so you can imagine now the next step adding the robot into this.
[13:06.770 --> 13:10.490]  It's like, okay, now you have like a whole stack of plates and you're running all these reactions.
[13:11.630 --> 13:16.490]  Yeah, that's like, that's how people use these robots in sort of an industrial context, right?
[13:16.570 --> 13:18.710]  In a large scale research context.
[13:21.090 --> 13:35.190]  But for our purposes, the OT2 kind of sits in this like, we're still filling the plates by hand method, but maybe once the plates are filled, they can go into this robot and the robot can do the rest of the liquid manipulations by itself.
[13:35.350 --> 13:36.890]  It can add something to each of the wells.
[13:37.290 --> 13:38.910]  So it's a pipette assembly.
[13:39.090 --> 13:41.270]  So pipette being the thing that moves the liquid around.
[13:41.610 --> 13:46.050]  And it has three axes of movement on a gantry to manipulate the modules in the deck, right?
[13:46.130 --> 13:48.090]  Go X, Y or Z, it can go up and down.
[13:49.630 --> 13:52.890]  And the deck is where all the things that we put on there.
[13:52.890 --> 13:57.950]  So like if we want, you can see there's sort of, um, you can see there's like nine spots.
[13:58.150 --> 14:02.090]  Maybe one of them's occupied by something pink and then the rest are empty.
[14:02.270 --> 14:03.990]  And then there's like a trash in the back.
[14:03.990 --> 14:08.690]  And then there's like a place where it kind of like refills the liquid handling object.
[14:09.010 --> 14:10.430]  Um, yeah, anyways.
[14:10.990 --> 14:13.390]  So yeah, tip holder and some trash.
[14:14.090 --> 14:20.810]  And then what was nice about using this machine is that like, again, because it's a little bit, the software is open-source.
[14:21.370 --> 14:25.690]  When something broke on it, when something breaks on it, you can just like write a software patch maybe.
[14:25.710 --> 14:29.090]  So like use a different piece of the hardware to achieve the same goal.
[14:29.450 --> 14:31.350]  Um, so that was a really nice feature.
[14:31.350 --> 14:33.850]  And that's actually a big feature of the one that we have in the lab.
[14:34.010 --> 14:35.230]  It's kind of like hack to bits.
[14:37.410 --> 14:39.550]  And maybe I can show you a picture then.
[14:39.730 --> 14:41.010]  Oh, actually, first I'll say.
[14:41.850 --> 14:50.210]  The bio art bot of it is a website essentially where people draw the pixel art that they want on the website.
[14:50.430 --> 14:56.370]  And then the code turns that into, um, something that the, the, the robot can read.
[14:56.510 --> 15:00.890]  And so then the robot will then deposit those bacteria onto the surface of agar.
[15:01.050 --> 15:06.470]  So I think maybe I will try to switch over just to show that video, right?
[15:06.530 --> 15:09.270]  So like, this is like what it would look like in practice, right?
[15:09.270 --> 15:10.290]  So you have this robot.
[15:10.290 --> 15:15.410]  It's like doing a lot of repetitive motion to try to put each pixel onto the agar.
[15:15.990 --> 15:18.190]  And there's just like a bunch of different views of this.
[15:18.190 --> 15:20.830]  And so it'll just like cycle through some of these videos.
[15:20.950 --> 15:21.730]  They're very, very short.
[15:22.250 --> 15:29.570]  But you can see that in the back of this robot, there's a section that has everything, um, like where it picks up the material, right?
[15:29.650 --> 15:33.670]  Like it has to switch out the little plastic bit that does the liquid handling.
[15:33.670 --> 15:39.610]  It has to go into a little plastic tube that contains our bacteria and then, and then places it on there.
[15:40.030 --> 15:40.470]  Okay.
[15:40.750 --> 15:42.550]  I think that gives you the idea.
[15:44.650 --> 15:48.070]  Um, so, and that's, and that's all within the software.
[15:48.250 --> 15:51.570]  It's, it's one of the, you can see the GitHub repo that we have for it.
[15:51.690 --> 15:58.110]  Uh, essentially just taking that, uh, that inter, turning the, uh, submission art into a piece of Python code.
[15:58.110 --> 16:00.310]  And the OT2 understands that Python code.
[16:00.310 --> 16:04.930]  It draws upon a bunch of libraries that you can inspect, um, to, to draw the image.
[16:05.770 --> 16:14.830]  Um, and so essentially if you have this robot and the wherewithal to put it to use, like you too can deploy the by art bot in your own space.
[16:15.030 --> 16:17.090]  So I mentioned like it costs a bit of money.
[16:17.190 --> 16:19.610]  I think that's a major barrier for folks, right?
[16:19.670 --> 16:21.250]  Not everyone's gonna spend that amount of money.
[16:21.350 --> 16:26.390]  But what's kind of interesting is that like there's also labs that have it, but they don't use it all the time.
[16:26.390 --> 16:28.790]  Cause like for a big lab, they didn't spend a lot of time.
[16:28.910 --> 16:32.450]  It could be a way to activate if, if you were interested in doing something like this, right?
[16:32.550 --> 16:38.970]  You could maybe find a lab that had downtime on their robot and say, this could be a great outreach opportunity, right?
[16:39.050 --> 16:43.070]  Can I load this onto your robot and just print it a couple bits of art?
[16:44.930 --> 16:45.330]  Okay.
[16:45.390 --> 16:48.950]  But like the printing the bits of art, like you need the pigments to do this.
[16:49.090 --> 16:50.310]  And so like, what's that part?
[16:50.490 --> 16:55.810]  And so I will say that you could just print things out in, in, in colored dye, right?
[16:55.810 --> 16:57.030]  It doesn't have to be bacteria.
[16:57.210 --> 17:03.990]  Um, but like the way that we constructed this project was to give people a taste of what people in the lab do essentially.
[17:04.150 --> 17:15.390]  And so it's like one idea is that you could use this robot to deposit bacteria in different formations that you're like testing some sort of like spatial, um, spatial interactions between the bacteria.
[17:15.790 --> 17:16.270]  Okay.
[17:16.450 --> 17:16.690]  Anyways.
[17:17.090 --> 17:22.870]  Um, so bacteria, what's the synthetic biology part of this, right?
[17:23.670 --> 17:24.690]  It's a rough transition.
[17:24.870 --> 17:27.430]  I kind of want to say like, oh, we're writing code for the robot.
[17:27.490 --> 17:29.090]  You could also write code for the bacteria.
[17:29.830 --> 17:32.130]  Um, people call it the central dogma.
[17:32.230 --> 17:35.350]  It means that our DNA turns into RNA that turns into protein.
[17:35.510 --> 17:39.290]  The protein is going to be the things that have the color, or at least the things that make the color.
[17:40.210 --> 17:47.250]  Um, but of course, like it's not really that straightforward, but that's like the, the way that a lot of engineers think about implementing this type of stuff.
[17:47.450 --> 17:48.610]  And then there's all these caveats, right?
[17:48.750 --> 17:56.310]  Because like biological life, like has more systems at play, more feedback mechanisms than just take code, produce product.
[17:57.650 --> 18:11.150]  Um, but for all intents and purposes, we'll think about it as inserting a piece of foreign DNA, uh, into a, into a, some sort of carrier into the organism and then having that organism make some totally new color.
[18:11.930 --> 18:14.650]  And, uh, typically the way that's done is through a plasmid.
