From 75542.1003@compuserve.comMon Jan 22 21:10:40 1996 Date: Mon, 15 Jan 1996 01:46:29 EST From: "Randy Nichols, ACA President" <75542.1003@compuserve.com> Reply to: ACA-L To: Multiple recipients of list ACA-L Newsgroups: bit.listserv.aca-l Subject: LECTURE 6 CLASSICAL CRYPTOGRAPHY COURSE BY LANAKI January 13, 1996 Revision 0 LECTURE 6 XENOCRYPT MORPHOLOGY Part II SUMMARY In Lecture 6, we continue our review of materials related to ciphers created in languages other than English. In order to augment PHOENIX's soon to be published ACA Xenocrypt Handbook, we will focus on six diverse systems: Arabic, Russian, Chinese, Latin, Norwegian, and Hungarian. Each offers a unique perspective in deciphering communications and supports the cultural universal concept presented in Lecture 5. Lecture 7 will give practical language data for Xenocrypts commonly published in the Cryptogram - French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese. [I will not cover either Esperanto or Interlinguia. I consider both as useful as advanced Hittite in modern communications.] SHAREWARE I have transmitted to the Crypto Drop Box word translation software for Russian, Spanish, German, Danish and Portuguese. Single use license is granted. Also, I have sent a Russian tutorial program to NORTH DECODER to put on the Crypto Drop ARABIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO CRYPTOLOGY A colleague of mine in Sweden sent me an interesting reminder of the historical foundations of cryptology. He suggested that I include in one of my lectures a discussion of Dr. Ibrahim A. Al-Kadi's outstanding 1990 paper to the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm regarding the Arabic contributions to cryptology. Dr. Al-Kadi reported on the Arabic scientist by the name of Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Is-haq ibn as Sabbah ibn 'omran ibn Ismail Al- Kindi, who authored a book on cryptology the "Risalah fi Istikhraj al-Mu'amma" (Manuscript for the Deciphering Cryptographic Messages) circa 750 AD. Al-Kindi introduced cryptanalysis techniques, classification of ciphers, Arabic Phonetics and Syntax and most importantly described the use of several statistical techniques for cryptanalysis. [This book apparently antedates other cryptology references by 300 years.] [It also predates writings on probability and statistics by Pascal and Fermat by nearly 800 years.] Dr. Al-Kadi also reported on the mathematical writings of Al- Khwarizmi (780-847) who introduced common technical terms such as 'zero', 'cipher', 'algorithm', 'algebra' and 'Arabic numerals.' The decimal number system and the concept of zero were originally developed in India. The Arabs translated in the early ninth century, Brahmagupta's "Siddharta" from Sanscrit into Arabic. The new numerals were quickly adopted through-out the Islamic empire from China to Spain. Translations of Al-Khwarizmi's book on arithmetic by Robert of Chester, John of Halifax and the Italian Leonardo of Pisa, aka Fibonacci strongly advocated the use of Arabic numerals over the previous Roman Standard Numerals (I,V,X,C,D,M). The Roman system was very cumbersome because there was no concept of zero or (empty space). The concept of zero which we all think of as natural was just the opposite in medieval Europe. In Sanscrit, the zero was called "sunya" or "empty". The Arabs translated the Indian into the Arabic equivalent "sifr". Europeans adopted the concept and symbol but not name, but transformed it into Latin equivalent "cifra" and "cephirium" {Fibonnaci did this}. The Italian equivalent of these words "zefiro", "zefro" and "zevero". The latter was shortened to "Zero". The French formed the word "chiffre" and conceded the Italian word "zero". The English used "zero" and "Cipher" from the word ciphering as a means of computing. The Germans used the words "ziffer" and "chiffer". The concept of zero or sifr or cipher was so confusing and ambiguous to common Europeans that in arguments