[02:12.550 --> 02:16.710]  Mic check, one, oops, goodness, okay.
[02:17.410 --> 02:18.430]  How's this everybody?
[02:19.850 --> 02:21.170]  Excellent, thanks, thank you.
[02:24.990 --> 02:25.910]  Okay, sounds good.
[02:26.710 --> 02:28.450]  Let's get people a couple more minutes.
[02:28.890 --> 02:29.230]  Excellent.
[02:31.830 --> 02:32.650]  I'll say it again.
[02:32.950 --> 02:34.650]  I'll take it easy for you then.
[02:40.450 --> 02:41.910]  Let's see, what time is that?
[02:42.550 --> 02:43.350]  Oh, we got some.
[02:47.030 --> 02:48.530]  I might start my announcements.
[02:49.070 --> 02:49.730]  You know what?
[02:49.890 --> 02:51.650]  I will do my announcements now.
[02:51.810 --> 02:52.930]  Because you're eager to go.
[02:53.210 --> 02:56.530]  And my announcements, I hope everybody's having a good time so far.
[02:57.250 --> 02:57.530]  Yes?
[02:58.290 --> 02:59.890]  Wonderful, good, good, good.
[03:00.790 --> 03:03.290]  A few couple of things, you know, keep your masks on.
[03:03.330 --> 03:06.010]  Unless you're eating and drinking, please hydrate yourself.
[03:06.210 --> 03:08.910]  We want to make sure everybody's good this weekend.
[03:09.370 --> 03:12.470]  You know, if you need a mask break, go outside, take a break.
[03:12.470 --> 03:13.590]  We encourage that.
[03:13.810 --> 03:21.530]  We still have a fourth track for, like, talks that some of you are probably facilitating, just on the go.
[03:21.690 --> 03:24.290]  You can go to the coffee shop to look those up.
[03:24.370 --> 03:27.130]  Or go on our wiki page and check those out.
[03:27.770 --> 03:30.590]  We still have, is it Hackers Got Talent tonight?
[03:30.590 --> 03:31.510]  I think so.
[03:31.770 --> 03:35.050]  If you want to karaoke, one of those, sign up.
[03:35.070 --> 03:35.530]  Karaoke.
[03:36.070 --> 03:36.550]  Karaoke.
[03:36.810 --> 03:38.270]  I think you guys are singing, huh?
[03:38.410 --> 03:39.790]  Okay, so we'll see you there.
[03:40.390 --> 03:42.930]  Please sign up for those and have a good time.
[03:43.750 --> 03:47.370]  And then we have a matrix chat and some questions are coming in from there.
[03:47.670 --> 03:49.730]  People are really engaging in the online versions.
[03:50.130 --> 03:52.150]  The cool thing about that is that's going to be ongoing.
[03:52.410 --> 03:54.550]  And so we might even post this talk there.
[03:54.670 --> 03:57.690]  So if you want to continue the conversation, please go there.
[03:57.830 --> 03:58.730]  And that's going to be ongoing.
[03:58.970 --> 04:02.970]  So without further ado, this is Let's Talk About By Printing with Xavier Lewis Palmer.
[04:02.970 --> 04:05.330]  Give them a round of applause and let's get started.
[04:09.070 --> 04:09.890]  Hello, everybody.
[04:11.210 --> 04:11.810]  All right.
[04:12.450 --> 04:13.130]  My name is...
[04:13.130 --> 04:13.630]  Oh, yeah.
[04:13.770 --> 04:14.130]  Oh, sorry.
[04:14.730 --> 04:15.050]  Yeah.
[04:15.570 --> 04:18.250]  So for an introduction...
[04:20.910 --> 04:21.550]  Here we go.
[04:21.770 --> 04:22.110]  All right.
[04:22.410 --> 04:25.250]  So for an introduction, I have lived most of my life thus far on the East Coast.
[04:25.630 --> 04:29.810]  I'm a student, tech enthusiast, and enjoy collaborating on cool biomedical projects.
[04:29.810 --> 04:31.430]  I did reading, taking part in tech.
[04:31.550 --> 04:32.230]  My first was NES.
[04:33.250 --> 04:35.110]  And yeah, I love art.
[04:35.730 --> 04:39.430]  To the right, you'll see images of me working on my lab's biopreneur in 2018.
[04:40.570 --> 04:43.050]  And this image is courtesy of the Daily Press and Virginia Pilot.
[04:44.410 --> 04:52.110]  Next is a snapshot of one of our papers, followed by figures of a chimeric memory organoid developed with the use of our 3D biopreneur.
[04:52.430 --> 04:54.730]  My gestational work was in part built around these things.
[04:54.950 --> 04:57.670]  I was introduced to HOPE in 2016 as a participant.
[04:57.670 --> 05:00.150]  It was taken aback at the warmth of the community.
[05:00.810 --> 05:05.170]  Activities prepared, frankness of conversation, freedom of exploration, and more.
[05:05.450 --> 05:08.270]  To be here as a speaker is surreal and an absolute pleasure.
[05:09.650 --> 05:11.250]  In general, I spent a lot of time in school.
[05:11.430 --> 05:14.530]  Prior to my doctorate work, I had obtained two bachelor's degrees from ODU.
[05:14.950 --> 05:18.030]  One in philosophy, one in biological sciences.
[05:18.510 --> 05:20.390]  From Eastern Virginia Medical School, same city.
[05:20.530 --> 05:21.790]  Acquired a master's in biotechnology.
[05:22.210 --> 05:25.810]  And then tackled the other master's in cyber in the middle of my engineering PhD.
[05:25.810 --> 05:28.990]  While my lab temporarily closed during the pandemic.
[05:29.370 --> 05:37.650]  Previous research experience, before grad school, brought me to the National Institute of Standard Technology and the American Dental Association Foundation and several university labs.
[05:37.930 --> 05:38.730]  Let's continue.
[05:42.150 --> 05:44.630]  Alright, so this talk will be mostly introductory and casual.
[05:44.970 --> 05:49.990]  I decided to cut out a lot of material and jargon as well as simplify quite a bit for time and focus.
[05:49.990 --> 05:52.190]  This will also be fast to make the fit.
[05:52.630 --> 05:56.470]  We'll discuss bioprinting and bioprinting culture along with some resource and place to look.
[05:56.930 --> 06:01.370]  Expect some overly but genuinely sentimental shoutouts after.
[06:01.890 --> 06:04.750]  Further, I am excluding crucial commentary on my dissertation work.
[06:05.130 --> 06:10.110]  And out of respect of my lab, additional time will be given for a bonus feature.
[06:10.310 --> 06:14.430]  And to also field questions as I want this to be more interactive versus just me lecturing.
[06:14.430 --> 06:15.970]  But that will be, again, towards the end.
[06:16.270 --> 06:16.950]  Let's proceed.
[06:21.140 --> 06:22.420]  So, what is bioprinting?
[06:22.980 --> 06:27.420]  It's essentially a transport of biological materials onto a surface or into an object with the goal of building.
[06:27.980 --> 06:36.900]  The media, that is the material in which biological material is suspended, plus biological materials of interest, are together referred to as bio-ink, of which there are many types.
[06:37.420 --> 06:42.700]  Bioprinters can be 2D, that is they can print on many surfaces, or 3D, that they can print along a third axis.
[06:42.700 --> 06:44.840]  The most functional would be of the latter.
[06:46.780 --> 06:51.440]  Commonly, you'll find that many printers use syringes to deposit biological material, but that's not the only means.
[06:51.880 --> 07:03.000]  The bio-ink is often comprised of media made from other living cells that assist them, with the process of adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation during and after the printing.
[07:03.240 --> 07:04.240]  Well, or after the printing.
[07:04.480 --> 07:16.400]  For those not developing tissue systems, the bio-ink may simply be composed of what preserves the biological materials or facilitates their transport through whatever containers that they pass through.
[07:16.860 --> 07:26.100]  For example, if you're printing something that clogs needles or activates prematurely, your ink might have compounds that resist that.
[07:26.320 --> 07:35.220]  On the bio-active side, your bio-ink might be configured to maintain conditions that will prevent the degradation of proteins or other bio-active molecules, or even add structure to your construct later on.
[07:35.620 --> 07:43.800]  Common bio-inks are adapted from natural polymers and biomaterials found in X-cellular matrices, such as gelatin, chitosin, various types of alginates, collagen, and more.
[07:44.020 --> 07:44.640]  Some are synthetic.
[07:45.280 --> 07:51.840]  Further, the format of 3D bioprinter prints is a variable.
[07:52.180 --> 08:02.840]  Some 3D bioprinters work with large cells, or large aggregates of cells, or otherwise large aggregates of biomaterials, while some aim for smaller aggregates, or even on the single cell basis.
[08:03.760 --> 08:13.440]  Printing in large cell aggregates, or biomaterial aggregates, allows for the ease of printing and large-scale construct development, but cell count precision and microstructure desired may be sacrificed in the process.
[08:14.260 --> 08:18.320]  A lot of prints are just blobs sometimes, but hey, it can be useful.
[08:18.760 --> 08:29.280]  But to the right, you'll see strategies for bioprinting, as shown in Hierarch at Al's 2019 paper, 3D bioprinting from benches to translational applications.
[08:29.660 --> 08:33.160]  These are some of many types of strategies that exist.
