[00:00.000 --> 00:00.760]  Thanks Bernie.
[00:05.990 --> 00:07.590]  Alright, let's go.
[00:09.830 --> 00:11.810]  Being a broadcast anthropologist.
[00:13.050 --> 00:15.690]  I'm Mark and let's see where I'm from.
[00:19.380 --> 00:21.400]  All the way down there in Australia.
[00:21.920 --> 00:23.700]  This is my house.
[00:28.840 --> 00:30.920]  And I've got no sound.
[00:57.960 --> 01:01.760]  Alright, so Australia has a population of less than 24 million.
[01:02.200 --> 01:03.420]  We're pretty remote.
[01:03.620 --> 01:04.580]  We're in the bottom of the world.
[01:04.800 --> 01:08.440]  And we all tend to hug around the coastline.
[01:08.660 --> 01:12.560]  This is our biggest city, Sydney, which I just live outside of.
[01:14.620 --> 01:15.760]  Oh my gosh.
[01:16.120 --> 01:16.800]  Oh, now we're moving.
[01:19.380 --> 01:26.200]  And I actually live about an hour and a quarter to the west of Sydney at a place called Freeman's Reach in Hawkesbury District.
[01:27.100 --> 01:28.900]  It's rural, semi-rural.
[01:29.700 --> 01:34.640]  And this is where I monitor media, broadcast media from the whole world.
[01:36.260 --> 01:37.680]  So what are we going to see today?
[01:38.240 --> 01:40.060]  I'm going to talk about remoteness.
[01:40.060 --> 01:52.740]  Remoteness breeds the desire for adventure, the business of monitoring the globe, local perspective, a view on the ground, conflict and war, and exotic sounds, sights and cultures.
[01:55.400 --> 02:04.800]  So when you head west from my house into... towards the centre of Australia, you come to a mountain range.
[02:05.180 --> 02:09.880]  And once you cross that mountain range, there's nothing but desert.
[02:10.080 --> 02:14.020]  In fact, for 2,500 miles till you hit the Indian Ocean.
[02:14.960 --> 02:18.200]  There's a couple of towns, of course, and there's some cities on the other side.
[02:18.360 --> 02:26.100]  And the only real large landmark between my house and the Indian Ocean is the world's largest rock called Uluru.
[02:27.260 --> 02:32.200]  So in such a remote place, communication is really important, just like in the United States.
[02:32.560 --> 02:35.780]  For economic development, communication is incredibly important.
[02:36.780 --> 02:40.500]  And communication in Australia is quite often by radio and by satellite.
[02:40.800 --> 02:44.880]  So there's a cell phone tower and getting a feed for it is via satellite.
[02:44.880 --> 02:47.540]  But some place... and there's fibre, of course.
[02:47.660 --> 02:50.220]  Some places are just too remote for fibre.
[02:50.440 --> 02:54.580]  And so radio is still widely used across Australia.
[02:55.100 --> 02:57.400]  It really is a really remote place.
[02:57.580 --> 03:05.600]  And you have a sense... as a teenager growing up in Australia, I had this sense of being a long way away from the rest of the world.
[03:05.720 --> 03:08.000]  And you Americans drove me fucking crazy.
[03:08.440 --> 03:12.080]  Because I would get comic books from the States.
[03:12.080 --> 03:14.340]  And they had these amazing things.
[03:14.480 --> 03:16.500]  Like kids in America actually had submarines.
[03:16.980 --> 03:17.680]  Far out.
[03:18.460 --> 03:20.160]  And they only cost $6.98.
[03:20.200 --> 03:21.580]  How would I ever get that?
[03:22.100 --> 03:25.160]  I really, really desperately wanted a submarine.
[03:27.520 --> 03:31.380]  And so down in Australia, you just feel...
[03:31.380 --> 03:34.460]  Well, when I was growing up particularly, but it still hasn't changed that much.
[03:34.460 --> 03:39.140]  You feel a long, long way away from anywhere else.
[03:39.140 --> 03:42.760]  And an important rite of passage for my generation was to travel.
[03:42.940 --> 03:43.980]  So here's my friend Angela.
[03:44.220 --> 03:46.520]  She's actually a Kiwi from New Zealand.
[03:46.520 --> 03:49.840]  But they feel very similar to Australians.
[03:50.160 --> 03:52.240]  They're in fact slightly more remote than us.
[03:52.440 --> 03:56.020]  And the rite of passage is to travel to far off places.
[03:56.200 --> 03:58.120]  You don't go to club meds or resorts.
[03:58.380 --> 04:00.240]  But you go adventure travelling.
[04:00.520 --> 04:04.140]  And Angela and I still travel together to this day.
[04:06.540 --> 04:09.460]  Can WA handle another boom?