people would say "talk clearly and not so far fetched as a cipher". Cipher came to mean concealment of clear messages or simply encryption. Dr. Al-Kadi concluded that the Arabic word sifr, for the digit zero, developed into the European technical term for encryption. [KADI], [ALKA], [MRAY], [YOUS], [BADE] , [NIC7] NOTES ON RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Reference [DAVI] gives one of the better breakdowns of the modern Russian Alphabet (Soviet, post 1918) for solving Russian Cryptograms in "The Cryptogram". Friedman presents detailed Russian cryptographic data in Volume 2 of his Military Cryptanalytics series. [FR2] A prime difficulty for English speaking students of Russian is the scarcity of linguistic cognates in the two languages. Russian is more complex than other romantic languages which have many common word derivatives. The highly inflected Russian grammar aids rather than hinders the cryptographer by supplying him with valuable tools for decrypting. My keyboard and supporting software does not permit a comfortable translation of the Cyrillic, so I refer you to the September-October 1976 Cryptogram for a survey of Russian and several Xenocrypt examples. RUSSIAN KRIPTOGRAMMA COLLECTION ELINT Radio communications can be heard which vary in frequency from below the broadcast band, to almost the upper edge of the radio spectrum (Ku-band satellite communications.) Common bands are: VLF (Very Low Frequency): 3 to 30 kHz LF (Low Frequency): 30 to 300 kHz MF (Medium Frequency): 300 kHz to 3 MHz HF (High Frequency): 3 to 30 MHz VHF (Very High Frequency): 30 to 300 MHz UHF (Ultra High Frequency): 300 to 3000 MHz Whereas, VHF and UHF frequency ranges are occupied by cellular phones, police, fire and government communications, the bulk of HF region is devoted to COMINT signals. You should be able to hear traffic from all over the globe, rather than the 50-75 mile limit on the VHF and UHF bands. Three types of HF radio communications may be heard/intercepted: continuous wave (CW/Morse Code), single side band (SSB), and radio teletype (RTTY). The Cubans seem to favor the latter form of communication, especially from their revitalized center at Lourdes. Tom Roach [ROAC] has been monitoring Russian messages for some time. He uses a Watkins-Johnson HF-1000 receiver, a Rhombic antenna, a Singer MT-5 Spectrum Analyzer, a Universal M-7000 decoder ( allows viewing the Russian in its native Cyrillic alphabet) a Sony TCD-07 recorder, and Hitachi V-302F Oscilloscope with X/Y tuning capability for RTTY communications. [ROAC] suggests that the best hunting grounds for Russian RTTY traffic are: 4205.5 to 4207.0 kHz 6300.5 to 6311.5 kHz 8396.5 to 8414.5 kHz 12560.0 to 12576.5 kHz 16785.0 to 16804.5 kHz 18893.0 to 18898.0 kHz 22352.0 to 22374.0 khz 25193.0 to 25208.0 khz and 6385 kHz (Morse) at around 1400 UTC [ROAC] provides the reader with common abbreviations used in Russian RTTY and Morse traffic. His book describes the delicate art (and guess work required) in traffic analysis of Russian Kriptogramma messages between ship to shore. Roach has identified several types of Russian messages: SESS KRIPTOGRAMMA - originated by Soviet Space Event Support Ships (SESS). KRIPTOGRAMMA NA PERFOLENTE - refers to a key additive (originally a paper tape Vernam type series.) KRIPTOGRAMMA KODA - code book transmissions. KRIPTOGRAMMA ADMIN - Super enciphered communications. Other types of messages [ROAC] identified DISP/1 to report disposition of ships, PAGODA messages for weather reports, MORE messages to report administrative and sea conditions, Personal Itinerary, Fuel related, 10 slash, PARTI messages to discuss status of ship's holds and bunkers. RUSSKAYA KRIPTOLOGIA HISTORICA Russian achievements in the art of cryptography rank first rate to say the least. Three of my favorite cipher Russian systems are: 1) Nihilist, 2) VIC - Disruption (aka straddling bipartite monoalphabetic substitution super-enciphered by modified