[08:33.160 --> 08:41.260]  You have stereolithography, ink-to-jet printing, laser-assisted bioprinting, extrusion bioprinting, and electrospinning-based bioprinting.
[08:41.400 --> 08:42.480]  But again, these are just some.
[08:44.080 --> 08:52.780]  We can usually take an entire day running how all of these work, specifically, but we won't mention these for the purpose of time.
[08:52.860 --> 08:54.500]  We won't go into detail for the purpose of time.
[08:55.160 --> 09:00.620]  Later, I will go into depth for one of these, which is extrusion, but that'll be later.
[09:06.300 --> 09:09.400]  The workflow of bioprinting is fairly simple, once your project is planned out.
[09:09.820 --> 09:17.280]  From there, one creates the design they want, selects the bioinks and apparatuses to use, they print the construct, and process the printed construct after.
[09:17.560 --> 09:20.560]  A figure from the paper, Bioprinting for the Biologist by Dele et al.
[09:20.700 --> 09:22.480]  in 2021, is shown on the upper left.
[09:22.840 --> 09:25.780]  The overall paper is good and accessible to read.
[09:25.980 --> 09:27.420]  I recommend reading through it.
[09:28.660 --> 09:32.500]  Therein, they detail the process well from a biologist's perspective.
[09:32.500 --> 09:38.440]  An engineer or artist may provide tweaks, but it's a solid workflow overall.
[09:38.980 --> 09:45.380]  3D scanning can play a role in the crafting of more true-to-form body features, as mentioned in the work of Seale et al.
[09:46.200 --> 09:49.220]  2014's paper, which is Bioprinting Technologies Applications.
[09:49.480 --> 09:55.320]  In one section, they describe medical imaging used towards crafting a more biomimetic structure, modeled after a body part.
[09:55.580 --> 09:59.080]  A workflow figure taken from the paper is shown on the lower left.
[10:06.140 --> 10:06.540]  Oop.
[10:07.060 --> 10:07.600]  Here we go.
[10:08.480 --> 10:09.160]  Oh, something's missing.
[10:09.860 --> 10:10.260]  Okay.
[10:10.800 --> 10:18.080]  Yeah, so, bioprinters are used in a variety of ways by many labs, be they industrial, academic, government labs, community biospaces, or the home lab of Tinkerer.
[10:18.180 --> 10:30.620]  For example, on the industrial side, companies like Organova or Rokit have printers in which, you know, they have printers in which they print cells or scaffolding materials together on a macro scale, in large, reliable shapes.
[10:30.940 --> 10:41.940]  At the high end, printers like these can cost from the tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars, printers, but are thus out the range of many DIY enthusiasts.
[10:44.440 --> 10:52.040]  In response, many teams have fashion-reliable bioprinters that are quite affordable, some as low as €250.
[10:54.340 --> 10:58.540]  But it doesn't mean that the quality is necessarily up to par, but they do allow for some reasonable insights.
[10:58.840 --> 11:03.120]  While the making and use of bioprinters are important, the benefits of the use are also worth discussing.
[11:03.660 --> 11:06.700]  Bioprinting allows for a wide range of novel basic science experiments.
[11:06.960 --> 11:11.880]  The process is bringing closer the possibility of organ tissue replacements in the not-so-far future.
[11:12.120 --> 11:22.620]  This is increasingly important as citizens all over the world could see to face organ donor shortages and many donated organs remain incompatible with potential recipients.
[11:23.100 --> 11:27.400]  The possibilities are many, if not endless, but much work is required to unlock this potential.
[11:27.400 --> 11:33.580]  The top image shows the picture of a 3D bioprinter produced using a RepRap 3D printer, which can be affordably acquired.
[11:33.900 --> 11:42.920]  The lower left and right image shows off the commercial Rokit Dr. Nvivo 46, and the Organovo Novagen NMX printers, which can print in high quality.
[11:43.560 --> 11:48.220]  Each of these, DIY and commercial, each have value in the same world despite their differences.
[11:51.740 --> 11:56.000]  So, for the enthusiast, bioprinting allows for multiple promising avenues.
[11:56.260 --> 12:02.860]  Some of these options exist in but are not exclusive to the avenues of prototyping platforms structurally or behaviorally.
[12:04.280 --> 12:10.600]  These also include art, basic science, engineering, basic science and engineering research, and wearable and implant testing.
[12:11.460 --> 12:16.680]  Basic science and engineering come easiest to mind, particularly with the focus of the benefits in superior 3D culture.
[12:16.680 --> 12:25.840]  And 3D culture produced 3D bioprinting, of course, versus traditional 2D and 3D culture, you get increased organization of biomaterials and cells.
[12:26.120 --> 12:28.420]  For some work, this can mean more subtle-cell interactions.
[12:28.740 --> 12:37.020]  This can mean improved culture integrity through more pronounced ECM deployment.
[12:37.220 --> 12:42.580]  And by ECM deployment, I mean as the X-cellar matrix, which are these network proteins that cells extrude.
[12:44.600 --> 12:50.500]  This can also mean stronger in vitro microenvironmental modeling.
[12:51.240 --> 12:52.220]  Thanks, SARS guys.
[12:53.400 --> 12:53.480]  Whew.
[12:54.320 --> 12:57.740]  Greater tissue complexity and, above all, more automatable and repeatable interactions.
[12:58.300 --> 13:04.400]  Through the process, you can design helpful experiments that allow people deeper insight into how cells interact.
[13:04.400 --> 13:10.680]  How biological or biologically based structures will behave under numerous internal or external stressors, and more.
[13:10.920 --> 13:16.960]  Basic answers to basic questions form the foundation for more complex work and are not to be underestimated or looked down upon.
[13:17.760 --> 13:21.360]  These are easily in a range of amateur and otherwise early scientists.
[13:21.360 --> 13:35.020]  These scientists with basic but sufficiently calibrated tools, and while reined in hypotheses, can do a lot to advance modern science through experiments that amplify precision in examining key molecular signals that take place between cells, their environment,
[13:35.240 --> 13:39.660]  and or examine the structural and chemical components of various microenvironments generated.
[13:39.660 --> 13:45.740]  And just for review, microenvironments is the environment that's immediately around the cells.
[13:47.720 --> 13:57.460]  An engineer can add value in research, for example, by finding more efficient ways to precisely place materials within 3D culturing systems, or make 3D printers more cost effective.
[13:58.600 --> 14:06.120]  As a prototyping platform, gleaned from what was said above, improved biotextiles or similar products can be better made and trialled.
[14:06.520 --> 14:09.620]  An easy example in this vein comes in the form of food or clothing material.
[14:09.760 --> 14:13.000]  With the right bioprint design, you can create and test rapidly.
[14:13.840 --> 14:18.380]  Art, specifically bioart, is an exciting venue as well.
[14:18.680 --> 14:29.180]  Bioinks, again, the material used to print, allow artists additional means to explore visual and or tactile concepts that are quite dynamic.
[14:30.560 --> 14:38.980]  For example, those working with moles, bacteria, and yeast can have them plotted through agarose or similar jello-like material for a 4D work of art.
[14:39.620 --> 14:45.620]  Additives to your jello can enhance your display through time delay, color changes, opacity changes, texture changes, or otherwise.
[14:46.100 --> 14:51.440]  You not only have to print in gels, you can print on papers, films, and other types of surfaces that suit your fancy.
[14:52.060 --> 14:54.960]  Bioprinting can be a fine way to make your art precisely come alive.
[14:55.980 --> 15:07.120]  Finally, for those testing wearables, implants, and various other active compounds that interact with the body, bioprinting gives an avenue by which one can test their effects on specific animal tissues without harming a whole complex organism.
[15:07.420 --> 15:08.700]  Of course, there are caveats.
[15:08.960 --> 15:10.720]  This is already done with various drugs and cosmetics.
[15:11.020 --> 15:13.560]  No matter who you may be, bioprinting has an appeal for everyone.
[15:17.510 --> 15:24.950]  Alright, so from my use, largely via my gestation base work, I went with the extrusion variety, specifically mechanical.
[15:25.530 --> 15:37.210]  This figure on the right shows two, and I used the one on the left, which is a schematic for the mechanical microextrusion.
[15:38.470 --> 15:38.910]  Tonga et al.
[15:39.170 --> 15:44.290]  2021 gives a nice breakdown on the generalities of mechanical extrusion, as shown on the left from the figure above.
[15:44.290 --> 15:49.530]  To quote, the plunger then generates a compression force on the piston of a syringe, which contains a bio-ink.
[15:49.750 --> 15:56.730]  The rotation of the stepper motor defines the speed and quantity of the extrusion, thereby allowing the printing process to be controlled by a computer program.
[15:56.950 --> 16:03.190]  Meanwhile, the gauge of the syringe's needle acts as a nozzle and defines the diameter of the extruded filament.
[16:03.190 --> 16:15.110]  It is also noteworthy to mention that there is a variant of mechanical extrusion that uses a turning screw, which is not shown in this example, like what is used in industrial screw-driven polymer extruders to push the bio-ink out of the nozzle.
[16:15.490 --> 16:20.970]  However, this method is less popular because it can introduce unjustified damage to the cells inside of bio-ink, end quote.
[16:21.250 --> 16:24.370]  However, I could say that the last part can and was engineered around.
[16:26.890 --> 16:35.610]  So, our lab pioneered a low-cost extrusion-based 3D bioprinter that allows us to deposit cells directly into a pre-prepared accelerant matrix rather than print cells with ECM.