[18:15.110 --> 18:29.590]  And very famously, uh, the green fluorescent protein is like the first protein that earned, I don't know if it was the first one, but it was a protein that was moved out of jellyfish, which had this glowing green organ and then put into bacteria because people thought it was like a nice research
[18:29.590 --> 18:30.470]  tool, right?
[18:30.570 --> 18:32.870]  Uh, you could like mark things with it.
[18:33.210 --> 18:36.030]  Um, and so for our purposes, we're just using it like a pigment.
[18:36.570 --> 18:38.310]  So there's an amateur biologist.
[18:38.310 --> 18:45.150]  I think I mentioned this in my last presentation who like made a whole plethora of plasmids that produce the colors of the rainbow.
[18:45.830 --> 18:48.770]  And so this is like, this is the first iteration.
[18:48.770 --> 18:50.750]  Let's say of the pigments of the bio art bot.
[18:50.930 --> 18:52.470]  You can bring your own pigments, right?
[18:52.470 --> 18:56.650]  Like we just happened to bring these, um, uh, antibiotic resistant ones actually.
[18:57.250 --> 19:08.290]  And so, uh, uh, process that we will go through after we get a pallet of, after we bring together those pigments, we have to test those patterns just to make sure they all grow on the same back on the same.
[19:08.510 --> 19:12.250]  They grow at the same rate, let's say, and you can kind of see them all together.
[19:12.250 --> 19:14.210]  So these are just some test patterns that we ran.
[19:14.410 --> 19:19.010]  And then what's kind of cool about these synthetically engineered ones is that they're fluorescent.
[19:19.330 --> 19:22.550]  Um, I guess I actually don't know the reason for the, for this.
[19:22.690 --> 19:26.610]  Like, you know, these proteins are fluorescent in the jellyfish.
[19:26.970 --> 19:30.950]  And, um, I don't know what the adaptive purpose of that is.
[19:31.070 --> 19:35.090]  Presumably there's some nature reason, but it looks really cool for us.
[19:38.090 --> 19:43.330]  Um, and then here's some examples of some art that people made, uh, using those colored bacteria.
[19:45.170 --> 19:49.230]  And so, yeah, UV again helps these images, uh, look, look nicer.
[19:49.930 --> 19:52.410]  So why choose to expand the pallet, right?
[19:52.470 --> 19:59.730]  Like that, that's the description of the project as it exists before, as it existed before we took on this project to try to expand that pallet.
[20:00.210 --> 20:02.490]  Ostensibly everything there works, right?
[20:02.530 --> 20:03.790]  Like we have the robot.
[20:03.890 --> 20:04.830]  It prints the thing.
[20:04.990 --> 20:06.270]  We get, we get images.
[20:06.410 --> 20:07.150]  People can have fun.
[20:07.290 --> 20:09.730]  Um, and yes, I think that is true.
[20:09.730 --> 20:25.250]  Um, but something that, uh, that I'd sort of alluded to here is that to get the plasmid into the organism, to know that the organism that has the plasmid, the piece of foreign DNA is the one that's going to make your color.
[20:25.490 --> 20:30.610]  Like we use antibiotics to kill off everything that doesn't have that foreign DNA.
[20:31.510 --> 20:37.010]  So with the jellyfish gene, we also add like a piece of antibiotic resistance.
[20:37.190 --> 20:38.730]  And then we put that into the organism.
[20:38.870 --> 20:41.650]  And the only things that survive and we expose it to antibiotics.
[20:41.830 --> 20:44.810]  And only the thing that survives is the thing that we grow.
[20:44.890 --> 20:46.970]  And then we get this like pure culture and it's really cool.
[20:46.970 --> 21:03.590]  But I think there's a limitation there in terms of really having people take this home with them and like putting it into our own spaces or like even putting into spaces that maybe don't have, um, the same like cleanup protocols that you might want to use for,
[21:03.670 --> 21:04.670]  for some of these bacteria.
[21:04.670 --> 21:09.670]  And then also I had to tell that whole story about putting DNA and bacteria.
[21:09.670 --> 21:20.830]  And like, as I said before, when I was thinking about, um, like what I think the best way to exchange biological samples is, it might not be like genetically engineered things, right?
[21:20.890 --> 21:24.950]  It might be that there's like a whole bunch of cool organisms that exist out in the world.
[21:24.950 --> 21:27.210]  Oh, like, like seed libraries, right?
[21:27.350 --> 21:32.330]  Like all these, there's this diversity that's already existing and we just want to share it.
[21:32.330 --> 21:34.730]  And that's true in bacteria as well.
[21:34.870 --> 21:41.590]  So I wanted to find, we wanted to find bacterial strains, pigments that we could share like that.
[21:41.730 --> 21:49.390]  And that didn't have to, we didn't have to explain the whole genetic engineering process to get people excited about engaging with this part of the biology.
[21:50.390 --> 21:51.990]  Yeah, they're like everywhere, right?
[21:52.050 --> 21:53.290]  Bacteria are everywhere.
[21:53.590 --> 21:59.050]  Like they're on me, they're like subsurface, uh, rock samples in the ocean.
[21:59.050 --> 22:07.490]  And, uh, they've lived on the planet for a really long time, which means they've had to adapt to the scenarios that they encounter for a really long time.
[22:07.610 --> 22:15.330]  They have really cool, um, rare biochemical pathways for eating stuff.
[22:15.850 --> 22:25.550]  And, uh, if we can think about where that might be useful, um, and, and where we might find, find usage for that in our own lives, I think that would be really transformative.
[22:25.550 --> 22:33.610]  But for now, as an entry point to this concept, I'd like to present the idea of just finding cool colors that we could paint with.
[22:34.650 --> 22:35.550]  And it's true.
[22:35.690 --> 22:42.370]  You can do like a big, um, uh, inventory of all the different pigments that bacteria make.
[22:42.470 --> 22:47.070]  And again, the purpose for them is like probably for survival in some way.
[22:47.070 --> 22:53.070]  And we just don't know about enough about their lifestyles to always say why exactly they make that pigment.
[22:53.550 --> 22:54.770]  Um, but they do.
[22:54.990 --> 23:08.810]  And, uh, I think that's a nice entry point for us as humans thinking about human things, about things just for us, uh, as a, as a way of thinking about these organisms and what, uh, what place they occupy in our lives.
[23:11.050 --> 23:12.010]  So, okay.
[23:12.110 --> 23:13.790]  But like, it's not without risk, right?
[23:13.930 --> 23:21.870]  Like, and I think that that's an important thing that, that I want to explain to people is that if you're going out and you're trying to find random microbes and growing them.
[23:22.070 --> 23:22.330]  Okay.
[23:22.410 --> 23:22.810]  So sure.
[23:22.810 --> 23:25.130]  They're everywhere right now, but there's not a lot of them.
[23:25.650 --> 23:28.870]  Typically the organisms are sort of kept in check by each other, right?
[23:28.930 --> 23:37.870]  Like they don't all grow up to like a big, like bacterial colonies growing over my skin because like there's lots of other bacteria here and everything kind of keeps it in check.
[23:38.290 --> 23:49.050]  And so when you want to just get one of those bacteria and you want to grow it up so you can see its color, there's a little bit of a risk that gets introduced because how do you know that the thing that you're growing is safe?
[23:51.710 --> 23:55.190]  And so in the lab, this like lower image here.
[23:55.330 --> 24:01.210]  Oh, so like the top image is just like, look, some small bacteria grow into bigger and bigger amounts of them.
[24:01.330 --> 24:03.330]  And so much until we can see them.
[24:03.950 --> 24:08.230]  And then the lab below, that's like an example of a lab that you would do this work in.