[04:09.560 --> 04:13.320]  A vast ancient land that's home to a rich indigenous culture.
[04:13.480 --> 04:16.500]  South Australian growers are expected to be hit hard.
[04:17.620 --> 04:20.400]  Russia retains some of its political mystery.
[04:20.940 --> 04:26.440]  The long-running Israeli-Palestinian conflict is still at the centre of world affairs.
[04:26.880 --> 04:31.580]  Famine, corruption and conflict continue to dominate lives.
[04:32.300 --> 04:34.720]  35 years after the disaster.
[04:34.940 --> 04:37.520]  Taking you to the most remote parts of the country.
[04:38.220 --> 04:41.700]  North Asia is working to keep up with its own technological advances.
[04:42.300 --> 04:46.700]  Ancient civilisation, which is rapidly becoming the powerhouse of the world.
[04:47.920 --> 04:50.420]  Northern Territory is the focus of the government.
[04:50.440 --> 04:54.160]  But what will the region's booming resources sector mean for life on the land?
[04:54.760 --> 04:58.200]  Now Papua New Guinea stands on the cusp of a resource boom.
[04:58.860 --> 05:02.320]  Australia and Indonesia are working closely on a number of issues.
[05:02.580 --> 05:05.620]  And it is here in places like Palau in the Pacific.
[05:07.120 --> 05:10.120]  But is America's social divide getting wider?
[05:10.780 --> 05:13.880]  Dozens of fragmented countries have been united under the EU.
[05:14.500 --> 05:16.720]  Some parts of this reef haven't recovered.
[05:16.720 --> 05:24.040]  Will the booming mining sector be the PM's downstream population to rise to 36 million by 2050?
[05:24.940 --> 05:26.520]  Reporting from Washington.
[05:26.820 --> 05:27.100]  London.
[05:27.260 --> 05:27.580]  Moscow.
[05:27.720 --> 05:28.080]  Jerusalem.
[05:28.380 --> 05:28.880]  Beijing.
[05:29.120 --> 05:29.420]  Darwin.
[05:29.800 --> 05:30.240]  Canberra.
[05:30.540 --> 05:30.920]  Elvis.
[05:34.080 --> 05:36.520]  So that's what news broadcasting looks like in Australia.
[05:38.400 --> 05:40.040]  Of course, all news is local.
[05:40.200 --> 05:41.480]  So there's a lot of Australian news.
[05:41.600 --> 05:49.160]  But we actually have a bigger mix of international news than I can see here in the main broadcast media in the United States.
[05:49.440 --> 05:59.100]  So in the type of coverage we have in Australia, we're probably 50% local, 50% international, or maybe even slightly more international than local news.
[05:59.760 --> 06:11.980]  So unlike the United States, which is kind of like self-contained and can produce a full news broadcast just on domestic issues primarily, in Australia we tend to think a bit more globally.
[06:11.980 --> 06:13.580]  We understand how remote we are.
[06:13.780 --> 06:20.360]  So from my house, I actually have a good view, line of sight view, to a third of the planet and the satellites that cover it.
[06:20.360 --> 06:24.820]  The areas that really interest me are...
[06:27.900 --> 06:29.620]  It's hard to see with the lights up here.
[06:29.860 --> 06:34.660]  So the areas that really interest me are the Middle East, the Asia-Pacific region and the Pacific region.
[06:34.900 --> 06:42.540]  And in fact, so the NSA and the CIA recognise that it's an important part of the world to monitor as well from Australia.
[06:42.720 --> 06:51.420]  So we actually have quite a number of listening posts, United States listening posts in Australia which monitor the Middle East and Asia.
[06:52.520 --> 07:00.140]  I essentially live in a... well, it's a house, but essentially it's just a monitoring station which just happens to have a bed, a kitchen and a bathroom.
[07:02.600 --> 07:08.600]  So signals come in... hundreds of thousands of signals come in and by all various methods.
[07:08.880 --> 07:10.200]  Here is radios.
[07:10.480 --> 07:13.060]  They're kind of like spectrum analysers, software-defined radios.
[07:13.060 --> 07:19.800]  So while they're analogue broadcast, they're being digitised and displayed on screens of spectrum.
[07:23.530 --> 07:28.550]  And just for fun, I've still got some old-fashioned type analogue communications receivers as well.
[07:28.750 --> 07:33.130]  And an important source of information as well is via IP.
[07:33.450 --> 07:35.710]  So Internet radios and so on.
[07:35.710 --> 07:38.390]  And the whole place is networked.
[07:38.450 --> 07:46.090]  I can send any piece of audio and any piece of vision to any monitor or screen or speaker anywhere in the house.
[07:52.400 --> 07:53.340]  All right.