double transposition) and 3) the One-Time Pad. Each of these systems introduced tactical advantages for adverse communication and had limited disadvantages for their service. NIHILIST SUBSTITUTION For some reason, Russian prisoners were not allowed computers in their cells. Inmates were forbidden to talk, and to outwit their jailers they invented a "knock" system to indicate the rows and columns of a simple checkerboard (Polybius square at 5x5 for English or 6x6 for 35 Russian letters). For ex: 1 2 3 4 5 1 U N Ij T E 2 D S A O F KW=United States Of 3 M R C B G America 4 H K L P Q i/j = same cell 5 V W X Y Z repeats omitted PT: g o t a c i g a r e t t e ? CT: 35 24 14 23 33 13 35 23 32 15 14 14 15 Prisoners memorized the proper numbers and "talked" at about 10-15 words per minute. One of the advantages was that it afforded communication by a great variety of media - anything that could be dotted, knotted, pierced, flashed or indicate numerals in any way could be used. The innocuous letter was always suspicious. [KAH1] Cipher text letters were indicated by the number of letters written together; breaks in count by spaces in handwriting; upstrokes, downstrokes, thumbnail prints, all subtly used to bootleg secrets in and out of prisons. The system was universal in penal institutions. American POW's used it in Vietnam. [LEWY], [SOLZ] Transposition of the KW provided a further mixed alphabet: B L A C K S M I T H D E F G N O P Q R U V W X Y Z taken off by columns: B D V L E W A F X C G Y K N Z S O M P I Q T R H U the Polybius square would be: 1 2 3 4 5 1 B D V L E 2 W A F X C 3 G Y K N Z 4 S O M P I 5 Q T R H U The Nihilists, so named for their opposition to the czarist regime, added a repeating numerical KW . Making the cipher a periodic similar to the Vigenere but with additional weaknesses. Let KW = ARISE 22 53 45 41 15 PT: bomb winter palace NT: 11 42 43 11 21 45 34 52 15 53 44 22 14 22 25 15 Key: 22 53 45 41 15 22 53 45 41 15 22 53 45 41 15 22 CT: 33 97 88 52 36 67 87 97 56 68 66 75 59 63 40 37 or with bifurcation: 33978 85236 67879 75668 66755 96340 37774 nulls=774 NIHILIST TRANSPOSITION A simpler form of the Nihilist was in double transposition. The plain-text was written in by rows (or diagonals); a keyword switched the rows; a same or different keyword switched the columns, and the resulting cipher text was removed by columns or by one of forty (40) or more routes out of the square. ex: KW = SCOTIA or 524631 PT: let us hear from you at once concerning jewels xxxx Transpose by Columns Transpose by Rows S C O T I A 5 2 4 6 3 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 S E U H T L (let us h) S 5 E U J W T O 2 R A F O R E C 2 R A F O R E 3 A Y U T O M O 4 A N E B C O 4 A N E B C O T 6 X L X X S E 5 E U J W T O I 3 A Y U T O M 6 X L X X S E A 1 S E U H T L X= bad choice for nulls The resulting cryptogram: E U J W T O R A F O R E A N E B C O X L X X S E A Y U T O M S E U H T L. (message length and 5th group are entries to solution) Clues to cryptanalysis of the Nihilist systems were reconstructing the routes, evenness of distribution of vowels, period determination and digram/trigram frequency in cipher text. The USA Army for many years used a similar system. Reference [COUR] discusses the U.S. Army Double Transposition Cipher in detail. VIC-DISRUPTION CIPHER The Vic-Disruption Cipher brought the old Nihilist Substitution to a peak of perfection. It merged the straddling checkerboard with the one-time key. It increased the efficiency of the checkerboard by specifically giving the high frequency letters (O,S,N,E,A; P,G ) the single digits (along with two low frequency letters). The seven letters: 'snegopa' comprise about 40% of normal Russian text. Let me focus on interesting elements. STRADDLING BIPARTITE MONOALPHABETIC SUBSTITUTION SUPER- ENCIPHERED BY MODIFIED DOUBLE TRANSPOSITION or simply, VIC - DISRUPTION or just "VIC." The VIC algorithm is described as follows: The plain text is encoded by a