[24:08.390 --> 24:15.370]  You need control over the ventilation because the bacteria actually, I was just in the air talk in this room.
[24:15.370 --> 24:16.450]  I thought it was a really great talk.
[24:16.570 --> 24:19.450]  They talked about, you know, particulate matter in the air.
[24:19.710 --> 24:23.850]  Bacteria are of the size that they can easily become that particulate matter in the air.
[24:24.050 --> 24:28.510]  And so you just don't want to be growing large amounts of bacteria that you don't know what it is.
[24:28.870 --> 24:30.470]  For some things, it doesn't matter, right?
[24:30.590 --> 24:34.790]  Like if you imagine a brewery, they're growing tons of yeast, right?
[24:34.830 --> 24:39.770]  There's so much yeast in the air of a brewery, but there's no health concerns around that, right?
[24:39.830 --> 24:44.830]  OSHA is not like super concerned about like the density of yeast that's in those containers.
[24:45.890 --> 24:48.290]  So it matters the identity of these things.
[24:50.510 --> 25:00.250]  But in the project that I'm describing, we're trying to approach this and like grow the bacteria kind of before we know what it is because we want to see if they have a cool color or not.
[25:00.430 --> 25:02.990]  So in that case, like you really want to ventilate the space.
[25:03.150 --> 25:08.630]  So people have a device called a biosafety cabinet where the air inside doesn't mix with the air outside.
[25:08.890 --> 25:10.450]  It's a HEPA filter, right?
[25:10.610 --> 25:12.630]  There's like an air curtain and something like that.
[25:13.590 --> 25:17.610]  But people do, people do grow bacteria they don't know about actually.
[25:18.290 --> 25:22.970]  Like there's this paper that I'm citing down here, Park and DuPont.
[25:23.130 --> 25:26.010]  Also this picture from Garden Culture magazine at the bottom.
[25:26.150 --> 25:30.310]  This is like a practice called Korean natural farming, right?
[25:30.470 --> 25:37.130]  And it says that like there are really great microbes living in the forest that we've kind of lost in our crops.
[25:37.130 --> 25:42.530]  So like let's go into the forest and grow a bunch of microbes, forest microbes, and then bring them back to the crops.
[25:42.750 --> 25:46.770]  And that actually really helps enrich the soil quality and helps these crops live.
[25:47.090 --> 25:56.890]  And so like already I think I'm sort of touching on like one of those concepts from my last talk is like, yeah, like those are the things that maybe want to exchange with each other, like things that work.
[25:57.090 --> 25:58.510]  Like maybe it's just method, right?
[25:58.690 --> 26:01.390]  But maybe it's like I found something in that sample that really works.
[26:01.390 --> 26:07.330]  Anyways, off topic, this Korean natural farming method, they grow these unknown microbes.
[26:07.770 --> 26:10.730]  Yeah, at some frequency, they just do it outside, right?
[26:10.850 --> 26:12.250]  There's good ventilation outside.
[26:13.070 --> 26:16.230]  There's good ventilation outside and they use rice.
[26:16.430 --> 26:22.030]  I don't know if that's helpful, but like basically people have done it for a while and no one's gotten hurt.
[26:22.030 --> 26:25.910]  And that's like a valid way to do some of your experimentation.
[26:26.650 --> 26:35.130]  So I'll say that like when you're trying to find just a single microbe, maybe it's a little bit more difficult because you don't want everything to grow.
[26:35.130 --> 26:36.510]  You only want that one thing.
[26:36.510 --> 26:38.610]  So you might not have the capacity to do this.
[26:39.110 --> 26:45.890]  We partially did it because I'll explain later, like thought the risk was low in one particular instance.
[26:46.010 --> 26:51.110]  But then also we also collaborate with some labs to like put it into their biosafety cabinet.
[26:51.110 --> 26:51.510]  Right.
[26:51.670 --> 26:54.490]  And like kind of go more for the totally unknown approach.
[26:55.430 --> 26:57.090]  And then the other thing is, oh, yeah.
[26:57.630 --> 27:00.270]  And the other thing is we also ask people for their microbes.
[27:00.530 --> 27:00.790]  Right.
[27:00.910 --> 27:02.370]  And that brings me to this point.
[27:02.550 --> 27:04.210]  Once you know what that microbe is.
[27:04.370 --> 27:04.510]  Right.
[27:04.530 --> 27:08.590]  If you know it's yeast, then then you can just treat it like the risk that it is.
[27:08.690 --> 27:08.770]  Right.
[27:08.990 --> 27:14.750]  There's a whole set of standards that people use to identify the risk group, the safety level of different organisms.
[27:14.750 --> 27:19.570]  And so we really leverage this one from a German from the German federal government.
[27:22.470 --> 27:27.470]  OK, so, yeah, organisms, they're organizing these risk groups based on their capacity to cause disease.
[27:27.650 --> 27:29.130]  I could explain a little bit more.
[27:29.230 --> 27:30.490]  There's like four different levels.
[27:30.810 --> 27:32.910]  It's kind of like, does it cause disease to the individual?
[27:33.110 --> 27:34.350]  Can it spread to another person?
[27:34.370 --> 27:35.850]  That's like increasing risk levels.
[27:35.850 --> 27:40.610]  But like really for our purposes, I just want to tell you we only want risk group one.
[27:41.010 --> 27:41.350]  Right.
[27:41.450 --> 27:44.790]  That's the group that, you know, that the yeast is in the brewery.
[27:44.870 --> 27:48.410]  That's stuff that you can grow to these massive amounts and they're not going to cause too much harm.
[27:48.850 --> 27:56.570]  So once you so so so the risk profile for this really looks like there's a point where you don't know what's happening on the plate.
[27:56.710 --> 27:56.930]  Right.
[27:57.030 --> 27:58.750]  You don't want to make aerosols with that.
[27:58.870 --> 28:03.930]  Or if you do make aerosols, you want those aerosols isolated from you, either in the hood, wearing a mask or outside.
[28:03.930 --> 28:14.070]  But after you get some sort of identification process on that organism and it comes up and it's in a list and it says it's pretty good, then you're more or less free to use that as you will.
[28:15.450 --> 28:20.750]  And so we ended up using a combination because of like these limitations of like isolating and asking for them.
[28:21.590 --> 28:28.690]  Because like if you look at the scientific literature, there's so much stuff there and you can just look at pictures and be like, wow, colorful stuff.
[28:28.930 --> 28:31.290]  And then call someone up and say, do you have it?
[28:31.830 --> 28:32.230]  Right.
[28:32.230 --> 28:33.430]  And they've done the identification.
[28:33.430 --> 28:38.330]  You can compare that to sort of known lists of like the risk groups and then you could use that sort of stuff.
[28:38.950 --> 28:40.890]  And so I'll talk a little bit more about the bottom.
[28:40.990 --> 28:45.490]  So the top pictures there are that's what a plate looks like when you like don't know what the thing is.
[28:45.650 --> 28:47.930]  Those came from solar panels, like all sorts of weird stuff.
[28:48.330 --> 28:53.530]  And then these bottom ones are kind of the approach of like then you have to do this isolation process of just finding one.
[28:53.530 --> 28:56.350]  And then you can have these tubes, you can mail them to each other.
[28:56.510 --> 28:57.690]  That's we got something about the mail.
[28:58.690 --> 29:02.350]  So I'll tell you the stories, two stories of the isolation of these organisms.
[29:02.670 --> 29:04.810]  First, a strange mold in my compost.
[29:05.170 --> 29:06.050]  So that's a tortilla.