[07:54.720 --> 07:56.280]  How do signals come in?
[07:56.500 --> 07:59.100]  So via satellite, via radio.
[07:59.580 --> 08:04.060]  Here are... these are magnetic loops for medium wave and short wave radio.
[08:05.940 --> 08:07.800]  This... the... thank you.
[08:08.260 --> 08:13.980]  This is a satellite antenna for low-off orbiting satellites.
[08:15.480 --> 08:19.940]  So as satellites pass over, I'm continuously monitoring for them.
[08:22.240 --> 08:26.380]  Microwave, UHF, VHF, virtually any frequency I can receive.
[08:26.680 --> 08:30.100]  And of course, for geostationary satellites, I have a whole series of satellite dishes.
[08:31.340 --> 08:36.080]  And there's always maintenance, there's always new construction, there's always a new project going on.
[08:36.240 --> 08:43.280]  So what I'm going to talk about today is about content and how it's perceived and how it's even packaged for different audiences.
[08:43.640 --> 08:47.500]  So of course, majority of people in this room, English is their first language.
[08:47.680 --> 08:49.760]  The majority of us live in first world countries.
[08:50.760 --> 08:55.260]  And so we're used to receiving and seeing information packaged a certain way.
[08:55.260 --> 09:00.540]  Probably the greatest content producer for news broadcasting is the BBC in London.
[09:00.820 --> 09:02.540]  So let's have a look at how they do that.
[09:52.160 --> 09:54.340]  Welcome to the world's newsroom.
[10:01.470 --> 10:07.210]  We call this place the world's newsroom.
[10:07.470 --> 10:11.710]  The BBC's new home has floor after floor of journalistic expertise.
[10:13.630 --> 10:20.870]  And if I need to get a local perspective on stories happening in any part of the world, I can find someone to give me just that.
[10:21.370 --> 10:23.870]  I want to find out local perspective on the ground.
[10:24.050 --> 10:25.470]  What are people saying about the new president?
[10:25.650 --> 10:27.710]  People are very positive of the new president.
[10:27.970 --> 10:28.650]  It's been 20 years.
[10:28.830 --> 10:29.690]  People are tired.
[10:29.770 --> 10:32.950]  But best of all, we can share that knowledge with you too.
[10:33.390 --> 10:35.230]  Welcome to the world's newsroom.
[10:35.490 --> 10:37.770]  So this building in London really fascinates me.
[10:37.890 --> 10:39.750]  Broadcasting House, it's in central London.
[10:40.030 --> 10:42.830]  And in fact, I get thousands of feeds from it.
[10:44.610 --> 10:46.910]  Audios such as BBC Radio.
[10:54.450 --> 11:00.190]  And their content is also broadcast across the Asia-Pacific via a whole series of satellites.
[11:00.530 --> 11:01.730]  This is the BBC.
[11:02.410 --> 11:10.970]  There is currently no service on this channel, but you can hear BBC programs in English and Arabic 24 hours a day on one of this satellite's nearby channels.
[11:10.970 --> 11:15.530]  Details of all our services are at bbcworldservice.com.
[11:16.190 --> 11:24.050]  So to pick up these signals, there literally are thousands of signals coming out of that building in many different languages, many different formats.
[11:24.250 --> 11:29.230]  You simply need to know the technical parameters on satellites and the IP addresses to receive them.
[11:29.470 --> 11:33.230]  I can watch domestic UK television.
[11:33.350 --> 11:36.310]  So I can consume all of the domestic media.
[11:36.310 --> 11:41.450]  And you can also see what's happening in studios before it's packaged and goes to air.
[11:42.170 --> 11:42.530]  Yeah.
[11:58.080 --> 11:58.720]  Yeah.
[11:59.700 --> 12:00.340]  Okay.
[12:05.240 --> 12:07.020]  A new boss at the BBC.
[12:07.020 --> 12:11.380]  His job to lead it out of the crisis that's followed the Savile scandal.
[12:25.610 --> 12:27.850]  Hello and welcome to the BBC's News at Six.
[12:28.050 --> 12:35.550]  Less than two weeks after the BBC lost its director-general over the Savile scandal and its aftermath, the corporation has a new boss.
[12:35.710 --> 12:37.510]  Tony Hall, currently the chief...
[12:37.510 --> 12:41.090]  So how information and how news is packaged really fascinates me.
[12:41.150 --> 12:44.370]  And the BBC is interesting because it's targeting...
[12:44.370 --> 12:47.990]  It broadcasts in many different languages, domestic, international.
[12:48.450 --> 12:51.530]  And it packages information in very different ways.
[12:51.990 --> 12:58.350]  And different cultures will accept different types of packaging and different types of information.
[12:58.630 --> 13:00.450]  So probably a good way to look at this...