[16:35.770 --> 16:44.650]  You can move differently than how else is in research with enough research, insight, and effort.
[16:45.030 --> 16:54.350]  Our 3D bioprinter is a Felix 3.0 3D printer that's been modified through the addition of components and other accessories.
[16:54.350 --> 16:56.210]  listed at odustemcell.org.
[16:56.310 --> 16:58.690]  That is, you can download our plans and apply it to your own printer.
[16:58.910 --> 17:02.090]  This bioprinter prints a bio-ink composed of cells and base media.
[17:03.550 --> 17:10.130]  These are pushed through a specially-fashed micropipette through a pre-prepared accelerant matrix in the form of a hydrogel within the wells of a cell plate.
[17:10.910 --> 17:21.930]  Print patterns in terms of the printer ray shape, the cells per injection more made into the accelerant matrix are determined through G-code, which are generated through a MATLAB script and fed to a printer controller.
[17:21.930 --> 17:27.650]  Successful 3D prints are placed to an incubator at 37 degrees Celsius and coached over one to two periods.
[17:27.770 --> 17:30.050]  Examined optically through fluorescence microscopy.
[17:30.590 --> 17:37.110]  The top left picture shows an early version of our custom extruder head from a 2016 paper.
[17:37.370 --> 17:44.690]  The top right shows a print path for our extruder as dictated via G-code generated from a MATLAB script.
[17:45.390 --> 17:50.210]  The lower left image shows a 48-wilt plate with eight separate prints.
[17:50.490 --> 17:54.730]  The picture is courtesy of the Virginia pilot and Daily Press who came through to learn more about our lab's work.
[17:55.390 --> 18:01.270]  The lower right is a chimeric organoid that's developing from one of our prior papers at different time points.
[18:01.690 --> 18:07.610]  As you can see, the living components make 3D prints rather dynamic.
[18:07.610 --> 18:12.810]  One of the main motivations behind the design route is that it's highly accessible, allowing for highly repeatable results.
[18:12.990 --> 18:14.650]  All these aspects are needed in biomedical science.
[18:14.910 --> 18:22.070]  With such a platform, you can create your code, print your cells, develop your organoids and tissue structures, and then share your code and results with interested scientists.
[18:22.330 --> 18:23.870]  This can be made for less than $1,500.
[18:24.490 --> 18:29.790]  Of course, we are not the only lab with affordability in mind, but it's neat to share.
[18:29.790 --> 18:34.890]  Some labs use even cheaper 3D printers to make bioprinting more accessible in different capacities.
[18:39.160 --> 18:41.380]  So, projects that you will find are not always straightforward.
[18:41.680 --> 18:42.940]  In bioprinting, you have a lot to consider.
[18:43.300 --> 18:50.600]  It is helpful to ask yourself what you want to design, when and how you process it, and the parameters required for your incubating system to keep each component functional.
[18:50.840 --> 18:52.980]  It helps to have a reference for all of these, especially the latter.
[18:53.300 --> 18:57.940]  I recommend looking up recent research on what other groups are doing, along with finding the rationale.
[18:57.940 --> 19:03.020]  You will find a variety of information with varying efficacy, but it's all useful if you know how to analyze it all.
[19:03.280 --> 19:07.100]  Learning from the successes of teams and their missteps is exceedingly valuable.
[19:07.520 --> 19:15.400]  For significance into understanding prior research into environmental components of your design, I'll take a page from developmental biology, as applied to tissue engineering.
[19:15.680 --> 19:22.140]  For those new to developmental biology, cell fate determination refers to how a cell develops into a particular cell type.
[19:23.140 --> 19:27.760]  Various aspects of cell fate can be determined not just by cell genomics, but also by their microenvironment.
[19:27.760 --> 19:38.820]  The cellular microenvironment comprises everything that surrounds cells, from their excellular fluid, their secretive proteins, nucleic acid, their neighbors, signaling molecules present in their environment, and structures that they are attached to or otherwise interact with.
[19:39.020 --> 19:40.160]  This is not exclusive.
[19:40.860 --> 19:49.780]  The figure to the right, from Hoengadau 2017, shows the various components within 3D culture that researchers are mindful of.
[19:49.980 --> 19:55.120]  If your projects are in tissue engineering, for example, you find that your research will require moderation to avoid going over budget.
[19:56.740 --> 20:00.040]  Many of you who are trying to grow a new appendage might have to wait some good time.
[20:00.180 --> 20:07.340]  Tissure engineering holds promise not just for regenerative technologies, but also for basic and traditional scientific study of stem cell and cancer biology.
[20:07.600 --> 20:13.000]  However, many essential developmental techniques that would lead successfully to these advances require much validation.
[20:13.280 --> 20:15.800]  To close this gap, numerous incremental steps are needed.
[20:16.020 --> 20:23.580]  These require an integrated understanding of genomics, cell behavior, physical signals in the immediate environment, and improved framework for understanding how these altogether impact cell fate.
[20:24.120 --> 20:34.260]  Additionally, better tools to reconstruct these environments to validate the improved cell frameworks are also needed.
[20:34.760 --> 20:36.520]  Now, it's not to say that you can't create cool stuff.
[20:36.760 --> 20:42.180]  I trust that many of you will be part of why and when we can create even cooler stuff.
[20:42.320 --> 20:44.060]  It just requires extra nuance.
[20:45.640 --> 20:48.360]  So, stuff that, the part that many of you have been waiting for.
[20:48.500 --> 20:50.640]  Some DIYs, resources.
[20:51.960 --> 20:52.680]  What's a typo?
[20:52.820 --> 20:53.640]  Oh, let's see.
[20:53.960 --> 20:54.400]  Yes.
[20:54.640 --> 20:58.180]  So, that said, 3D bioprinting is highly accessible.
[20:58.480 --> 21:03.240]  You can start by choosing a 3D bioprinting kit and modifying it to your specifications to print as per your strategy.
[21:03.540 --> 21:06.420]  You may find that electrospinning may suit you better than stereolithography.
[21:06.660 --> 21:10.360]  I recommend kits as they simplify the building and printer prototyping process.
[21:10.360 --> 21:15.460]  You may find that electrospinning may suit you better than stereolithography or some other process.
[21:15.980 --> 21:17.540]  I recommend like...
[21:17.540 --> 21:18.020]  Sorry.
[21:19.020 --> 21:23.880]  Further, several kits are open source, allowing you greater flexibility in design.
[21:24.040 --> 21:27.400]  Open source has that benefit and you can modify a...
[21:27.400 --> 21:36.320]  You can choose the option of modifying a pre-prepared printer, but you stand to face more challenges in deconstructing proprietary hardware and software if it is not open source.
[21:36.700 --> 21:39.320]  The worth of either path is up to you and your project.
[21:39.320 --> 21:50.920]  A team at Frederick Alexander University, Erlingen, Nuremberg, if I'm pronouncing it correctly, they modified an ANET A8, for example, and documented their success in their journal article, producing some helpful work.
[21:51.140 --> 21:53.300]  Their printer cost a mere 150 euros.
[21:54.100 --> 21:58.800]  An ANET A8 was also used by a team from the University of Patros in Greece.
[21:58.800 --> 22:09.120]  For those that are not as ambitious and would like some assistance, some groups have created their own that you can use for inspiration.
[22:09.680 --> 22:12.740]  And they place those instructions on Instructables.
[22:13.340 --> 22:19.260]  For example, a team at UC Davis modified a monoprice printer and posted their designs for Instructables to create a bioprinter.
[22:19.440 --> 22:21.380]  Their printer can be designed for less than $400.
[22:24.040 --> 22:29.220]  BioCare, a community biospace in California, produced a guide for an even cheaper printer for $150.
[22:29.780 --> 22:31.320]  Their instructions are very accessible as well.
[22:31.820 --> 22:37.580]  The question that remains is of how much effort you wish to apply as far as building or where you want to go with your...
[22:37.580 --> 22:40.900]  It depends on where you want to go with your printer and how much effort you want to supply towards it.
[22:41.580 --> 22:46.260]  But nonetheless, with bio, the fun is more inclined towards the biological aspects of your project.
[22:46.460 --> 22:52.520]  If you have the dough in capacity, it's fine to defer the engineering of the hardware involved to teams who sunk a lot into R&D already.
[22:52.740 --> 22:54.140]  Thus, a commercial route can suit you.
[22:54.580 --> 22:57.360]  All 3DP lists several commercial bioprinters out there.
[22:57.580 --> 23:04.720]  For those with a dough, but not too much, the previous mentioned paper by Tom Garao in 2021 gives a review of low-cost 3D bioprinters out there.
[23:09.060 --> 23:13.420]  So, as you work your way into biopreading, it's tempting to build and just do stuff without much groundwork.
[23:13.560 --> 23:20.200]  It's totally understandable, but if you want to take your projects further, you'll eventually want to read the works of people who have worked in your area before and have documented it.
[23:20.860 --> 23:24.260]  To paraphrase a mentor of mine, an hour in the library can be a day in the lab.
[23:25.100 --> 23:29.520]  That's not to say that you should take literature at face value or that you shouldn't spend resources replicating.
[23:29.640 --> 23:30.540]  You're encouraged to be skeptical.