[29:06.930 --> 29:11.430]  And if you kind of zoom up at the edge of this tortilla, I noticed it was getting a little bit orange.
[29:11.790 --> 29:14.130]  I was like, that's super weird, but I didn't think too much about it.
[29:14.130 --> 29:15.370]  I threw it into my compost.
[29:15.570 --> 29:20.230]  And then I saw this crazy orange pink fuzz that came into my compost.
[29:20.250 --> 29:23.290]  And I was working on this project at that time, like, oh, my God, this is amazing.
[29:23.410 --> 29:27.470]  I found a color like I just it was just in my waist and I have an on ramp.
[29:30.250 --> 29:33.510]  And so I figured like it's food based and it grew my home compost.
[29:33.630 --> 29:36.270]  I've been exposed to like a whole bunch of this.
[29:36.810 --> 29:41.810]  There's a little bit of a worry that like it came from me, right, that if it came from like the human body.
[29:41.810 --> 29:43.850]  So I didn't I should reference this.
[29:43.950 --> 29:45.510]  I didn't put it might be in the references.
[29:46.030 --> 29:50.170]  By the way, the whole list of references at the bottom and these slides are hyperlinked or whatever.
[29:50.330 --> 29:51.490]  So you can see sources.
[29:51.790 --> 29:57.730]  But but there's a paper out there that says like human pathogens mostly come from other humans, right?
[29:57.770 --> 29:59.610]  Like we're the places that they live, right?
[29:59.910 --> 30:02.530]  They could be things that live on our bodies in one place.
[30:02.650 --> 30:04.530]  And if they get into the wrong place, they cause disease.
[30:04.830 --> 30:11.350]  So like that's kind of the worry when you're growing unknown stuff that like you sneezed on it in a way.
[30:11.350 --> 30:14.510]  And like that was like the dangerous thing that now you're growing a bunch of.
[30:14.610 --> 30:15.770]  And you really don't want more of that.
[30:16.210 --> 30:21.130]  But in this case, like it was in the comp like the compost is this kind of competitive environment of a bunch of different things.
[30:21.310 --> 30:25.670]  I think what survives there is stuff that does well with other rotting things, right?
[30:25.710 --> 30:26.890]  That's not how our body is.
[30:26.950 --> 30:29.450]  Our body is not like full of rotting compost, right?
[30:29.530 --> 30:32.150]  It's not that's not the medium that we're made of.
[30:32.150 --> 30:35.610]  And so I was like, okay, you know, I think that that's the risk is lower here.
[30:35.830 --> 30:39.730]  So let's let's so this is the plate of like the tortilla.
[30:40.390 --> 30:44.290]  Basically, we diluted water and we spread it over this agar to get these colonies.
[30:44.490 --> 30:46.070]  And then it's hard to see in this image.
[30:46.210 --> 30:49.290]  But that red dot that red arrow is pointing to the fuzz.
[30:49.450 --> 30:52.350]  And I was like, oh, that's the same fuzz that I saw in the compost.
[30:52.350 --> 31:00.090]  So let's like put it on a new plate, grow more of that fuzz and then send it off and then send it off to a company.
[31:01.410 --> 31:02.550]  We could do it ourselves.
[31:03.250 --> 31:07.690]  But again, doing it ourselves kind of requires a lot of manipulating the organism.
[31:07.830 --> 31:12.770]  We'd have to grow it up to a larger amount to get some of the identifying molecules out of it.
[31:13.110 --> 31:15.690]  And we had money for this project.
[31:15.790 --> 31:18.410]  We got a small grant, essentially, like an arts grant to do this.
[31:18.550 --> 31:22.150]  And so I wasn't so I wasn't so I was like, let's mitigate the risk.
[31:22.150 --> 31:25.030]  We just like send it to a company and they'll just identify it for us.
[31:25.170 --> 31:31.110]  So these services exist for these biotech companies that are like doing processes.
[31:31.510 --> 31:35.710]  You know, they're growing tons of microbes and they see contamination and they want to send it off to get ID.
[31:35.810 --> 31:38.050]  So they know how to remediate it in some way.
[31:38.210 --> 31:40.250]  And so we can just send samples like that, too.
[31:40.550 --> 31:44.410]  That's that's part of the benefits of being part of a community lab, right?
[31:44.490 --> 31:46.710]  It's like this lab has a name for itself, right?
[31:46.770 --> 31:47.990]  We're like an educational lab.
[31:47.990 --> 31:50.330]  We're like as if we were an institution even, right?
[31:50.330 --> 31:55.050]  Like we work with vendors that are typically interfacing with scientific institutions.
[31:55.210 --> 32:00.170]  And it's not so scary for them to be able to order these types of these services.
[32:00.910 --> 32:01.910]  So we ordered it.
[32:01.970 --> 32:05.350]  We did two different methodologies for finding the identity.
[32:05.350 --> 32:08.810]  We use something called Malditoff, which is proteins, essentially.
[32:09.070 --> 32:10.750]  And then we also use DNA identification.
[32:11.390 --> 32:13.090]  So the Malditoff didn't work.
[32:14.030 --> 32:20.510]  And I think actually it speaks to the fact that like we're hijacking the system to find some random unknown microbe.
[32:20.790 --> 32:29.030]  But really the database of things that these companies are looking for, the databases are rooted in common industrial contaminants.
[32:29.030 --> 32:31.190]  And so like you might not always get a match.
[32:31.810 --> 32:35.610]  But DNA, people have been doing a lot of DNA testing for a lot longer.
[32:35.770 --> 32:39.950]  There's sort of a rich literature out there of many different investigators that have worked with DNA.
[32:40.010 --> 32:41.990]  And so the DNA did get a match.
[32:42.190 --> 32:44.630]  And so it kind of generates a relationship tree.
[32:44.850 --> 32:48.630]  This tree is like different organisms, how closely related they are.
[32:48.630 --> 32:53.750]  And if your organism... basically you look for where your organism appears on the tree.
[32:53.990 --> 32:56.950]  And the thing that it appears closest to is what it's related to.
[32:57.210 --> 32:58.670]  Is my... oh, right.
[32:58.850 --> 33:01.770]  Oh, I could have used this to point instead of saying bottom left and stuff.
[33:02.150 --> 33:02.490]  All right.
[33:02.650 --> 33:04.770]  Like, so here, this is the unknown sample.
[33:04.770 --> 33:08.210]  And then it's like super closely related to this Neurospora crassa.
[33:08.710 --> 33:09.790]  And so then that's it.
[33:09.990 --> 33:13.030]  Now the journey is like, what is Neurospora crassa?
[33:13.190 --> 33:14.150]  Is it a safe organism?
[33:14.150 --> 33:16.030]  So it came up on the list and it's safe.
[33:16.030 --> 33:21.030]  And like, actually the literature says that it was like they were studying it in the 1940s.
[33:21.930 --> 33:23.290]  They were studying a long time ago.
[33:23.630 --> 33:27.610]  They were interested in it because it had some like cool genetic properties and stuff.
[33:27.710 --> 33:29.430]  So it's like, it's even well studied.
[33:29.430 --> 33:31.970]  And so it felt really nice that we were able to find it.
[33:33.130 --> 33:33.930]  And yeah.
[33:33.990 --> 33:35.310]  And so that's one pigment found.
[33:35.490 --> 33:40.570]  And so now we can like stick it in our little tubes and try to print some art with it.
[33:41.570 --> 33:41.970]  Okay.
[33:42.170 --> 33:44.350]  And then here's another approach to find organisms.