Substitution Table (ST). The intermediate cipher text [ICT] is then passed through two (2) transposition tables (TT1 and TT2), each performing a different transposition on the ICT. TT1 performs a simple columnar transposition: the ICT is placed in TT1 by rows and removed by columns in the order of TT1's columnar key and transcribed into TT2. TT2 is vertically partitioned into Disruption , or D areas. These partitions are formed by diagonals extending down the table to the right boundary in columnar key order. The first D area begins under column keynumber 1 and extends down to the right border of TT2. A row is skipped. The second D area starts under keynumber 2. The process continues for the entire key. The number of rows in TT2 .ne. TT1 and is calculated by dividing the number of cipher text input digits by the width of the table. The ICT from TT1 is inscribed into TT2 horizontally from left to right skipping the D areas. When all the non D area is filled , then the D areas are filled in the same way. The cipher text is removed by column per key order without regard to the D areas. KEYS The VIC system used four memorized keys. Key 1 - the date of WWII victory over Japan - 3/9/1945; Key 2 - the sequence of 5 numbers like pi - 3.1415; Key 3 - the first 20 letters of the "Lone Accordion", or famous Russian song/poem, and Key 4 - the agent number, say 7. Key 1 was changed regularly. Key 4 was changed irregularly. DISRUPTION ALGORITHM The keys were used to generate the keys for transposition and the coordinates for a checkerboard for substitution through a complex LRE (Left to right enumeration) logic. The process injected an arbitrary 5 number group into the cipher text which strongly influenced the end result. This group changed from message to message, so the enciphering keys (and cipher text) would bear no exploitable relationship to each other. Not only did TT1 and TT2 keys differ but also the widths of the blocks did as well. The coordinates kept changing. The D areas prevented the analyst from back derivation of the first TT1. The D areas increased the difficulty of finding the pattern and the straddling effect on the checkerboard increased the difficulty of frequency counts. Although not impossible to break, in practice a tough monkey indeed. The FBI failed for four years to solve it. KEY GENERATION All arithmetic was done modulo 10, without carrying or borrowing. An English ST table might look like this: 4 9 1 6 0 8 5 2 3 7 R E A S O N b 2 B C D F G H J K L M 3 P Q I U V W X T Z 1 7 3 5 7 9 . , b $ % - b = space character top line are among most frequent English letters similar to 'SNEGOPAD' in Russian. Ambiguity in decipherment is reduced because the last three slots in the first row are empty and the first coordinate of the two coordinate characters is unique. [VOGE] gives a detailed look at the key generation recursion mathematics for this cipher. It describes the LRE (left to right enumeration) process in nauseating detail. The TT1 and TT2 are built up on the recursion sequence X(i+5) = X(i) + X(i+1) for i = 1,5 using mod 10 math. Key 1 was used to insert at end of message (5th unit in this example). Key 1 was also the initial point for a series of manipulations with Key 2,3,and 4. RUSSIAN IMPROVEMENTS Hayhanen incorporated some nasty refinements. Before encipherment, the plain text was bifurcated and the two halves switched so that the standard beginnings and endings could not be identified. The ST contained a 'message starts' character. The ST was extended to ASCII characters. The VIC encipherment consisted of one round. After 1970, with the advent of programmable hand calculators, a multiple round version was produced. MERITS Consisting of simple enough elements, this cipher is one tough monkey. The complication in substitution was the straddling device on the checkerboard. The irregular alternating of coordinates of two different lengths makes it harder for cryptanalysis by dividing the list into proper