[23:31.300 --> 23:41.820]  However, you will find several insights that may have been repeated enough that you can temporarily skip some steps in the piloting of your process.
[23:42.080 --> 23:47.940]  You're encouraged to hop on Google Scholar or whichever research-based search engine you prefer and see where your subfield is.
[23:48.420 --> 23:50.880]  To take a step further, you're encouraged to reach out and collaborate with others.
[23:51.360 --> 23:56.220]  Speaking with experience, many researchers are happy to share insights and resources, including their papers.
[23:56.220 --> 23:59.840]  And the often chance your interlibrary loan or hub does not have that paper.
[24:00.520 --> 24:04.200]  Citations and other mentions of interest in the work can be like crack to researchers.
[24:04.840 --> 24:09.520]  No matter how much... no matter how you get into it, if you are interested, get in the game.
[24:09.800 --> 24:11.900]  Show the world what you're made of and what you've made.
[24:16.380 --> 24:19.100]  So I have a lot of people to shout out, but I want to leave it here for several reasons.
[24:19.740 --> 24:21.900]  The first shout out goes to Rhett Sanders, may he rest in peace.
[24:22.240 --> 24:27.420]  He's a scientist with a kind soul who toured me in chem, the alternative biocene in Norfolk, Virginia.
[24:27.420 --> 24:30.460]  And introduced me to my friend, Jameson Dungan.
[24:31.200 --> 24:34.780]  The Norfolk arts and biocene is a better place because of his presence.
[24:35.280 --> 24:37.880]  Regarding Jameson Dungan, many of you have been here since 2016.
[24:38.420 --> 24:43.740]  Know Jameson for his talk at the 11th HOPE in 2016 titled Biology for Hackers and Hackers for Biology.
[24:44.340 --> 24:48.160]  Many of you have all seen his talk at HOPE, creating a general purpose network through wireless mesh.
[24:48.460 --> 24:49.020]  Great talks.
[24:49.700 --> 24:53.140]  Jameson introduced me to HOPE at a time that I was lacking in a lot.
[24:53.260 --> 24:55.320]  And it's cool to accompany him once again.
[24:55.320 --> 24:58.500]  Among many things, he has my thanks for good times and introduced me to this incredible community.
[24:59.100 --> 25:02.760]  And talking with him, you'll quickly get that he wants a better world for us all.
[25:02.900 --> 25:03.360]  And that's dope.
[25:04.800 --> 25:12.440]  And together, Jameson and Rhett formed a community biospace called Biologic, which gave folks an alternate space to learn, intro bioconcepts.
[25:13.020 --> 25:15.680]  We would teach groups of all ages cool bioconcepts.
[25:15.760 --> 25:19.180]  And we owned a moniker, the crazy hair crew, teaching beside him.
[25:19.840 --> 25:21.320]  And Rhett has been a joy.
[25:22.440 --> 25:26.700]  Another person I want to shout out is Sebastian Koshoba of Newark Botanics and Bionomica Labs.
[25:26.880 --> 25:33.760]  He has learned an intense number of techniques and information surrounding plant genetics, programming, hardware design, and teaches it to good souls.
[25:33.980 --> 25:38.920]  You've likely read about The Atlantic, Wall Street Journal, Genetic Literacy Project, and more.
[25:38.920 --> 25:41.160]  And I can tell you he's even more amazing than these articles show.
[25:41.340 --> 25:45.800]  He's one of many who I've met and have been inspired by at HOPE back in 2016.
[25:46.380 --> 25:49.940]  He contributes to a lot of scientific causes that promote literacy and reasonable access.
[25:50.280 --> 25:57.140]  I ask that you donate to his causes so that he can help his work in those trusted to boost educational efforts and initiatives.
[25:57.700 --> 26:01.040]  Next, the Global Community Biosummit gets in its shadow as well.
[26:01.160 --> 26:08.500]  It is a wonderful community composed of individuals across the globe who are interested in bio-art, bio-design, science communication, biosecurity, food, and more.
[26:08.500 --> 26:13.940]  There are a ton of people within, I would like to thank, but that's a lot, so I'll leave it as a group mention.
[26:14.260 --> 26:23.340]  They are having a hybrid conference this November from the 18th to the 20th if you're interested in community bio and want to learn more about the various projects that individuals from around the world bring to the table.
[26:24.180 --> 26:26.380]  For that, visit biosummit.org.
[26:27.020 --> 26:32.260]  Next, I want to thank everyone whose research and support has helped me along in my grad school career, general research, and this talk.
[26:32.620 --> 26:39.480]  We stand on the shoulders of giants and I welcome you all in research and just general DIY hobbying to stand on mine.
[26:40.580 --> 26:42.640]  Next, to last, I want to thank everyone in the HOPE community.
[26:42.800 --> 26:45.620]  It's been a joy to be amongst you once again as a participant and speaker.
[26:46.420 --> 26:49.380]  I also thank you all for your patience throughout this.
[26:50.300 --> 26:56.040]  Last, I want to thank the tinkerer who is not sure if he belongs, is very awkward, and has to be watching this and listening to his talk.
[26:56.240 --> 27:00.940]  I want to tell you that you most certainly do matter and I and so many others are glad that you're here.
[27:00.940 --> 27:02.440]  Furthermore, we are waiting for your next talk.
[27:07.180 --> 27:10.740]  So, for references, I listed several review papers.
[27:11.000 --> 27:19.020]  When jumping into the field, review papers are an excellent way to understand a field very quickly, as will give you a wide view of the field and can quickly bring you up to speed.
[27:19.200 --> 27:26.460]  For anyone wanting to dip to gaps left open from this talk, I encourage jumping into these and reading to your heart's content.
[27:26.780 --> 27:31.120]  I occasionally get asked where to start in bioprinting, but frankly, it's best to get in where you can and learn.
[27:31.120 --> 27:32.620]  Just like any other area you're interested in.
[27:32.740 --> 27:34.700]  There's no correct entry point, just easier ones.
[27:35.100 --> 27:36.560]  However, you won't get anywhere if you don't start at all.
[27:36.960 --> 27:45.560]  You can see all that could have been said and I hope... and you'll see what you... and I hope that you see what you want to learn more of.
[27:46.300 --> 27:48.700]  And I hope that you'll ask these in the upcoming questions.
[27:48.960 --> 27:52.920]  And I hope that you enjoy the ride as you pursue bioprinting, if that's your fancy.
[27:53.640 --> 27:57.600]  Also, I'm listing the work of people from my lab at ODU in the section below.
[27:57.600 --> 28:03.640]  In order, the first paper describes the adaption of a low-cost 3D printer for precise cell placement, along with its characterization.
[28:04.320 --> 28:13.140]  Therein, you'll find the aforementioned link to how to print the parts to make it an accessory for converting a 3D printer into a bioprinter, along with useful characterization...
[28:13.140 --> 28:14.280]  Oh, yeah.
[28:14.540 --> 28:15.720]  Along with additional info.
[28:16.020 --> 28:22.760]  The next is a paper that discusses the consistent and reproducible 3D culturing of mammary epithelial structures using our bioprinting platform.
[28:22.760 --> 28:26.280]  That is, after all, that is a paper that describes the printer as...
[28:26.280 --> 28:27.300]  Oh, sorry.
[28:27.780 --> 28:28.100]  I misread.
[28:28.360 --> 28:34.500]  After that is a paper that describes the printer as a platform for making tumeroids in chimeric mammary organoids.
[28:34.580 --> 28:35.660]  That can be mechanically analyzed.
[28:36.760 --> 28:41.700]  The paper after describes the culture of 3D bioprinted organoids and human-derived and other XOA matrices.
[28:42.140 --> 28:46.360]  I also have some publications in the works that describe some of my PhD work, but that'll go instead for now, with respect for my team.
[28:46.360 --> 28:58.120]  All these works are important as an example of reproducible science and as a basis for these works lie in a 3D printer that can be programmed to print more precisely.
[28:58.420 --> 28:59.280]  And the team will see it through.
[29:04.840 --> 29:05.980]  So, once again, I thank you all.
[29:06.120 --> 29:10.240]  If you have any questions, please forward them to xbioxpolymer.com.
[29:12.720 --> 29:13.580]  There's one more thing.
[29:15.080 --> 29:23.220]  A lot of y'all present might say, well, this talk is well and neat, but I don't have a space to do any of this work or any material training, etc.
[29:23.840 --> 29:24.380]  Don't worry.
[29:24.540 --> 29:25.000]  We have you.
[29:25.580 --> 29:31.400]  For those looking for a space to perform bioprinting or any related biowork, there are places to consider domestically and internationally.
[29:31.840 --> 29:34.240]  Above is a non-exhaustive list of groups to...
[29:34.240 --> 29:34.380]  Oops.
[29:35.080 --> 29:35.300]  Sorry.
[29:36.780 --> 29:37.180]  Whew.
[29:37.640 --> 29:38.020]  Yeah.
[29:39.320 --> 29:41.800]  Above is a non-exhaustive list of groups to check out.
[29:42.200 --> 29:45.780]  Not everyone listed has dedicated specifically...
[29:47.400 --> 29:55.000]  Not everyone has specifically dedicated teams for bioprinting, but they are a community biospace where you can meet cool people who may and eventually form a working group.
[29:55.540 --> 30:01.020]  Startups often come from these spaces as well, so if you're particularly innovative and hungry, there might be spots for you to reach out to.