[33:44.350 --> 33:46.330]  We could like read a bunch of papers.
[33:46.650 --> 33:49.010]  So that's like this top part here is a whole bunch of papers.
[33:49.210 --> 33:51.770]  And it's from one paper.
[33:51.850 --> 33:53.670]  I was like, wow, look at these colorful microbes.
[33:53.750 --> 33:56.030]  They come from solar panels.
[33:57.590 --> 33:57.990]  Okay.
[33:58.310 --> 34:06.250]  There's a little bit of a limitation here that like when you ask for organisms from institution, they might have intellectual property rights about this.
[34:06.250 --> 34:08.510]  And I sort of ranted about this in my last presentation.
[34:08.610 --> 34:12.370]  So I won't rant about it here, but for our intents and purposes, they let us use it.
[34:12.690 --> 34:14.350]  It was actually a really nice conversation.
[34:14.630 --> 34:14.830]  We...
[34:15.410 --> 34:21.930]  There's just so much stuff that academic labs create that aren't immediately commercializable and like really don't have...
[34:21.930 --> 34:23.230]  And they're also dead ends in some ways.
[34:23.310 --> 34:26.210]  Like these are random bacteria that lived on a solar panel.
[34:26.430 --> 34:30.250]  There was no plan to use them to make any sort of commercial product.
[34:30.250 --> 34:31.850]  And so they were happy.
[34:32.250 --> 34:35.270]  We didn't get these exact ones, but they were happy to give it to us.
[34:35.730 --> 34:38.330]  So we like asked nicely, had a chat.
[34:38.570 --> 34:42.210]  They had confidence that we were another lab that could do this sort of stuff.
[34:42.370 --> 34:43.210]  And they sent it to us.
[34:44.270 --> 34:45.550]  We did very...
[34:45.550 --> 34:47.250]  Oh, so I'll show you the sending process.
[34:47.430 --> 34:49.310]  So the sending process is they came in the mail.
[34:49.530 --> 34:53.470]  This picture is actually a kombucha scoby, but it really just came just like that.
[34:54.150 --> 34:56.030]  It came in this form factor.
[34:56.030 --> 34:58.790]  And I want to explain this to you guys because maybe you don't see this often.
[34:58.790 --> 35:03.470]  It's a small 1.5 milliliter tube that has sterile agar inside of it.
[35:03.830 --> 35:08.350]  And then the organism is just like plate, like streaked on the surface or stabbed into it.
[35:08.630 --> 35:09.810]  And these are pretty stable.
[35:11.090 --> 35:14.930]  I was not prepared enough today to bring them, but I'm hoping for the next hope.
[35:15.110 --> 35:16.590]  I'll like have a better protocol.
[35:16.710 --> 35:18.770]  Be like, yeah, take them home where you can have them.
[35:20.290 --> 35:24.430]  But yeah, if you want them, you can also just ask and they can be mailed.
[35:24.570 --> 35:25.470]  It's a very simple thing.
[35:27.070 --> 35:33.070]  But we did verify their IDs using the same commercial service service that we did for the NCRASA.
[35:33.230 --> 35:36.150]  Because like, I don't know, like you have to double check work.
[35:36.330 --> 35:37.950]  And like we were thinking about doing it ourselves.
[35:38.210 --> 35:42.610]  Like, again, the labs didn't care about like what was the fate of those strains for them.
[35:42.730 --> 35:47.350]  They use the ID and then it went to a list and they like listed out all the things they found.
[35:47.350 --> 35:49.450]  For us, it kind of matters a little bit more.
[35:49.590 --> 35:52.630]  And we did find things that they misidentified after we use the service.
[35:52.950 --> 35:58.090]  So like, yeah, it's good to have the identification capabilities.
[35:59.650 --> 36:01.690]  And as I mentioned, they came from solar panels.
[36:01.690 --> 36:06.230]  So I just, you know, did this Google Maps zoom in to the solar panel that they came from.
[36:06.490 --> 36:10.210]  It was in the Boston Harvard Arboretum, something like that.
[36:10.330 --> 36:12.870]  So that I rinsed the solar panels and took them off.
[36:15.790 --> 36:18.410]  Yeah, so here's a test print with some of those pigments.
[36:18.530 --> 36:29.650]  So the pigments that we got from the solar panels are this this pink yeast and this orange bacteria and this yellow bacteria.
[36:29.970 --> 36:33.830]  And then these kind of fuzzy ones out here that are hard to see.
[36:33.950 --> 36:35.050]  That's the Neurospora.
[36:35.270 --> 36:37.530]  It ended up being kind of a fuzzy quality.
[36:37.530 --> 36:44.590]  And actually, we ended up having to do a bunch of troubleshooting because when it grows as a colony, it did not grow as a nice pixel.
[36:44.830 --> 36:46.370]  It like took over the whole plate.
[36:46.510 --> 36:50.910]  I think I sort of indicated that in the picture that I have from it, right?
[36:51.110 --> 36:53.270]  Like, there's no like dots there.
[36:53.450 --> 36:54.270]  It's just like everywhere.
[36:54.690 --> 36:58.210]  But this is where it was like, there's a really great moment for me.
[36:58.330 --> 37:02.490]  I was just like reading the old papers and they're saying, oh, yeah, like people did genetics on these things.
[37:02.590 --> 37:06.270]  I'm like, if you do genetics, you have to be able to see single colonies.
[37:06.370 --> 37:08.010]  You have to be able to pick one organism.
[37:08.130 --> 37:11.370]  Well, okay, colonies, not a single organism.
[37:11.370 --> 37:13.770]  It's like a bunch of organisms, but they came from one organism.
[37:14.050 --> 37:16.490]  You have to be able to pick one and do it.
[37:16.630 --> 37:18.570]  And so like, how did they do that?
[37:18.670 --> 37:21.450]  They actually added some like random sugar to the media.
[37:21.450 --> 37:25.850]  And that sugar changed the behavior of how the colony grew.
[37:26.210 --> 37:29.310]  And so this media here actually has that sugar in it.
[37:29.430 --> 37:30.430]  So it was fun.
[37:30.570 --> 37:32.230]  It was a fun little process.
[37:34.410 --> 37:38.170]  Oh, and the, and this one here, this is another one that we asked for nicely.
[37:38.470 --> 37:44.330]  This one is a, and this one we used, we used the biosafety level two lab to isolate.
[37:44.550 --> 37:48.070]  So like we, we had one of those hoods that like isolated the air and stuff.
[37:48.270 --> 37:53.490]  Cause like there are some nasty things that are known to be found in soil, most famously anthrax.
[37:53.890 --> 37:58.910]  Um, so like we didn't want to, we wanted to take the precautions for that one.
[37:59.050 --> 38:00.930]  And so we, we grew that one that was in a hood.
[38:01.050 --> 38:03.390]  And then we found this, we found this soil bacteria.
[38:03.830 --> 38:08.890]  It's, um, oh gosh, it's a type of, um, strep, it's a streptomyces.
[38:09.230 --> 38:11.810]  So it's actually, it's a, it's a bacteria that makes antibiotics.
[38:12.250 --> 38:14.330]  It's one of these antibiotic producing bacteria.
[38:14.330 --> 38:15.990]  They're also very common in the soil.
[38:16.650 --> 38:18.570]  Antibiotics are very common in the soil.
[38:19.030 --> 38:27.430]  Um, not at high concentrations, just that like, you know, these are molecules that bacteria use to communicate with each other and to like have turf wars and stuff.
[38:27.630 --> 38:29.910]  So like the soil is a very dense and rich place.