[13:00.450 --> 13:01.570]  Let's have a look at...
[13:01.570 --> 13:05.470]  Go back to 2011 to the fall of Gaddafi in Libya.
[13:05.470 --> 13:09.610]  And get an idea of how some information was packaged around that event.
[13:17.180 --> 13:21.060]  But first, a former Libyan leader, Muammar Gaddafi, is dead.
[13:21.260 --> 13:24.640]  He was killed after fighting in his hometown of Sirte.
[13:25.040 --> 13:30.300]  More details are gradually emerging over the circumstances about how he died.
[13:30.660 --> 13:35.680]  The Reuters news agency is quoting NTC officials who say Gaddafi was not killed immediately.
[13:35.920 --> 13:43.210]  They say he died after his capture during a gun battle which broke out between his supporters and NTC fighters.
[13:44.000 --> 13:47.460]  His remains have been placed in a mosque in the city of Misrata.
[13:50.000 --> 13:53.000]  Gaddafi's son, Muhtasim, was also killed in Sirte.
[13:53.100 --> 13:55.520]  He was Libya's former national security advisor.
[13:55.960 --> 14:00.540]  According to an NTC commander, his body was also taken to Misrata by ambulance.
[14:00.540 --> 14:02.640]  So this is a really interesting vision.
[14:02.660 --> 14:03.500]  Well, Gaddafi's hometown.
[14:03.800 --> 14:05.820]  He was born there 69 years ago.
[14:05.820 --> 14:06.140]  Al Jazeera comes out of Doha.
[14:06.520 --> 14:08.640]  After weeks of heavy fighting.
[14:08.860 --> 14:11.360]  And this is their global feed, international feed.
[14:11.540 --> 14:12.660]  Anti-Gaddafi fighters have been celebrating throughout the city.
[14:12.820 --> 14:18.140]  In the capital, Tripoli, and, of course, in the NTC stronghold of Benghazi.
[14:18.140 --> 14:30.330]  And you can see in the production of that news broadcast, there's no hesitation to show direct facial images of dead people and mutilated faces.
[14:30.640 --> 14:35.640]  So that would be pretty unlikely you're going to see that on CBS, ABC or NBC.
[14:36.040 --> 14:39.900]  And it's also unlikely you would see it even on Al Jazeera America.
[14:40.260 --> 14:45.880]  So different cultures will accept different content and graphic content as part of it.
[14:46.620 --> 14:50.210]  But places like... quite often countries say that they have free media.
[14:50.400 --> 14:54.540]  And, in fact, usually if they spell it out and spend a lot of time talking about it, they actually don't.
[14:54.710 --> 14:56.560]  And Libya was one of those places.
[14:57.400 --> 14:59.020]  This is Libyan State TV.
[14:59.020 --> 15:15.010]  Good-N Osiris.
[15:38.300 --> 15:40.580]  And this is the first sentence.
[15:41.100 --> 15:44.460]  And this is the second one.
[15:52.540 --> 15:58.320]  So, Gaddafi's television station was primarily just a propaganda output for his regime.
[15:58.880 --> 16:05.060]  The technical quality of that video is exactly as received, their broadcast quality from satellite.
[16:05.360 --> 16:09.120]  So it's like low-res, YouTube-type quality vision.
[16:09.320 --> 16:13.080]  And it really was just promoting Gaddafi and his regime.
[16:13.830 --> 16:21.820]  As the country was collapsing, they would spend most days just broadcasting the crowds on the streets supporting Gaddafi.
[16:22.040 --> 16:25.830]  As it came closer to collapse, the crowd shrunk.
[16:26.780 --> 16:35.800]  In fact, this is the final day and the camera is really tight because essentially no one is out on the square now supporting Gaddafi.
[16:48.390 --> 16:51.610]  And by good luck, I just happened to be recording.
[16:51.710 --> 17:03.790]  Actually, as Libya fell for probably six months, I was continuously recording the state television and captured the final moments of Gaddafi's television station.
[17:04.990 --> 17:06.710]  It was actually shut down.
[17:07.570 --> 17:08.770]  And this is how it shut down.
[17:24.870 --> 17:25.490]  That's it.
[17:25.810 --> 17:27.470]  That was the end of the regime.
[17:27.670 --> 17:28.670]  Or at least it's propaganda.
[17:30.190 --> 17:32.370]  And it was the end of Gaddafi as well.
[17:36.250 --> 17:37.390]  So let's break the law.
[17:38.590 --> 17:39.610]  We're gonna break the law.
[17:40.130 --> 17:49.850]  There's some signals which are even to Western democracies and open societies, there are some signals that are actually banned.