pairs and singletons. The complication in the transposition was the Disruption areas. D areas blocked the reconstruction of the first tableau. A correct sorting of the columns is forestalled by the D areas. The keying method is brutal on the agent in a hurry. Same with his analyst counterpart. Key recovery does not permit direct anagraming between messages. The four keys are mnemonics. The cipher text is only 62% increased over plain text because of the high frequency letters in the first row of the ST. ONE-TIME PAD REVISITED The One-Time Pad was covered in LECTURE 3 and we are reminded that it is truly an unbreakable cipher system. There are many descriptions of this cipher. Bruce Schneier's discussions are quite relevant. [SCHN] , [SCH2] FRESH KEY DRAWBACK The One-Time Pad has a drawback - the quantities of fresh key required. For military messages in the field (a fluid situation) a practical limit is reached. It is impossible to produce and distribute sufficient fresh key to the units. During WWII, the US Army's European theater HQs transmitted, even before the Normandy invasion, 2 million five (5) letter code groups a day! It would of therefore consumed 10 million letters of key every 24 hours - the equivalent of a shelf of 20 average books. [SCHN] RANDOMNESS The real issue for the One-Time Pad, is that the keys must be truly random. Attacks against the One-Time Pad must be against the method used to generate the key itself. Pseudo- random number generators don't count; often they have nonrandom properties. Reference [SCHN] Chapter 15, discusses in detail random sequence generators and stream cipher. [SCHN], [KAHN], [RHEE] CHINESE CRYPTOGRAPHY ENCIPHERING Dr. August suggests that the Four Corner System and the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet System lend themselves to manual cryptographic treatment. His treatment of these two systems is easier to understand than some military texts on the subject. [AUG1] Let a message in Chinese be X1, X2, X3.. Xn, where Xi represents a character. The code for Xi is vector union of three sets, v1, v2, and v3. v1 is a single digit code for tone v2 is a four or five digit Four Corner representation code, and v3 is a 6 digit phonetic code representing 3 phonetic symbols each by two digits. [AUG2] 3 Xj = U v1 eq 1 1-3 This union is called an asymmetric code. The Four Corner System encodes characters into several generic shapes. Each character is broken into four (4) quadrants, and assigned a digit to the generic shape that best corresponds to the actual shape. The Chinese Phonetic Alphabet is Pinyin with symbols instead of English letters. Each symbol corresponds to one of 37 ordered phonetic sounds. The 21 initial, 3 medial and 13 finals are a unique ordered set - a true alphabet. The strength of encryption of Chinese is dependent on the specific Chinese encoding character schemes. Three cases are: 1). Phonetic Alphabet Only: The cipher must include both a transposition (to hide cohesion and positional limitations) and a substitution (to hide the frequency patterns.) 2) Four Corner System: The cipher can be based on ring operations [performed on codewords rather than characters, either on an individual basis or over the whole message; the name comes from the algebraic operations involving integers mod 10 or mod 37] which super-encipher the encoded text. 3) Combination of Methods 1) and 2): A text encoded by a combination of both methods will need a cipher employing both transposition and substitution. The transposition needs to mix up the symbols within codewords and the message itself. This prevents a bifurcated analysis. [AUG1], [AUG2] CRYPTANALYSIS OF CHINESE CIPHERS A) Phonetic Alphabet: 12.6 7 5.7 4.8 4.2 3.8 3.4 3 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.2 I U D ENG/E an/en SH X/ZH J/u G O ao H 2.1 2 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 ang a/b/ai/B/z ei Q ou/M ie L F R 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.1 t n/c ch k/s p/el Initials: sh, d Medials: i Finals: e, en, eng, in, un, ing, ong Phi for monalphabetic substitution = 0.051 (random text = 0.027) Common Digraphs: ji, ieng, ueng, gu, de, ian, iie, li, ien, qi, xi, uo, izh, zu, shi Positional Limitations: 1. Initials follow a medial or final. 