[38:30.070 --> 38:32.070]  So they have some antibiotic capabilities.
[38:32.190 --> 38:34.990]  And actually you can see, I'll show you that some of the test prints.
[38:35.270 --> 38:44.070]  So you can see that actually, uh, this, this chicken, oh, especially in this chicken, these legs should go right up to the, to the bottom of the body.
[38:44.070 --> 38:47.750]  But it doesn't because there's like antibiotics being made by these organisms.
[38:47.910 --> 38:47.990]  Right?
[38:48.050 --> 38:59.830]  So it's like preventing the image, but like, I think this is like really fun and interesting for people to participate in because it's like, you get to see these concepts in real life while making fun images for each other.
[39:01.450 --> 39:05.110]  Um, so yeah, there's some other play space palettes stuff.
[39:05.610 --> 39:08.670]  And I want to shout out, uh, these two handles down here.
[39:08.790 --> 39:15.150]  They're the folks that helped us take these pictures during the workshop that we did, um, at a, at a, at a lab in California.
[39:16.110 --> 39:16.550]  Okay.
[39:16.630 --> 39:20.770]  So my final thoughts about this project are, yeah, we have these strains, right?
[39:20.890 --> 39:22.290]  This is kind of a followup from last time.
[39:22.450 --> 39:24.490]  They're available for use in community labs.
[39:24.570 --> 39:26.350]  If you have a space, right?
[39:26.490 --> 39:31.570]  That you're interested in, um, uh, using any of these painting with them.
[39:31.570 --> 39:36.170]  So like we painted with a robot, but, uh, probably for, I'm hoping for next year's hope.
[39:36.330 --> 39:39.910]  I'll be organized enough to sort of like, we can paint them just by hand as well.
[39:40.210 --> 39:42.450]  So like we can bring them, we can do it, right?
[39:42.710 --> 39:45.710]  You can also just mail me and I can mail you these strains, right?
[39:45.790 --> 39:47.390]  Cause we have them at the community lab now.
[39:48.390 --> 39:58.810]  And it's, it's fairly simple to like sample from the environment and especially to read papers and ask for these organisms, um, to find other interesting living pigments.
[39:59.050 --> 40:06.430]  And actually, you know, if I were to do this project again, um, I would, I would make sure, I would actually just do it all through the literature.
[40:06.630 --> 40:11.710]  Cause I think that, um, it's just, it's a little bit easier to see the diversity there.
[40:11.830 --> 40:12.830]  And it's just as effective.
[40:12.990 --> 40:19.990]  Like the end result is that I can still stand in front of you and tell you a story about this organism and how like someone found it and where it came from.
[40:19.990 --> 40:24.250]  And that can still like kind of flesh out your understanding of all the cool things that live around us.
[40:24.450 --> 40:30.530]  Um, I didn't have to do a lot of the like tricky legwork of like assessing, like, is this like going to be fine to grow?
[40:30.770 --> 40:32.250]  Do I have the right facilities for this?
[40:34.010 --> 40:38.710]  Um, but of course, if you do have those access to those facilities, you can ID these organisms yourself.
[40:38.770 --> 40:44.910]  And I didn't tell you how, but like actually working with DNA is, is fairly trivial these days inside of labs.
[40:44.910 --> 40:49.210]  And so like there are methods you could use, especially if you have that biosafety hood.
[40:50.390 --> 41:05.130]  Or, and this is like just where my mind has gone as I put this presentation together for everyone, or you could like sort of, um, uh, do a method where you're working outside and, uh, and there's good ventilation around you and like you're working, but you're still able to keep what you're working
[41:05.130 --> 41:08.590]  on away from the air that might have microbes that you don't want in it.
[41:08.990 --> 41:10.790]  Anyways, well, that's for the future.
[41:11.870 --> 41:19.410]  Um, and if you're looking for a project framework to get into lab automation or biological wet work, I think this is a really great candidate project to pick up on.
[41:19.590 --> 41:29.970]  Because like, if you want to contribute code to like have it draw differently, like maybe you don't want pixel art, maybe you want like strokes or something, like you can contribute that into the code base, right?
[41:30.030 --> 41:33.530]  You can, uh, fix up the website to add a new brush style, right?
[41:33.770 --> 41:35.630]  And then, and have that go over the agar.
[41:35.850 --> 41:41.510]  Um, or you could, uh, find your own organisms and contribute them into your own palette and expand it that way.
[41:42.890 --> 41:43.330]  Okay.
[41:43.710 --> 41:45.750]  So, uh, thanks to everyone who helped with this project.
[41:45.910 --> 41:48.270]  You know, Biotech Without Borders is the community lab that I'm in.
[41:48.390 --> 41:50.730]  It's like a really nice place to do this sort of work.
[41:51.030 --> 41:54.950]  Particularly, there's a volunteer named Sean, who really did a lot of the coding.
[41:55.110 --> 41:56.810]  I did a lot of the coding.
[41:57.050 --> 42:00.830]  Um, and Leon, who actually is just like a general community biology person.
[42:00.830 --> 42:04.290]  He like, um, had a networking meeting where I met Sean.
[42:05.170 --> 42:11.530]  And then Corinne and Tim, they're my two collaborators for this experiment foundation grant that we got to do this work.
[42:11.610 --> 42:12.750]  It was a small amount of money.
[42:12.850 --> 42:13.650]  It was like $10,000.
[42:13.810 --> 42:19.090]  It's like a crowdfunding website for science, but they also like kind of put small grants towards little projects.
[42:19.350 --> 42:25.390]  Um, and so those are my collaborators, artists and automation engineer that kind of helped bring this all together.
[42:26.690 --> 42:31.390]  Uh, yeah, you can reach me, uh, this way or reach the bio art bot this way.
[42:31.510 --> 42:32.850]  And you don't have to worry to take that picture.
[42:32.850 --> 42:38.210]  Oh yeah, because I, um, I am for, I do have a QR code that you can grab all this stuff from.
[42:38.470 --> 42:46.510]  But, but I do want to say, you know, I saw in the old HOPE archives at HOPE X1, there are a bunch of DIY biologists and biohackers here.
[42:46.650 --> 42:47.990]  You know, here's an old presentation.
[42:48.190 --> 42:50.490]  And again, I tried to reference this nicely.
[42:50.490 --> 42:52.370]  So you can always find where I found these things.
[42:52.690 --> 42:57.550]  Um, it'd be really great to like have that confluence again of people working on this stuff.
[42:57.630 --> 43:00.770]  Cause I think there's a lot of stuff that we could share tools of the art.
[43:00.770 --> 43:02.310]  What are we, what are we concerned about?
[43:02.390 --> 43:03.110]  What do we want to make?
[43:03.430 --> 43:06.910]  Um, and, and, and having those conversations here at HOPE is like so important.
[43:07.070 --> 43:09.870]  Cause I'll echo the sentiment I've heard from a lot of people, right?
[43:09.930 --> 43:12.610]  Like there's a, there's a framework here about thinking about technology.
[43:12.610 --> 43:17.370]  And I think that, um, I, I, I like that framework and I want to extend it to, to other things.
[43:18.730 --> 43:21.770]  So anyways, this presentation is for you guys.
[43:21.990 --> 43:29.910]  So grab it, um, and, and share it because I think that like, uh, more people thinking about these types of projects is, uh, is a good thing.
[43:30.250 --> 43:33.090]  Um, so does anyone have any questions?
[43:34.710 --> 43:35.290]  Oh yeah.
[43:35.490 --> 43:35.650]  Thanks.