[30:01.020 --> 30:04.840]  In New York City, there's Bionomic Labs, Biotech Without Borders, and Genspace.
[30:05.220 --> 30:13.340]  Elsewhere in the USA, there's BioBlaze, BioCures, Countercultural Labs, Baltimore, Underground Science Space, Boss Lab, and more.
[30:13.460 --> 30:15.940]  You can find even more of these at biosummit.org.
[30:16.360 --> 30:19.240]  The contact information for Biotech Without Borders listed to the right.
[30:19.360 --> 30:20.140]  Please know that their...
[30:20.140 --> 30:21.100]  Oh, yes.
[30:21.340 --> 30:25.100]  Please know that their lab is open and looking for folks to use it...
[30:25.100 --> 30:30.220]  I mean, to use it for tinkering, as well as sharing the care of the common infrastructure.
[30:30.480 --> 30:32.060]  Please contact Danny Chan.
[30:32.260 --> 30:33.140]  He's delightful to talk with.
[30:33.520 --> 30:36.080]  In fact, you can hear from him right now on the options that exist.
[30:36.420 --> 30:37.660]  Danny, will you please come to the stage?
[30:37.660 --> 30:37.980]  Yeah.
[30:38.340 --> 30:38.580]  Thank you.
[30:41.100 --> 30:41.580]  Thanks.
[30:42.760 --> 30:43.720]  All right.
[30:43.940 --> 30:44.580]  Thank you.
[30:44.800 --> 30:44.900]  Oh.
[30:45.460 --> 30:46.080]  Thanks, Xavier.
[30:47.120 --> 30:48.120]  It's kind of nice.
[30:48.320 --> 30:49.200]  This is my first hope.
[30:49.460 --> 30:51.840]  And Xavier and I met at BioSummit.
[30:54.020 --> 30:54.980]  Maybe BioSummit.
[30:55.140 --> 30:55.780]  Certainly online.
[30:55.780 --> 30:57.520]  I'm not sure if we met in person in 2019.
[30:57.920 --> 31:02.060]  But, yeah, I helped steward the lab, Biotech Without Borders.
[31:02.340 --> 31:19.260]  And so, I just wanted to share some slides with you just to talk about community biology and the lab that we have in New York City in the hopes that it might be useful for you to find either your own spaces in your own respective localities or check us out at some point in the future.
[31:19.780 --> 31:34.360]  So, you know, community bio labs, often also called DIY bio labs, biohack spaces, bio maker spaces, just a bunch of equipment that's brought together specifically for molecular biology is typically the thing that people are looking for.
[31:34.360 --> 31:48.380]  They're outside of academia and industry, but because the equipment is interesting to scientists, then you often get a bunch of scientists coming through the space because they're curious on how people are using it outside of the spaces they're comfortable in.
[31:49.640 --> 31:53.360]  It's a really cool opportunity to do science in a sort of slightly different way.
[31:54.260 --> 32:03.780]  I wanted to share with you this timeline that I'd put together about DIY biology because I think it's interesting context that labs have always existed inside of our homes.
[32:05.880 --> 32:10.360]  Tinkerers and artists look to new technologies to try to play around with them.
[32:10.700 --> 32:27.640]  Dr. Steve Kurtz is like a well-known example because they were making some art in their home, specifically trying to call out sort of some influence of the pharmaceutical industry in our health, in our healthcare life, and the FBI took action against them.
[32:27.880 --> 32:35.280]  They were acquitted of all the charges, but that sort of put this like chill over the community in terms of like, should we have labs in our homes?
[32:35.440 --> 32:36.640]  I think you should.
[32:36.960 --> 32:44.520]  But the FBI then reached out into the community to try to, I guess, make sure they had some level of control.
[32:44.520 --> 32:48.720]  But actually from that meeting, it brought together a lot of different people that were just like, we should do this.
[32:48.860 --> 32:52.180]  And it really more widely popularized those ideas.
[32:52.500 --> 32:55.600]  So in 2011, there's this website DIYbio.org.
[32:55.660 --> 32:56.840]  It's still available.
[32:57.340 --> 33:00.080]  The sphere.DIYbio.org has a nice map.
[33:00.240 --> 33:01.420]  It's a little bit out of date.
[33:02.180 --> 33:06.960]  But yeah, they inadvertently brought the community together, started a whole bunch of different projects.
[33:07.100 --> 33:11.680]  Open Insulin is a project you might have heard of that's come out of this community, out of counterculture labs.
[33:12.200 --> 33:18.480]  Of course, companies want to make money out of DIY biology or biology in general.
[33:19.220 --> 33:22.820]  Venture capital funds have like emerged to try to, you know, make use of that.
[33:23.000 --> 33:27.120]  There are still self-organized biology conferences.
[33:27.280 --> 33:29.040]  Biosummit, I think, is a good example of one.
[33:29.880 --> 33:34.860]  And there's also this program, Just One Giant Lab, where you can get microgrants to do small projects.
[33:34.880 --> 33:38.080]  And that was incredibly successful over the pandemic time.
[33:38.080 --> 33:41.580]  So Biotech Without Borders, we're a non-profit based in NYC.
[33:41.760 --> 33:46.020]  We have this mission sort of vaguely, but you can read about us more on our website.
[33:46.640 --> 33:51.360]  The whole idea is that, you know, it's hard to maintain certain pieces of equipment in your own home.
[33:51.480 --> 33:53.720]  And so this is a nice common place that you can come.
[33:53.880 --> 34:06.120]  So if members can justify the purchase of a piece of equipment or like something, building out something in our space, against our mission, vision, and values, then you're welcome to propose that to the group.
[34:06.260 --> 34:07.180]  And we can try to get it done.
[34:08.980 --> 34:09.500]  So, yeah.
[34:09.640 --> 34:13.640]  So if you need to find me, those are some of my contact information.
[34:14.200 --> 34:17.160]  I'm also in the matrix chat.
[34:17.340 --> 34:20.040]  And again, thank you, Xavier, for giving me a chance to speak.
[34:20.220 --> 34:23.360]  And you should come back up and we should answer questions together, I think.
[34:24.860 --> 34:25.400]  Awesome.
[34:27.780 --> 34:32.640]  We have about 20 minutes for questions, and we have one in the matrix chat.
[34:33.680 --> 34:35.120]  But you go ahead.
[34:52.090 --> 34:52.680]  Oh, yeah.
[34:52.800 --> 34:56.740]  So essentially, it was a 2D culture to farm the cells needed.
[34:57.260 --> 35:02.800]  But with this, well, I'm speaking in the context of how I've done in my lab.
[35:03.720 --> 35:06.680]  We'll have, like, base media that's already prepared.
[35:06.700 --> 35:15.900]  As in, you know, there's no FBS, no other, like, active molecules that would cause these cells to try to, like, grow together or try to connect prematurely.
[35:17.040 --> 35:32.720]  You would then get those, you would then mix those together and you would place those in your needle and place that into the bioprinter and print away after the rest of your setup's done, including your encoding.
[35:32.720 --> 35:36.630]  But, I'm sorry, I'm describing the entire process.
[35:36.840 --> 35:41.630]  But, yeah, just mixing the cells that you farmed with the base media.
[35:41.900 --> 35:43.940]  And you continue from there.
[35:44.550 --> 35:44.800]  Yes?
[35:46.260 --> 35:47.700]  I saw a food design.
[35:48.180 --> 35:48.480]  Yeah, indeed.
[35:48.480 --> 35:50.540]  So how would I predict it to be in my kitchen?
[35:50.880 --> 35:51.900]  How would I use this?
[35:52.130 --> 35:52.590]  Indeed.
[35:53.020 --> 36:01.420]  Well, I mean, think of, I would say, what are foods that you like?
[36:04.470 --> 36:07.390]  Like, I mean, you know, yeah, some examples you want to give?
[36:07.930 --> 36:14.590]  Well, like, you can do the 3D printed paste instrument to make, like, cookies and cake with, like, patterns and stuff.
[36:14.750 --> 36:17.250]  Like, how would you, like, go deeper?
[36:18.050 --> 36:19.070]  That's what I'm curious about.
[36:19.350 --> 36:21.930]  Like, are we making cells or are we going to, like, print meat at home?
[36:21.930 --> 36:26.730]  I'll say, okay, so when you're power printing, the question...
[36:26.730 --> 36:28.630]  Well, actually, let me roll back a bit.
[36:30.350 --> 36:32.490]  It really depends on exactly what you want to create.
[36:32.550 --> 36:43.930]  If you're trying to, let's say, create a, like, food in a particular pattern, let's say you want to, I don't know, take, you know, cells from, like, your favorite animal or...
[36:43.930 --> 36:52.130]  But, better yet, let's say you want to take various plant cells, you want to put it in a new form, a new shape.
[36:52.330 --> 36:53.630]  You can do that with buyer printing.
[36:54.050 --> 36:55.970]  And so, you can...
[36:55.970 --> 36:58.490]  But, of course, someone would just say that's, you know, food plotting.
[36:58.690 --> 37:04.850]  But I'm leaving options open for people to, you know, be more exploratory with their food choices.
[37:04.850 --> 37:07.830]  I know, I understand there's, like, a lot of traditions where people like their food raw.
[37:08.070 --> 37:10.110]  And essentially, you could...
[37:10.110 --> 37:11.190]  Well, I'll stop there.