[17:50.010 --> 17:57.530]  So the vision you're about to see now, it's actually... I'm not sure it's illegal to show it in the USA, but it's certainly illegal for this station to be received in the USA.
[17:57.750 --> 18:01.010]  And it's Hezbollah's television station called Al Manir.
[18:03.530 --> 18:11.130]  And it's been designated as a global terrorist entity by the United States.
[18:11.310 --> 18:13.570]  And so it can't be broadcast into the country.
[18:14.370 --> 18:16.150]  It doesn't claim to be neutral.
[18:16.590 --> 18:18.170]  It claims to actually...
[18:18.170 --> 18:23.330]  it doesn't hide the fact that it has a particular point of view and it wants to promote it.
[19:15.780 --> 19:23.060]  So from their point of view, they're exposing Israeli injustice.
[20:01.510 --> 20:03.490]  And then encouraging...
[20:03.490 --> 20:04.650]  مؤسسة الشهيد.
[20:04.870 --> 20:08.050]  برنامج تكفل أبناء الشهداء.
[20:08.390 --> 20:11.830]  Encouraging taking up the fight and martyrdom.
[20:17.530 --> 20:19.130]  So as you can see, it's very slick.
[20:19.570 --> 20:26.610]  It's considered in Lebanon and Hezbollah territories as a legitimate entertainment television station.
[20:26.950 --> 20:29.830]  So you can control information by actually banning it.
[20:30.030 --> 20:32.590]  That station's actually banned here in the United States.
[20:32.750 --> 20:34.230]  It's not banned in my country, Australia.
[20:34.590 --> 20:38.150]  But if you... So you can simply say to people, don't watch it.
[20:38.750 --> 20:42.690]  It's impossible for that station to be broadcast through American infrastructure.
[20:42.690 --> 20:44.710]  So American satellites don't carry the signal.
[20:44.870 --> 20:45.490]  And so on.
[20:45.630 --> 20:53.250]  But if you really want to control the message, you can actually take... put technical jamming measures in place to actually block signals.
[20:53.750 --> 21:00.590]  So for some of you that saw me talk about North Korea last year, you heard about my project there.
[21:00.670 --> 21:08.090]  I actually decided to actually analyse... go to North Korea many, many times and analyse the broadcast media there and propaganda media.
[21:08.370 --> 21:09.750]  It had never been documented before.
[21:09.990 --> 21:12.650]  And so let's go on a little band scan.
[21:12.810 --> 21:18.890]  Let's listen to the AM radio band and the FM radio band in Ponyang, the capital city of North Korea.
[21:19.010 --> 21:19.870]  And let's see what we hear.
[21:24.530 --> 21:25.010]  Jamming.
[21:25.590 --> 21:27.130]  So this is jamming.
[21:28.270 --> 21:33.190]  The red is where we are, Ponyang, and it's jamming a signal from South Korea.
[21:33.350 --> 21:35.390]  So people in North Korea can't hear it.
[21:36.110 --> 21:38.030]  Oh, tune down the dial a bit more.
[21:38.110 --> 21:38.690]  More jamming.
[21:40.290 --> 21:43.590]  Now here's a signal which is a North Korean regime signal.
[21:43.810 --> 21:44.790]  So it's not jammed.
[21:50.810 --> 21:51.850]  More jamming.
[21:52.690 --> 21:53.710]  More jamming.
[21:54.450 --> 21:57.770]  A North Korean signal, not jammed.
[21:59.390 --> 22:01.410]  Another North Korean signal, not jammed.
[22:13.620 --> 22:20.420]  So what actually happens in North Korea is that if there's any kind of information coming from the outside world, they actually technically jam it.
[22:20.660 --> 22:22.280]  So it can't be heard at all.
[22:22.620 --> 22:24.340]  But not only do North Koreans do this.
[22:24.420 --> 22:26.980]  The South Koreans jam North Korean signals as well.
[22:27.180 --> 22:34.440]  But with software-defined radios, and with high-quality filtering, you can normally get around that jamming.
[22:39.820 --> 22:41.340]  So here's the jamming signal.
[22:44.200 --> 22:45.620]  And we change the bandwidth.
[22:47.120 --> 22:49.840]  And now we can hear the actual signal that was being jammed.
[22:54.040 --> 22:58.780]  So of course, the average person doesn't have this, you know, kind of radio disability.
[22:59.480 --> 23:02.240]  But you can usually get around jamming signals this way.
[23:02.240 --> 23:14.900]  So this is actually a North Korean radio service, which masquerades itself as a South Korean radio station, and so hopes that South Koreans listen to it and think it's coming from South Korea.
[23:15.540 --> 23:20.760]  Just while we're on North Korea, it's probably, of all countries, it's probably got the most bizarre television.