[43:35.650 --> 43:35.730]  Thanks.
[43:36.690 --> 43:37.950]  I'll take this one here.
[43:39.030 --> 43:39.310]  Thank you.
[43:39.530 --> 43:47.610]  If I just said correctly, the bio parts web based, is there a fully local version?
[43:48.490 --> 43:52.930]  Um, I, you could run a local survey, a local server, right?
[43:52.950 --> 43:53.590]  So yes.
[43:53.990 --> 43:54.230]  Yeah.
[43:54.530 --> 43:54.770]  Yeah.
[43:54.930 --> 43:55.430]  Yeah.
[43:55.710 --> 43:56.210]  Yeah.
[43:57.070 --> 43:57.210]  Yeah.
[43:57.370 --> 44:00.670]  You could go to GitHub repo and deploy it yourself as a local server and then just run it there.
[44:00.930 --> 44:03.590]  So yeah, we, we know that some people have done that already.
[44:03.730 --> 44:09.870]  Like I think sound bio that's in, um, Seattle, I think they've done it there and they didn't really talk to us at all.
[44:09.910 --> 44:11.150]  They just like pulled the code and did it.
[44:11.370 --> 44:16.310]  But you know, if you talk to us, then we can also try to like brainstorm some of the features that we've been interested in seeing.
[44:16.570 --> 44:17.110]  It's up to you.
[44:18.310 --> 44:18.670]  Yes.
[44:18.750 --> 44:19.070]  In the back.
[44:19.250 --> 44:20.150]  Do they die?
[44:20.670 --> 44:21.570]  Yes, they do die.
[44:22.470 --> 44:22.830]  Yeah.
[44:22.910 --> 44:24.890]  So actually it's actually really fun to watch.
[44:24.890 --> 44:27.870]  There's an artist here in New York city, uh, Karen Ingram.
[44:28.030 --> 44:34.950]  She's part of biotech without borders these days, but she does these paintings and like, she just loves watching them grow in her apartments and then get old.
[44:35.150 --> 44:36.950]  And like, there's a relationship there too, right?
[44:37.050 --> 44:38.110]  To biological material.
[44:38.450 --> 44:41.930]  And I think like, yeah, you don't have to be a painter with connections to do it.
[44:41.990 --> 44:47.550]  I think hook into your local community biology lab and try to get this stuff from, from academics.
[44:50.110 --> 44:50.710]  Yeah, sure.
[44:50.850 --> 44:52.430]  Um, so when they die, do they have?
[44:56.140 --> 44:56.500]  Yeah.
[44:57.020 --> 44:58.960]  Um, I think it's different for different organisms.
[44:59.320 --> 44:59.480]  Sure.
[44:59.480 --> 44:59.600]  Yeah.
[44:59.720 --> 45:00.360]  Which is really fun.
[45:00.540 --> 45:07.180]  So, I mean, for the, for the fluorescent ones, I think they do have like a pattern of just kind of, um, fading a little bit.
[45:07.640 --> 45:08.200]  I don't know.
[45:08.360 --> 45:09.180]  It's hard to say.
[45:09.420 --> 45:10.500]  It's, it's different for different organisms.
[45:10.700 --> 45:11.780]  I don't want to speculate so much.
[45:12.920 --> 45:14.020]  They have the same question.
[45:14.140 --> 45:14.660]  Oh, yeah.
[45:14.660 --> 45:14.940]  Yeah.
[45:15.160 --> 45:15.600]  Longevity.
[45:15.800 --> 45:21.520]  It's actually living art and dying art too, which makes some important philosophical questions about the nature of art.
[45:21.720 --> 45:25.400]  And, you know, maybe to quote Marshall McLuhan, the medium is the message.
[45:26.540 --> 45:27.480]  Agar is the medium.
[45:28.140 --> 45:28.580]  Yeah.
[45:29.040 --> 45:30.480]  It's a, it's a funny thing.
[45:30.480 --> 45:37.140]  I mean, I, I, I'm sure there are very interesting art critics that would like to like explore that further on the philosophical sense or stuff.
[45:37.340 --> 45:38.960]  I mean, to me, it's like an image in time, right?
[45:39.000 --> 45:42.200]  Like I'm showing you pictures of the stuff that we made at certain points, right?
[45:42.320 --> 45:58.400]  Like the entryway should be, is that to me, what I'm interested in is also this idea of like, and why I tried to put some work into it to find organisms that you can just like find in your local environment that like aren't considered dangerous because you give someone a plate of this to take home.
[45:58.400 --> 45:59.920]  Like I'm thinking about the hacker space, right?
[46:00.500 --> 46:01.500]  People want to take something home.
[46:01.500 --> 46:02.260]  That's really cool.
[46:02.340 --> 46:06.560]  But we're kind of uncomfortable letting people take home the genetically engineered organisms.
[46:06.700 --> 46:08.880]  Cause like, well, what if they let those out in the environment?
[46:09.320 --> 46:09.600]  Right?
[46:09.840 --> 46:11.680]  But these ones they're already found in the environment.
[46:11.860 --> 46:13.620]  So like maybe you can take this one home.
[46:13.760 --> 46:15.440]  And sort of that's what, that's what I was saying.
[46:15.540 --> 46:21.160]  Like I wasn't prepared enough for this hope to like, really like have that framework ready to like give you guys plates.
[46:21.380 --> 46:22.520]  But like, yeah, next time.
[46:22.820 --> 46:23.520]  Thank you so much for Paul.
[46:23.600 --> 46:26.780]  Have you heard of this company that's selling Glow in the Dark Metunias?
[46:28.560 --> 46:29.040]  Yeah.
[46:29.360 --> 46:29.840]  Yeah.
[46:30.120 --> 46:30.600]  Yeah.
[46:30.600 --> 46:30.740]  Yeah.
[46:31.160 --> 46:38.740]  And they went through like a, like a sort of a rigorous regulatory process to make sure that the engineering that they did wasn't going to escape into something else.
[46:39.720 --> 46:47.580]  And whether or not that process is rigorous enough for like our values, like, you know, the values of the FDA aligned there, right?
[46:47.660 --> 46:52.300]  To say it's rigorous enough for them or the, probably the USDA, I think for them.
[46:52.780 --> 46:55.900]  Um, yeah, I, I think this is like kind of like a big unknown.
[46:55.900 --> 46:59.120]  Like I was telling my cousin once that like, yeah, people should just release.
[46:59.480 --> 47:01.900]  Like I was thinking about like bacterial biosensors.
[47:02.600 --> 47:09.880]  Actually, there's this, um, project someone did where it's like, you can have like genetically engineered plants that like detect landmines, something like that.
[47:09.980 --> 47:10.040]  Right.
[47:10.120 --> 47:12.620]  And you're like sprinkle them plants everywhere and see them.
[47:13.520 --> 47:20.700]  But like that conversation about like why sprinkle those plants everywhere when we don't really know how those plants are going to interact with other things.
[47:20.860 --> 47:26.840]  I think that like those conversations need to happen and they have to happen before you do the sprinkling of plants everywhere.
[47:26.840 --> 47:45.020]  Um, I will point to other like big biotech things where we're interacting with the environment, like getting rid of, uh, dengue or malaria stuff by like, uh, spreading mosquitoes that are, um, aren't able to, uh, produce progeny, right?
[47:45.120 --> 47:45.740]  We do that.
[47:45.900 --> 47:50.720]  I know that there's like, uh, prevent certain types of bot flies that infect cattle.
[47:50.720 --> 47:56.340]  We like also spread like a bunch of, um, uh, flies essentially like a bio control.