[37:12.230 --> 37:13.750]  But ultimately, it depends on your creativity.
[37:15.690 --> 37:16.070]  Yes?
[37:16.490 --> 37:21.570]  Along the same lines, has anyone done anything with brewer's yeast to have something that slowly becomes more alcoholic?
[37:21.890 --> 37:25.350]  Like, because if you place the yeast strategically among sugars, you could actually do something like that.
[37:26.370 --> 37:29.470]  Oh, this is, yeah, it's going to go out of buyer printing.
[37:29.730 --> 37:32.410]  I don't know if anyone has made anything that's, like, more alcoholic.
[37:32.410 --> 37:37.830]  But I do know several who have, you know, made a beer that glows green or other colors.
[37:38.010 --> 37:40.690]  Which is, you know, useful for St. Paddy's Day, which is pretty cool.
[37:41.830 --> 37:42.610]  Any additional questions?
[37:42.950 --> 37:43.170]  Yeah.
[37:43.410 --> 37:46.410]  We have one from TheOneWolf, who wants to...
[37:46.410 --> 37:47.370]  It has a two-part question.
[37:47.610 --> 37:47.870]  Cool.
[37:48.550 --> 37:51.950]  The low-cost buyer printer, you said, did you say it was, like, $1,500?
[37:52.670 --> 37:54.510]  Or, like, what's the price for a starter?
[37:54.850 --> 37:56.150]  There's some even cheaper, I'd say.
[37:56.330 --> 37:57.610]  Are you talking about the commercial ones?
[37:57.710 --> 37:58.970]  Or is he talking about commercial or just...
[37:58.970 --> 37:59.650]  Oh, okay.
[38:00.050 --> 38:01.670]  And he also wants to know what would...
[38:01.670 --> 38:05.070]  Or they want to know, what would be a first project in bioprinting?
[38:05.150 --> 38:06.630]  Like, what would be a good starter project?
[38:06.990 --> 38:07.490]  All right.
[38:07.590 --> 38:10.630]  A good starter project is one that BioCareists did where they were just...
[38:10.630 --> 38:14.010]  They were just printing, like, their name or words, sequences.
[38:14.350 --> 38:17.530]  And, you know, with E.coli that were...
[38:17.970 --> 38:19.830]  That were made to glow green.
[38:20.630 --> 38:21.030]  They...
[38:21.030 --> 38:22.690]  That would be a nice starter.
[38:23.170 --> 38:25.990]  Just printing just the shapes to get your...
[38:26.550 --> 38:27.550]  Just get your...
[38:27.550 --> 38:28.330]  Get a handle on it.
[38:28.430 --> 38:29.090]  And so...
[38:29.090 --> 38:34.790]  But then, over time, I guess, if someone wants to build, you can look at creating, you know, like, more complex tissues.
[38:35.370 --> 38:35.510]  But, yeah.
[38:35.650 --> 38:37.990]  Starting out with just simple, like, shapes, patterns.
[38:38.230 --> 38:39.010]  That's a fine one.
[38:40.510 --> 38:41.310]  Is there a...
[38:41.310 --> 38:42.670]  Was there another component to that question?
[38:43.550 --> 38:43.950]  I...
[38:43.950 --> 38:44.090]  Nope.
[38:44.290 --> 38:44.790]  That was it.
[38:45.090 --> 38:45.390]  All right.
[38:45.390 --> 38:45.410]  Okay.
[38:45.610 --> 38:46.050]  Yes.
[38:53.900 --> 38:55.600]  Now, that one...
[38:55.600 --> 38:55.960]  So...
[38:55.960 --> 38:58.560]  My answer to that can be quite divisive because...
[38:59.360 --> 39:03.640]  I won't answer that directly, but I will say that there are a lot of structures out there that...
[39:03.640 --> 39:05.140]  Well, they have the shape of the organ.
[39:05.260 --> 39:05.640]  They...
[39:05.640 --> 39:06.120]  Or the...
[39:06.120 --> 39:07.600]  Or whatever they're trying to make.
[39:07.860 --> 39:08.820]  But it is...
[39:08.820 --> 39:10.020]  It's not really that functional.
[39:10.440 --> 39:14.060]  And if you zoom in, some parts are not that biomimetic.
[39:15.600 --> 39:16.040]  Um...
[39:16.040 --> 39:18.880]  And I think that's important why we focus on the...
[39:18.880 --> 39:19.660]  I think that's...
[39:19.660 --> 39:23.920]  That draws importance to why we focus on, you know, getting the smaller details right.
[39:24.400 --> 39:26.460]  Understanding all these, like, self-centered actions.
[39:26.740 --> 39:27.060]  And so...
[39:27.060 --> 39:30.620]  And also, it's why it's important that for a lot of printers, if you're trying to look...
[39:31.260 --> 39:37.660]  If you're trying to generate some features, yeah, you want to make sure...
[39:37.660 --> 39:40.120]  You want to make sure that you're getting it from the bottom up.
[39:40.700 --> 39:41.840]  Otherwise, it...
[39:42.860 --> 39:43.860]  It's hard to...
[39:43.860 --> 39:44.740]  It's hard to...
[39:44.740 --> 39:45.920]  It's hard for me to get...
[39:45.920 --> 39:49.640]  Well, for a lot of examples I'm thinking about, it's hard for me to...
[39:49.660 --> 39:51.000]  When you say that, I actually...
[39:52.300 --> 39:53.620]  Would say that it's...
[39:53.620 --> 39:55.700]  It merits...
[39:56.600 --> 39:56.960]  Well...
[39:56.960 --> 39:58.320]  There's a lot of ways I can go with this, then.
[39:58.560 --> 39:58.720]  All right.
[39:58.860 --> 40:00.040]  But I'll say that...
[40:02.140 --> 40:05.400]  When you say the most complex tissue, as in a functional one...
[40:05.400 --> 40:05.640]  Yes.
[40:09.770 --> 40:10.390]  Working muscle.
[40:10.570 --> 40:10.910]  Correct.
[40:11.310 --> 40:12.030]  Do these...
[40:25.810 --> 40:26.170]  Indeed.
[40:26.370 --> 40:27.450]  I would say that...
[40:28.270 --> 40:29.890]  I'd say the complex...
[40:29.890 --> 40:33.530]  I'd say the complex organs that we would find impressive...
[40:34.390 --> 40:35.750]  Well, there's still some time away.
[40:36.530 --> 40:38.150]  I'm just trying to avoid...
[40:39.550 --> 40:40.290]  Don't avoid.
[40:40.490 --> 40:41.030]  Go for it.
[40:42.610 --> 40:43.090]  I'll think about it.
[40:43.350 --> 40:43.490]  Yes.
[40:48.540 --> 40:50.720]  Can you print a two?
[40:51.380 --> 40:51.920]  Print a what?
[40:53.040 --> 40:53.660]  A two.
[40:56.900 --> 40:57.060]  A tattoo.
[40:57.380 --> 40:57.780]  Yeah.
[40:57.820 --> 40:59.960]  Like if you stick your hand...
[40:59.960 --> 41:00.040]  Yeah.
[41:00.860 --> 41:01.260]  Yeah.
[41:01.480 --> 41:01.860]  You can print a tattoo.
[41:02.280 --> 41:02.680]  Well...
[41:02.680 --> 41:05.120]  With the printers that I've mentioned...
[41:05.120 --> 41:06.040]  I mean...
[41:06.040 --> 41:07.200]  With some modification, yes.
[41:07.300 --> 41:07.540]  You could.
[41:08.200 --> 41:08.560]  I mean...
[41:08.560 --> 41:08.640]  Yeah.
[41:08.760 --> 41:10.120]  Printing a tattoo is...
[41:10.120 --> 41:10.820]  It's been...
[41:10.820 --> 41:11.260]  It's done.
[41:11.520 --> 41:11.920]  But...
[41:11.920 --> 41:14.740]  Are you talking about a tattoo out of living cells?
[41:14.940 --> 41:15.300]  Or just...
[41:15.300 --> 41:16.020]  Just tattoo period?
[41:16.620 --> 41:18.060]  That's the second part of the question.
[41:19.420 --> 41:19.820]  Oh.
[41:20.140 --> 41:20.460]  So...
[41:20.460 --> 41:20.760]  Yes.
[41:20.840 --> 41:21.340]  You're asking that too?
[41:21.340 --> 41:22.060]  Yes.
[41:22.360 --> 41:23.000]  I mean...
[41:26.340 --> 41:28.420]  I wouldn't say it's completely out of the question.
[41:29.120 --> 41:29.560]  But...
[41:29.560 --> 41:30.460]  I don't...
[41:31.600 --> 41:32.040]  Oh.
[41:32.120 --> 41:33.860]  I actually see reasons why you might want to.
[41:34.100 --> 41:34.600]  I mean...
[41:34.600 --> 41:34.680]  Yeah.
[41:34.760 --> 41:35.140]  That's...
[41:35.580 --> 41:36.020]  That's...
[41:36.020 --> 41:37.040]  That's a possibility.
[41:37.360 --> 41:38.700]  It all depends on how you go about it.
[41:39.580 --> 41:40.740]  But I like that question.
[41:40.840 --> 41:41.120]  Thank you.
[41:41.920 --> 41:42.360]  Yes.
[41:42.640 --> 41:44.260]  Kind of like what you were saying.
[41:44.380 --> 41:44.680]  How...