[23:20.760 --> 23:32.400]  So here is a segment out of the normal television news, just the nightly news, and they're just discussing what they would like to do to the previous president of South Korea.
[23:32.400 --> 23:34.440]  Oops.
[23:38.120 --> 23:39.060]  Oops.
[26:08.630 --> 26:09.650]  What a crack-up.
[26:10.030 --> 26:11.490]  You know, that concludes the news.
[26:11.790 --> 26:13.710]  Do you think you'd see that on Eyewitness News?
[26:15.110 --> 26:21.510]  So, it kind of makes, you know, that Kim Jong-un was so offended by that Sony movie, the interview.
[26:21.830 --> 26:23.110]  And that's what the news looks like.
[26:25.190 --> 26:26.190]  Quickly going now.
[26:26.370 --> 26:28.110]  So, it's not all war and politics.
[26:28.490 --> 26:37.150]  It's actually getting all of these signals, hundreds of thousands of different signals, actually means that you get this great view of cultures, society, music.
[26:38.430 --> 26:40.270]  It's incredible what you can see.
[26:40.270 --> 26:40.830]  You're a musician!
[26:41.090 --> 26:41.670]  What's this?
[26:41.810 --> 26:41.950]  What
[26:45.300 --> 26:46.300]  is this?
[26:46.660 --> 26:47.880]  I'm a-
[27:02.570 --> 27:05.430]  You are a- You're a-
[27:33.690 --> 27:35.270]  You're a-
[27:39.900 --> 27:44.700]  You're a- New York.
[27:45.200 --> 27:51.040]  The studios are in Hong Kong, but that's their service for far western China.
[27:51.580 --> 28:01.680]  Now in China, actually in most parts of Asia, the majority of people receive their broadcast, both radio and television, via satellite.
[28:01.980 --> 28:05.140]  And satellite dishes in this part of the world are as common as electric fans.
[28:05.340 --> 28:08.360]  They're just normal devices you'll find in any market.
[28:08.480 --> 28:13.000]  It's actually easier to buy satellite dishes than to buy radios in most parts of Asia.
[28:13.580 --> 28:20.580]  Places like Mongolia are fascinating because they're nomads and actually just move the satellite dishes with them as they go around.
[28:21.040 --> 28:23.600]  Most of the signals are free to air.
[28:23.940 --> 28:26.840]  You don't have to pay to receive them, so they're advertise supported.
[28:27.180 --> 28:32.760]  And as you can see, as you move your earth, you move your satellite dish and take your solar panels with you.
[28:34.720 --> 28:37.080]  And then this is in China.
[28:37.080 --> 28:40.960]  You can see satellite dishes just propped up against walls anywhere at all.
[28:41.800 --> 28:48.740]  Anywhere that there's a lot of rain, you normally find that water bottles are really good to keep the water out of the electronics on the satellite dish.
[28:48.920 --> 28:53.040]  So you see some really elaborate waterproofing, like these guys here.
[28:56.180 --> 29:00.120]  South Himalayan... so South Asia, the Himalayan regions.
[29:00.920 --> 29:04.720]  Again, satellite is the main method of communication.
[29:04.900 --> 29:11.340]  As you can see here, these are really simple houses in the Khyber Pass and so on.
[29:11.820 --> 29:14.400]  But each of them have a satellite dish on top of them.
[29:14.400 --> 29:44.380]  Other than other countries have changed, so they... have changed.
[30:09.960 --> 30:13.780]  So, as you can see, very exotic programming.
[30:14.320 --> 30:16.980]  Now, India, of course, is the largest country in South Asia.
[30:17.620 --> 30:26.460]  And when you look at how people consume information in India, it's really interesting that there's a high proportion of the population are illiterate, so they can't read or write.
[30:26.660 --> 30:28.000]  So broadcasting is very important.
[30:28.760 --> 30:36.320]  And a country of 1.2 billion people, television being the way that most people consume information.
[30:36.580 --> 30:42.800]  So when you compare it to radio or to the Internet, you can see that television is so vitally important in that country.
[30:49.460 --> 30:53.160]  So every morning there's broadcast, live broadcast from temples.
[30:53.420 --> 30:54.220]  This one's in Mumbai.
[31:24.060 --> 31:25.480]  So a massive industry.
[31:26.380 --> 31:31.260]  And as you can see there, the country has over 823 satellite channels.
[31:31.540 --> 31:34.340]  And 80% of them are three to air, meaning you don't have to pay.
[31:34.340 --> 31:37.920]  So it is... Not everyone in India has a satellite dish.
[31:38.120 --> 31:49.980]  It's quite often there's a one dish, and an enterprising guy has built a cable network, but he charges virtually nothing for you to receive 823 channels in your house.
[31:50.620 --> 31:54.800]  But, you know, the majority of houses have television.