[47:56.680 --> 48:03.000]  Um, I think those conversations are like interesting case studies that to bring into this community and talk about.
[48:03.180 --> 48:08.640]  Um, because like if we're going to DIY some of these things, those conversations sort of have to happen first.
[48:08.860 --> 48:09.400]  Yeah.
[48:12.580 --> 48:13.140]  Yes.
[48:13.300 --> 48:20.900]  And so, um, you talked about fume hoods and those are either really expensive or really expensive and you have to alter your infrastructure.
[48:20.900 --> 48:26.740]  Um, can you do some of the stuff you've talked about inside of like a still air box instead?
[48:26.860 --> 48:27.020]  Yeah.
[48:27.220 --> 48:27.760]  Still air box.
[48:27.900 --> 48:28.880]  I think it's a good thought.
[48:29.040 --> 48:31.940]  I was thinking still air box outside, right?
[48:32.100 --> 48:34.940]  Because like the outside is your ventilation thing, right?
[48:35.120 --> 48:37.640]  And the still air box is how you're preventing stuff from falling in.
[48:37.800 --> 48:38.880]  So that's what I was saying.
[48:38.980 --> 48:42.180]  Like, yeah, like I think there's space there to really like go down that path.
[48:42.440 --> 48:44.240]  But, um, yeah, I haven't tried it myself.
[48:44.380 --> 48:47.240]  I haven't like fully thought it all through, but I think that makes sense to me.
[48:47.340 --> 48:47.680]  Awesome.
[48:48.020 --> 48:48.240]  Mm-hmm.
[48:49.780 --> 48:50.260]  Yeah.
[48:50.400 --> 48:55.420]  There might be some techniques to learn from the mycology community to grow their own mushrooms.
[48:55.920 --> 48:56.300]  Mm-hmm.
[48:56.400 --> 48:57.460]  They're using similar equipment.
[48:57.820 --> 48:58.120]  Mm-hmm.
[48:58.760 --> 48:58.980]  Yeah.
[48:59.200 --> 48:59.680]  Yeah.
[48:59.720 --> 49:02.920]  I mean, that's actually part of like our biotech without borders.
[49:03.100 --> 49:06.040]  Like we have folks growing mushrooms in the space, right?
[49:06.180 --> 49:12.440]  And like they bring their own tool set and understanding and it's nice to collaborate with that side, like that side of things.
[49:12.440 --> 49:22.780]  Like, yeah, it really is like there are some disparate threads of people working with the same technology and like having people come together and think about stuff they want to build or like just share tips and tricks is like good.
[49:23.060 --> 49:23.980]  We're just going back to that.
[49:23.980 --> 49:26.260]  Like I would love to see more of this at home, right?
[49:26.340 --> 49:31.100]  Like if you know people who are interested in talking about this sort of stuff, like I feel like we should get in touch.
[49:31.280 --> 49:31.880]  Please get in touch.
[49:34.060 --> 49:36.520]  I got the one minute mark a while back.
[49:36.700 --> 49:40.160]  So I think, oh, yeah, but it doesn't matter because I'm the last session of the day.
[49:44.320 --> 49:44.680]  Yeah.
[49:46.900 --> 49:48.300]  So how long does it take?
[49:48.440 --> 49:55.100]  I mean, again, it probably depends on the species and stuff, but typically how long does it take for you to kind of get fully realized image?
[49:55.620 --> 49:57.500]  And also how long does it take to identify?
[49:58.520 --> 49:59.000]  Yeah.
[49:59.240 --> 50:03.760]  So the identification is like it's like it's very like for industry.
[50:03.780 --> 50:06.140]  So it's like you can pay for the one day turnaround.
[50:06.740 --> 50:09.300]  Like you can say like out the nose for the one day turnaround.
[50:09.620 --> 50:11.720]  And then the cheaper version is like the five day turnaround.
[50:14.280 --> 50:16.720]  If I did myself, then it's as fast as I can work.
[50:16.720 --> 50:21.700]  So probably it would be like as quick as over overnight.
[50:22.060 --> 50:27.120]  So if you do it yourself, you're still reliant actually on one commercial service and that's sequencing.
[50:27.120 --> 50:29.420]  Because most people don't do their own sequencing.
[50:29.820 --> 50:32.820]  So like so it would be overnight to get the sample prepared.
[50:32.900 --> 50:41.560]  And then it would be whatever the sequencing company has as their turnaround, which is typically again, it could be like as quick as 24 hours if you do it that way.
[50:41.700 --> 50:41.980]  Or yeah.
[50:43.780 --> 50:44.340]  I'm sorry.
[50:44.500 --> 50:44.920]  Did you say something?
[50:45.220 --> 50:46.780]  How long does it take for the...
[50:46.780 --> 50:47.460]  Oh yeah, yeah, yeah.
[50:48.320 --> 50:49.620]  To grow the...
[50:49.620 --> 50:51.980]  To grow one of the images, it's maybe like...
[50:52.420 --> 50:53.100]  For the...
[50:53.100 --> 50:55.920]  For the naturally isolated palette, it took longer.
[50:56.320 --> 50:59.240]  Maybe like three days for the growth to come up.
[50:59.420 --> 51:03.440]  And then as much as like a week in the fridge to get a really nice color.
[51:04.400 --> 51:06.260]  And then for the bacteria, the E. coli one, that's like one day to grow up.
[51:08.200 --> 51:10.620]  And maybe like a couple days in the fridge to get really nice color.
[51:10.620 --> 51:11.460]  Oh, okay.
[51:12.280 --> 51:12.760]  Yes.
[51:13.120 --> 51:18.980]  So, what is the potential currency that you would give to people who are hesitant to make the jump into biotech?
[51:19.540 --> 51:21.120]  Yeah, I think...
[51:21.120 --> 51:22.160]  Can I repeat that question?
[51:22.360 --> 51:22.900]  Oh yeah.
[51:23.200 --> 51:29.320]  The question was, what's some encouragement that you could give to people who are hesitant to make the jump into working with biotech stuff?
[51:30.180 --> 51:36.840]  And I'll say that it's all around us already.
[51:36.840 --> 51:41.140]  We're already doing a lot of biotech stuff like on a day-to-day basis.
[51:41.300 --> 51:49.800]  Like the choice to wear masks and like air ventilation things, working with chicken in your kitchen, right?
[51:49.960 --> 51:52.260]  Like that's like, you don't want to eat chicken juice, right?
[51:52.320 --> 51:57.680]  Like you know, people you have inside of you a lot of learned knowledge about working with this type of stuff.
[51:58.040 --> 52:00.260]  And like adding more bacteria into the mix.
[52:00.380 --> 52:06.600]  Yes, that's kind of expanding some of the risks, but you can read about it ahead of time and you can understand like how to do it.
[52:06.600 --> 52:11.220]  If you know how to cook chicken in your kitchen, like I think you know how to do this work.
[52:11.680 --> 52:15.280]  You just need the nice clean space, the space you can wipe down to do it.
[52:15.500 --> 52:17.720]  Like as I was doing it in my kitchen for a while, right?
[52:17.840 --> 52:19.940]  And I had like a different surface I took out and stuff.
[52:20.100 --> 52:21.120]  It was like too much work.
[52:21.260 --> 52:23.540]  I found a community lab that I could like do that work in.
[52:26.720 --> 52:27.040]  Okay.
[52:27.040 --> 52:29.340]  Thanks for coming out guys.
[52:29.800 --> 52:31.020]  Have a good evening.