[41:44.680 --> 41:46.280]  How far away are we from like...
[41:46.280 --> 41:47.460]  Printing something and...
[41:47.460 --> 41:50.260]  Printing other cell types on top of that.
[41:50.420 --> 41:51.980]  And having them like communicate together.
[41:51.980 --> 41:54.000]  Like using the blood vessels and the muscles.
[41:54.300 --> 41:55.600]  Is that far away?
[41:55.740 --> 41:56.040]  Or is that...
[41:56.680 --> 41:58.900]  Do you have some kind of connection?
[41:59.300 --> 41:59.400]  Or...
[41:59.400 --> 41:59.600]  Oh.
[41:59.760 --> 41:59.800]  Yeah.
[41:59.920 --> 42:01.320]  There's actually some...
[42:01.880 --> 42:05.220]  Like in the last 10 years, there's been a lot of really good research that's...
[42:05.220 --> 42:06.980]  That shows us like building that.
[42:07.420 --> 42:07.960]  And so...
[42:08.760 --> 42:10.000]  I'm actually quite excited.
[42:11.460 --> 42:12.840]  Based on those particular papers.
[42:13.960 --> 42:14.360]  But...
[42:14.360 --> 42:14.540]  Yeah.
[42:14.620 --> 42:15.880]  I'd say we're...
[42:15.880 --> 42:19.360]  I'd say in the next 20 years, I think we will be very much...
[42:19.800 --> 42:20.200]  Uh...
[42:20.200 --> 42:21.800]  I think we'll be very happy as if we...
[42:21.800 --> 42:24.440]  As long as we manage to avoid blowing each other up.
[42:24.960 --> 42:25.560]  But that's...
[42:25.560 --> 42:26.380]  That's as far as I'll say there.
[42:28.220 --> 42:29.200]  Any additional questions?
[42:30.280 --> 42:30.680]  Oh.
[42:30.820 --> 42:31.040]  Yes.
[42:31.200 --> 42:31.400]  Yeah.
[42:31.560 --> 42:31.740]  Okay.
[42:41.070 --> 42:41.890]  Wait, say one more time?
[42:42.510 --> 42:43.030]  How do...
[42:43.030 --> 42:44.030]  What do you think about it?
[42:44.190 --> 42:44.390]  Mm-hmm.
[42:44.390 --> 42:45.010]  Personal opinion.
[42:45.170 --> 42:46.370]  How does it influence your research?
[42:47.170 --> 42:48.150]  About which exactly?
[42:48.370 --> 42:49.030]  Patent law.
[42:49.270 --> 42:49.390]  Oh.
[42:49.850 --> 42:50.250]  So...
[42:54.730 --> 42:55.130]  That...
[42:55.130 --> 42:57.770]  I'd say it was for my research and...
[42:57.770 --> 42:59.050]  Well, for my outgoing...
[42:59.050 --> 43:03.090]  For my outgoing research from my lab, I mean, I can't say it really affects much because that's...
[43:03.090 --> 43:04.130]  You know, that's done and...
[43:04.130 --> 43:05.010]  That's then and done.
[43:05.250 --> 43:10.890]  But going forward for just the, I guess, average enthusiast or people looking to...
[43:13.520 --> 43:17.340]  Or for people looking to innovate, I...
[43:17.340 --> 43:19.000]  I mean, if you're not a company, I think...
[43:19.000 --> 43:21.920]  Oh, if you're not a large company, I'd say that would be troubling.
[43:23.480 --> 43:25.920]  But if you're a large company, gosh, that's...
[43:25.920 --> 43:27.260]  That's what I'd be happy about.
[43:28.600 --> 43:29.940]  But I'm, you know...
[43:30.920 --> 43:32.340]  I'm not a large company.
[43:33.500 --> 43:33.940]  Yes?
[43:34.160 --> 43:34.560]  So...
[43:34.560 --> 43:36.300]  To build on that, so...
[43:36.300 --> 43:40.740]  Are there process patents on biopriction that are limiting your work?
[43:42.000 --> 43:42.760]  My work?
[43:42.980 --> 43:43.300]  Oh, well...
[43:43.300 --> 43:45.140]  Or, like, the work in general of your community?
[43:45.280 --> 43:46.020]  It's not that limiting...
[43:46.020 --> 43:47.160]  Oh, well, I'd say...
[43:47.160 --> 43:51.420]  I'd say yes, there is work that has, in general, you know, held back the community.
[43:51.420 --> 43:55.560]  If we look back to the earliest 3D printing tech...
[43:55.560 --> 43:57.120]  You know, there were a lot of...
[43:57.120 --> 43:58.500]  I mean...
[43:58.500 --> 43:59.520]  There were a lot of...
[44:01.680 --> 44:05.060]  There were a lot of legal implements that held back a lot of innovation for a while.
[44:05.840 --> 44:06.280]  And...
[44:06.800 --> 44:08.420]  And a lot of that is foundational to...
[44:09.300 --> 44:11.040]  You know, to the more complex work.
[44:11.040 --> 44:12.380]  So, I'd say that...
[44:12.380 --> 44:13.280]  Yeah.
[44:13.560 --> 44:13.960]  There's...
[44:13.960 --> 44:14.480]  I mean, there's...
[44:14.840 --> 44:18.340]  There's a lot, legally, which has been problematic for a research...
[44:18.560 --> 44:19.660]  Like, overall, yes.
[44:20.200 --> 44:26.980]  Anything that's holding back fundamental or foundational aspects of our...
[44:26.980 --> 44:28.040]  Like, of our...
[44:28.040 --> 44:28.760]  Either our hardware...
[44:28.760 --> 44:30.800]  Our hardware development or even...
[44:30.800 --> 44:33.440]  Or software development can be an obstacle.
[44:36.410 --> 44:37.010]  Yes?
[44:37.590 --> 44:39.350]  I have a question about your research.
[44:39.670 --> 44:39.790]  Like...
[44:39.790 --> 44:39.970]  Certainly.
[44:40.290 --> 44:42.830]  You said you print it in place in the matrix?
[44:43.310 --> 44:43.870]  Indeed, yes.
[44:44.010 --> 44:46.070]  Like, a lot of printers out in the research, they...
[44:46.630 --> 44:48.150]  You know, they print the cells with the ECM.
[44:48.290 --> 44:49.390]  And often...
[44:49.390 --> 44:50.570]  And a lot of...
[44:50.570 --> 44:52.430]  A lot of 3D printers...
[44:52.430 --> 44:54.390]  Well, bioprinters, they are...
[44:55.050 --> 44:55.450]  They're...
[44:55.450 --> 45:00.210]  Basically, through their method, it's hard to really calculate how many cells you've actually laid within.
[45:00.890 --> 45:01.290]  And...
[45:01.290 --> 45:02.470]  That could be a problem.
[45:02.470 --> 45:07.390]  For our work, we print the cells directly into the ECM, which is already prepared.
[45:07.690 --> 45:07.930]  Uh-huh.
[45:08.050 --> 45:10.070]  And so, I'm curious, like, the exit track...
[45:10.070 --> 45:11.470]  The exit track...
[45:11.470 --> 45:11.670]  Mm-hmm.
[45:11.710 --> 45:14.830]  From coming out of the ECM or whatever, and...
[45:14.830 --> 45:17.110]  Like, how does that limit the designs that you can do?
[45:17.670 --> 45:19.230]  Or is it not a problem at all?
[45:20.170 --> 45:20.930]  It doesn't...
[45:20.930 --> 45:21.690]  It's not really...
[45:21.690 --> 45:22.470]  Well, for the...
[45:23.410 --> 45:23.810]  For...
[45:23.810 --> 45:24.650]  How are...
[45:25.150 --> 45:26.110]  So, for how...
[45:26.110 --> 45:27.290]  Not going lab...
[45:27.290 --> 45:27.930]  Does that work?
[45:28.070 --> 45:28.390]  That's...
[45:28.390 --> 45:28.830]  Yeah, that's...
[45:28.830 --> 45:29.550]  That's not a problem.
[45:29.830 --> 45:31.470]  For people looking to...
[45:33.670 --> 45:34.490]  Yeah, for...
[45:34.490 --> 45:37.730]  For our lab, that's the way that the outgoing track is.
[45:37.790 --> 45:38.110]  It's not...
[45:38.110 --> 45:39.030]  It's not a problem, currently.
[45:39.470 --> 45:43.110]  And for other labs and other teams, it...
[45:43.110 --> 45:44.310]  Like, it very may...
[45:45.090 --> 45:45.490]  Well...
[45:45.490 --> 45:45.770]  Well...
[45:45.770 --> 45:45.870]  Well...
[45:45.870 --> 45:46.030]  Very...
[45:46.030 --> 45:48.250]  It very well could be, but...
[45:48.250 --> 45:49.430]  I mean, ultimately, I'd say...
[45:49.430 --> 45:49.690]  I mean...
[45:53.050 --> 45:53.450]  Well...
[45:53.450 --> 45:53.710]  I can...
[45:53.710 --> 45:55.270]  I guess I can only answer that in the question...
[45:55.270 --> 45:57.790]  Answer that question in scope of my lab, because...
[45:58.690 --> 45:59.090]  Everybody's...
[45:59.570 --> 46:01.490]  Everybody's project will require a different...
[46:01.490 --> 46:02.630]  Might require a different type of printer.