2. Finals follow an initial or medial. 3. [zh, ch, sh ] do not combine with i or u'. 4. [ j, q, x ] do not combine with a or e finals. 5. qa, qan = no but quan, qian, qia = yes 6. no double phonetics in a single codeword. 7. medials double frequently. 8. 13 limits on combinations within a codeword. Approximately 63% of characters require 2 phonetic symbols. About 1/3 were three long, and about 4% are one symbol. Tone indicator digits were about 22--23% likely. B) Four Corner Digital frequencies: 0 = .30 1 = .14 2 = .15 3 = .07 4 = .10 5 = .03 6 = .07 7 = .08 8 = .04 9 = .02 Phi value = 0.160 compared to random text value of 0.100 Dr. August presents a table of digraphs. [AUG2] Combinations of Xn - Ym where n= 0-9 and m=0,1,2,3,4,7 showed highest frequencies of text encoded with 5 digit scheme. DEPENDENCE In Chinese there is more dependence between encoding and enciphering operations than in English. The choice of the encoding system influences the type of enciphering operations. Dr. August provides solved examples of the above systems. [AUG2] HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES China appears to have had a much delayed entry into the cipher business. Partially because so many Chinese did not read or write, and partially because the language was so complex, Chinese cryptography was limited until the 19 century. But there were seeds: The Chinese strategist Sun Tzu (500 b.c.) recommended a true but small code, which limited the plaintext to 40 elements and assigned them to the first 40 characters of a poem, forming a substitution table. Richard Deacon describes a method of code encryption which the secret society Triads used in the early 1800's. [DEAC] The Tong's in San Francisco used the same system. This method limited the plaintext space and based codewords on multiples of three. The "Inner Ring" techniques taught to Sa Bu Nim's (teachers) by the masters of Korean Tae Kwon Do (which came from the Ancient Tae Kwan and before that Kung Fu) were passed on by means of codeword transposition ciphers. [CHOI] In 1985, Sun Yat-Sen used codes to transmit information by telegraph. [TUKK]) During WWII, Herbert Yardley taught Kuomintang soldiers to cryptanalyze Japanese ciphers. However, the Japanese had already outpaced the Chinese in cryptanalytical abilities. Japan's Chuo tokujobu (Central Bureau Of Signal Intelligence) was responsible for crypto-communication and signal intelligence, including cryptanalysis, translation, interception, and direction finding against the Soviet Union, China and Britain. It began operations in 1921. [YUKI],[YAR1] In May 1928, the Angohan (Codes and Ciphers Office) obtained excellent results in intercepting and decoding Chinese codes during the Sino-Japanese clash at Tsinan between Chiang Kaishek's Northern Expeditionary Army and the IJA (Imperial Japanese Army). [FUMI] The warlord Chang Tso-lin was murdered in June 1928. Angohan succeeded in decoding "Young Marshal" Chang Hsueh-liang's secret communications and made a substantial contribution to the understanding of the warlord politics of Manchuria. [SANB] The Anjohan not only mastered the basics of Chinese codes and ciphers but also broke the Nanking Government and the Chinese Legation codes in Tokyo. [YOKO] The Chinese codes in 1935 were called "Mingma". They were basically made up of four digit numbers. The Chinese did not encode the name of either the sender or receiver, nor the date or the time of the message. The China Garrison Army's Tokujohan office was able to disclose the composition, strength, and activities of Chiang Kai-shek's branch armies, such as those led by Sung Che-yuan and Chang Hseuh-liang. It was not