[31:57.720 --> 32:00.260]  This type of programming is really popular.
[32:00.680 --> 32:03.780]  Hindu, epic stories.
[32:03.780 --> 32:03.780]  It's particularly popular.
[32:04.740 --> 32:05.080]  Yes.
[32:28.510 --> 32:30.070]  There are a couple of people have collapsed.
[32:33.910 --> 32:37.790]  This is the second
[32:42.630 --> 32:42.630]  one.
[32:42.630 --> 32:43.190]  So, there is a couple of people haveilities.
[32:43.430 --> 32:49.890]  Once you move, you're a friend.
[32:49.890 --> 32:49.890]  It is a friend.
[32:50.030 --> 32:51.050]  No, no, no, no, no, no.
[32:51.050 --> 32:54.730]  There are no other people that are being sold to your home.
[32:55.850 --> 32:56.990]  It is the third one.
[32:56.990 --> 33:00.370]  Him is the third one.
[33:00.370 --> 33:01.990]  And Haramani, who sees it.
[33:22.920 --> 33:26.040]  And what does music television in South India look like?
[33:26.160 --> 33:29.660]  This is MTV, typical MTV type programming in South India.
[33:37.160 --> 33:42.300]  She is a guest in South India.
[33:45.880 --> 33:50.900]  Sheen David Andruja, she is a guest in South India.
[34:34.670 --> 34:38.870]  All right, so we'll look at one more country and then we're pretty well done.
[34:38.870 --> 34:44.610]  So the Middle Kingdom, China, a really important, probably the most important country in Asia.
[34:44.810 --> 34:47.010]  Asia really revolves around China.
[34:47.270 --> 34:54.690]  So 1.35 million people, 290 different languages, 56 recognised ethnic groups.
[34:55.070 --> 34:59.970]  So again, television is a really important way that people collect information.
[35:00.210 --> 35:05.050]  And as you can see here, again, really simple structures, really basic housing.
[35:05.330 --> 35:07.550]  You always find satellite dishes on top of them.
[35:10.830 --> 35:13.930]  Over 3,000 channels available in the country.
[35:14.130 --> 35:15.910]  And again, the majority of them free to air.
[36:16.700 --> 36:23.620]  So even programming for teenagers and young people uses communist pop culture, even in a country like China.
[36:23.620 --> 36:26.680]  This is the headquarters of China Central Television.
[36:26.920 --> 36:29.000]  It's a strange looking building in Beijing.
[36:30.000 --> 36:33.500]  On its official opening, they let off fireworks from it and it caught a light.
[36:34.080 --> 36:36.140]  But it's actually survived.
[36:36.280 --> 36:38.300]  Now this produces a massive amount of content.
[36:38.520 --> 36:48.160]  So just like I get literally thousands of streams out of the BBC in London, I probably get 5,000 or 6,000 different feeds out of this building as well.
[37:35.800 --> 37:38.760]  So it's 6am and television is just open for the day.
[37:38.920 --> 37:41.580]  That's the main channel, China Central Television One.
[37:42.480 --> 37:45.580]  And when you travel through China, this is a pretty common sight.
[37:45.580 --> 37:49.960]  On top of every mountain, you'll see repeated dishes and so on for microwave.
[37:53.310 --> 37:54.710]  Chinese entertainment.
[38:43.470 --> 38:45.880]  So this is traditional Chinese opera.
[38:49.110 --> 38:50.360]  Thousands of years old.
[38:50.880 --> 38:52.380]  Well, centuries old anyway.
[38:52.740 --> 39:03.900]  And it was adopted by the Maoists and the communists as an art form to promote communism during previous decades.
[39:06.610 --> 39:15.990]  So you can see all the fundamentals of the traditional art form has been adopted to promote the political interests of the new communist government.
[39:19.550 --> 39:23.570]  Now these revolutionary operas are still quite popular.
[39:23.810 --> 39:33.150]  There's actually a whole channel called CCTV 11, which operates every day and has that type of those revolutionary operas all day.
[39:33.410 --> 39:42.750]  Typical Chinese house, like in most houses in Asia, and I suppose even houses in the Western world, the television is usually a pretty important feature in one of the main rooms.
[39:45.330 --> 39:46.930]  This is Tibetan television.
[39:46.930 --> 39:47.210]  is Turkey .
[40:00.320 --> 40:07.040]  Oh as you also lived here on twomen.
[40:07.040 --> 40:07.600]  Nice
[40:10.680 --> 40:10.680]  to run.
[40:11.840 --> 40:22.240]  Angelinaử like you bako, Oh, you're very ciou of Katara, Told you.
[40:22.800 --> 40:25.860]  Oh Thank you.