[46:02.630 --> 46:06.450]  And it might require a different type of modification to set printer.
[46:07.450 --> 46:07.970]  So, it's...
[46:07.970 --> 46:08.830]  Yeah, I have to answer in the...
[46:08.830 --> 46:09.490]  In our context.
[46:09.670 --> 46:10.350]  And I'd say it's not a problem.
[46:12.210 --> 46:12.890]  Did they...
[46:12.890 --> 46:13.270]  Did it...
[46:13.270 --> 46:15.650]  It came out and went back in for every deposition?
[46:16.650 --> 46:17.270]  Or does it drag?
[46:17.650 --> 46:18.050]  Oh, no.
[46:18.090 --> 46:18.750]  It comes back out.
[46:19.010 --> 46:20.350]  And then prints in the location.
[46:20.550 --> 46:20.890]  Comes out.
[46:21.030 --> 46:21.210]  Right.
[46:21.350 --> 46:21.850]  Like that.
[46:22.590 --> 46:23.270]  And...
[46:23.270 --> 46:24.130]  Yeah, the...
[46:25.070 --> 46:25.750]  The...
[46:25.750 --> 46:25.790]  The...
[46:25.790 --> 46:27.690]  The organoids are able to...
[46:27.690 --> 46:30.010]  To form quite quickly and without...
[46:30.010 --> 46:30.350]  Without...
[46:30.350 --> 46:31.310]  Without problems.
[46:33.490 --> 46:34.490]  I would...
[46:34.490 --> 46:35.110]  Oh, yes.
[46:35.110 --> 46:40.940]  And what resolution is...
[46:42.260 --> 46:44.920]  And what resolution are you working on?
[46:45.540 --> 46:47.560]  And what resolution is...
[46:48.420 --> 46:50.640]  Oh, I would say...
[46:50.640 --> 46:52.480]  Well, in the purpose of like a lot...
[46:52.480 --> 46:53.200]  In the purpose...
[46:55.160 --> 47:04.760]  In the context of our lab's work, we print per injection, we can print as few as one cell if we need to.
[47:05.360 --> 47:10.440]  But usually, for my work, we are printing more than that per injection.
[47:11.440 --> 47:25.860]  But easily, with the way that we extrude ourselves, with the way that we plan our prints, you can get a rough idea of exactly how many cells you are placing in per print, per well.
[47:33.570 --> 47:34.090]  Yes?
[47:35.310 --> 47:54.530]  I'm going to ask a question that he asked in a slightly different form, and that is, how far do you think that we are from being able to take something like a fairly biologically simple organ in the body, like, for example, the heart, how close are we to being able to 3D printing something,
[47:54.890 --> 47:56.690]  or bioprint something of that nature?
[47:57.350 --> 48:00.310]  Is it something that is a few years out?
[48:00.510 --> 48:01.630]  Is it 10 years out?
[48:01.730 --> 48:02.650]  Is it a long time?
[48:08.530 --> 48:37.190]  That depends on a lot of, gosh, there are a lot of fundamental understandings that need to be, that need to be filled before we, I guess, before I can, well, there's a lot of work ahead in order to get one that's functional, one that you would, to get one that's functional that you would feel comfortable replacing.
[48:37.550 --> 48:45.230]  I mean, I wouldn't, I mean, one estimate that I've seen from one researcher was about 25 years, and from the research that I've seen, and I more or less agree with that.
[48:45.590 --> 49:00.250]  And so, but, again, this can, because of how, how, how, how impredic, unpredicably science may change in terms of when certain advancements are found and how, that could be closer or farther.
[49:00.490 --> 49:01.450]  It's really hard to say.
[49:03.390 --> 49:11.930]  So, like, a lot of these, like, time, these time estimates, these are just ballparks, and we're assuming that, we're assuming a certain rate, but we really don't know.
[49:13.790 --> 49:14.450]  Yes, indeed.
[49:18.900 --> 49:30.660]  So, I was just wondering if someone who wants to get started with bioprinting, you know, it might be helpful for someone like me who has no-knowledge to work with someone or with a group.
[49:30.820 --> 49:35.660]  Is that something that's available at, for example, Biotech Without Borders?
[49:37.240 --> 49:42.340]  I just would like to, you know, or something like classes or something, anything like that.
[49:42.640 --> 49:43.040]  Yeah.
[49:43.700 --> 49:45.740]  Yeah, I would say that there are members.
[49:45.900 --> 49:50.640]  So, like, so, my, my academic experience is in infectious disease microbiology.
[49:50.760 --> 49:54.860]  And in the course of that work, like, I prepared 3D skin models.
[49:55.080 --> 50:03.180]  So, not through bioprinting, but just through, like, depositing cells on an extracellular matrix and manipulating it in a way so that it would make a tissue structure.
[50:05.120 --> 50:13.360]  So, I mean, there are various people that come through the doors that have some experience, but we're not organized formally to, like, distribute that experience to folks.
[50:13.540 --> 50:16.040]  The idea is that you come and you spend time with us.
[50:16.180 --> 50:20.200]  Like, you talk about your project and we hang out and we, like, say, oh, yeah, that sounds fun.
[50:20.240 --> 50:21.020]  We should try to do that.
[50:21.120 --> 50:22.160]  That's, like, within our grasp.
[50:22.460 --> 50:26.920]  I think we're really looking for projects that are, yeah, within our grasp, given the materials that we have.
[50:28.040 --> 50:35.580]  In terms of, like, specific, so, like, there's been a lot of focus talking about cell bioprinting here, like, mammalian cell bioprinting.
[50:35.840 --> 50:38.060]  So, we have the facilities to do such a thing.
[50:38.600 --> 50:44.700]  We would probably ask people that not use human cells as, like, one of our, like, one of our biosafety practices.
[50:46.800 --> 50:49.420]  But, like, there's also bioprinting, like, you sort of touched on it.
[50:49.500 --> 50:52.820]  There was a yeast question and something was asked about the breadth of bioprinting.
[50:52.820 --> 50:56.400]  You can also bioprint with the extracellular matrix taken from bacteria.
[50:57.740 --> 51:00.920]  And so, like, there are also, there are other structures that can be made.
[51:01.100 --> 51:07.680]  Those structures can be thought of as, like, I think you, in your presentation, you said microenvironments, right?
[51:07.760 --> 51:16.440]  Like, different types of environments, different ways of, like, doing chemistry that requires the isolation of certain bacteria from each other so that they pass off reactions.
[51:17.320 --> 51:19.860]  So, there's a lot of space to be explored.
[51:19.860 --> 51:23.300]  It might not be necessarily tissue culture.
[51:23.760 --> 51:24.300]  Yeah.
[51:25.100 --> 51:26.940]  And you do mention it sounds challenging.
[51:27.640 --> 51:28.180]  Yes.
[51:29.340 --> 51:30.180]  Thank you, Danny.
[51:31.820 --> 51:32.480]  Oh, yeah.
[51:32.580 --> 51:33.140]  A question?
[51:35.000 --> 51:35.540]  Oh.
[51:35.940 --> 51:36.280]  Yes?
[51:36.360 --> 51:36.800]  You have a question?
[51:37.200 --> 51:37.740]  All.
[51:58.280 --> 51:58.820]  Indeed.
[52:00.420 --> 52:11.920]  And those two, those will require, like, many rounds of testing before those will be, well, they're currently, so many, like, many organs grown on pigs, those are in testing.
[52:12.240 --> 52:19.380]  But, yeah, it'll be a while before we, before, I guess, we're, we're comfortable with those in us.
[52:19.480 --> 52:19.900]  It'll be a while.
[52:20.240 --> 52:21.320]  So that's, go ahead.
[52:21.520 --> 52:24.310]  So I was going to back you and answer that.
[52:24.470 --> 52:24.710]  Certainly.
[52:25.730 --> 52:29.510]  We've already implanted 3D printed platters because they're so simple.
[52:29.750 --> 52:33.010]  But that's only because it is, like, a uniform cell type.
[52:33.150 --> 52:33.610]  Mm-hmm.
[52:33.670 --> 52:36.190]  The next most likely candidate will probably be a kidney.
[52:36.710 --> 52:39.030]  But that's the internal structure of it is the biggest problem.
[52:39.450 --> 52:39.890]  Indeed.
[52:40.290 --> 52:44.790]  That complexity is, yeah, there's a lot of work needed to, just to get that just right.
[52:44.790 --> 52:52.710]  And I understand many of the reasons why a lot of people just want to, you know, try to print, you know, what we have and just place it in.
[52:52.810 --> 52:57.610]  But that would not be very, that would not be helpful, you know, for the person.
[52:57.790 --> 52:59.270]  And nor would it really be that functional.
[52:59.530 --> 53:00.090]  I hate to say it.
[53:00.610 --> 53:10.670]  But also in terms of reliability and numbers, it's, yeah, it's not, it's something worth taking our time with so we can get it properly right.
[53:11.690 --> 53:12.430]  Oh, yes.
[53:15.450 --> 53:16.230]  Excellent.
[53:16.510 --> 53:16.810]  Thank you.
[53:18.430 --> 53:19.790]  Any additional questions?
[53:24.880 --> 53:26.200]  Any additional comments?
[53:26.960 --> 53:27.440]  No.
[53:28.060 --> 53:28.600]  All right.
[53:29.360 --> 53:30.260]  Thank you all.