[40:26.380 --> 40:28.100]  You're welcome for that.
[40:28.100 --> 40:29.780]  I know features, I hear lots of friends.
[40:46.220 --> 40:48.220]  All right, now I'm going to finish right on time.
[40:52.330 --> 40:53.690]  I can go over a little bit?
[40:53.850 --> 40:54.270]  You're kidding.
[40:57.170 --> 40:58.290]  Oh, that'll be a stretch.
[41:00.010 --> 41:02.390]  So my interest is really...
[41:02.950 --> 41:18.250]  Probably my core interest in everything in life is about information and how information is used and actually how information influences individuals and how they act, what they believe, their faith and all those type of things.
[41:18.990 --> 41:23.670]  It's amazing if you have an interest in what motivates people and so on.
[41:23.730 --> 41:27.590]  Broadcasting is a really interesting way to measure that, to understand different cultures.
[41:28.130 --> 41:32.150]  And you also see some very unexpected things on air.
[41:32.390 --> 41:44.210]  So while I've got tens of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands, of different signals coming into my home every day, sometimes you just turn on the television and you see the most extraordinary things.
[41:46.070 --> 41:52.970]  The meteorological agency is warning that very high tsunami are expected in the following areas.
[41:52.970 --> 41:57.330]  The eastern part of the Pacific Coast of Hokkaido.
[41:58.180 --> 42:01.470]  The central part of the Pacific Coast of Hokkaido.
[42:01.470 --> 42:10.090]  The Sea of Japan Coast of Aomori Prefecture.
[42:10.550 --> 42:14.090]  The Pacific Coast of Aomori Prefecture.
[42:14.090 --> 42:17.290]  The coast of Iwate Prefecture.
[42:17.710 --> 42:20.470]  The coast of Miyagi Prefecture.
[42:21.250 --> 42:23.690]  The coast of Fukushima Prefecture.
[42:24.310 --> 42:26.950]  The coast of Ibaraki Prefecture.
[42:26.950 --> 42:53.350]  The coast of Shiba Prefecture, the east coast of Chiba Prefecture, the coast of the Izu Islands, the coast of the Ogasawara Islands, the coast of Kanagawa Prefecture, from the entrance to Tokyo Bay to the west, the coast of Shizuoka Prefecture, the coast of Wakayama Prefecture.
[42:55.390 --> 42:56.330]  So that's it.
[42:56.550 --> 43:00.790]  So with that kind of hacker mindset, you can get all of these signals.
[43:00.930 --> 43:03.190]  Some are just there to be tuned.
[43:03.690 --> 43:10.110]  Others, you actually have to... We trade codes and the technical parameters of signals.
[43:10.390 --> 43:12.370]  They're not intended for the general public to see.
[43:12.510 --> 43:20.250]  But there literally is hundreds of thousands of different things that you can watch and listen to, which make the world a really interesting place.
[43:20.390 --> 43:21.010]  Thanks for your time.
[43:28.960 --> 43:30.560]  Really eye-opening stuff, Mark.
[43:31.160 --> 43:39.940]  Any of us who want to get interested in this, the cost of entry isn't necessarily terribly expensive, even though your set-up looked... your monitoring post looked pretty advanced.
[43:40.520 --> 43:49.560]  Are there any websites or other information you could share with how people can get started in free-to-air reception of satellite signals and shortwave?
[43:50.300 --> 43:50.760]  Sure.
[43:51.040 --> 43:57.380]  So for shortwave radio, for broadcasting in general, there's a really good one called swling.com.
[43:57.400 --> 44:02.780]  So one of our mates, Thomas, runs that.
[44:03.200 --> 44:11.340]  For satellites, if you just Google free-to-air satellite, if you put the words free-to-air and satellite in there, you'll find many different sites.
[44:11.480 --> 44:19.060]  There's one called Lyngsat, which is actually a directory of many, many of the technical parameters, what you need to feed in to satellite receivers.
[44:19.740 --> 44:22.560]  All satellite receivers these days are digital.
[44:22.860 --> 44:27.620]  So you need to know the data rates, the error rates, and so on.
[44:27.740 --> 44:32.380]  And you get all of those codes, and you feed them into the receiver, and then channels start to appear.
[44:33.960 --> 44:39.140]  And that's Lyngsat, L-Y-N-G-S-A-T dot com, I believe.
[44:39.720 --> 44:39.800]  Yeah.
[44:39.860 --> 44:45.480]  It's really, for like a few hundred dollars, you can see some of this stuff that you would not be able to get over cable or Internet.
[44:46.640 --> 44:49.160]  And you're missing out on a lot of fascinating stuff.
[44:49.340 --> 44:49.800]  Thank you, Mark.
[44:50.100 --> 44:50.340]  Thank you.