able to decode the Chinese Communist or Air Force messages. [HIDE] By the time of the 1937 Sino-Japanese War, Japanese cryptanalytical experts had been able to greatly expand their knowledge of the Chinese system of codes and ciphers, as well as improve their decoding skills. About 80% of what was intercepted was decoded. This included military and diplomatic codes but not the Communist code messages. [EIIC] Chinese Nationalists upgraded their Mingma codes in 1938. They adopted a different system, called tokushu daihon (special code book) in Japanese which complicated by mixing compound words. By October, 1940, Chiang Kai-shek's main forces were using a repeating key system. This stumped the Japanese cryptanalysts for a short time, then they returned to a 75% decoding level during the war. They continued to make great contributions to major military operations in China. [HIDE] The Japanese broke the Kuomintang codes during the Chungyuang Operation in the Southern Shansi or Chungt'iao Mountain Campaign. [CHUN] In February 1941, significant penetration of Communist signal traffic was obtained. [YOKO] The tokujo operations against the North China Area Army and the Chinese Communist codes was tragic failure. [HISA] The IJA's China experts held a highly negative image towards the Chinese. This may have prejudiced their attitude towards intelligence estimates of China and the Chinese which in turn adversely affected their operational (crypto-intelligence) thinking on China in general. [THEO] When the Sian mutiny broke out and Chiang Kai-shek was kidnapped in December 1936, Major General Isogai (IJA's leading expert in COMINT for China) toasted (more like roasted) the demise of Chiang. Colonel Kanji Ishiwara (Japan's chief military strategist) deplored the incident because he felt China was on the brink of unity because of Chiang Kai-shek's efforts. He considered the ability to read Chiang's codes just a matter of doing the business of war. [SHIN] LATIN BRASSPOUNDER gives us a good introduction to Latin in Reference [LATI]. Until modern times Latin was a dominant language in schools, churches, and state in Western Europe. Professionals use Latin to confuse the general populace. Latin is closely related to all of the Romance languages. The Latin alphabet is the same as the English-language alphabet, except that it has no equivalents for K, W, J, or U. These have crept into current usage for their phonetic value. The J replaced I as in hic jacet instead of the classical hic iacet. The letter W has no equivalent. The letter U was the Greek Y, and in classical times was written as a U. C is now used to form the hard sound as in CEL instead of KEL. A double UU approximated a W. Latin therefore is a 25 letter alphabet. The order of frequency according to Kluber, reduced to percentages, taken from reference [TRAI]: I - 10.1 M - 3.4 V - 0.7 E - 9.2 C - 3.3 X - 0.6 U - 7.4 P - 3.0 H - 0.5 T - 7.2 L - 2.1 J - 0 A - 7.2 D - 1.7 K - 0 S - 6.8 G - 1.4 Y - 0 R - 6.8 Q - 1.3 Z - 0 N - 6.0 B - 1.2 O - 4.4 F - 0.9 Vowels: I E U A O Consonants: T S R N M C P L D Q B F V X H Initials: S I A P E Q C V M D N F H R T U L O G J Finals: S E T M A I O N D R L C U Doubled Letters: S L M P T C N R U Z Vowel Combinations: AE AU AI ; EA EI EO ; IA IO IE IAE ; OA OE OI OAE OIA ; UA UE UI UO UU UAE UIA UIU Consonant combinations: NT ST ND SP PB CT SG NS NP LT Frequent reversals: UM EN ER NT TI TE ON RT RE ES IS ME IT TA US SE IC TU ST IE PE CI RU Digraph endings: IS UM US AM AE TA NT EN RE OS AS UE ES RA AT IT ET IA IO OB ST SE TE RI OR UR ER NI RI UI NO EL DI PE NA VA NS ED IN NE SA MO SI SO RO Trigraph word endings: ERE QUE UNT RIS RUS IUM LIS LUM TIS UAM UOD NTA ARE IAM NIS RAT NEM ROS TAS TES TIO ANT ATA CAE CUM ENT ITA IUS LAE NAM NES NIA RUM URA VIS TEM TAE TUS Favorite letter positions: A H 2H 2E N 2E E B H O 2H 2E C H P H D H E Q H 2H E H 2H E R 2H 2E F H S E H G E H T E 2E H H 2H E H U 2H 2E I 3E 2E 2H V H J H W (rare) H K E X 2H 2E L 2E 2H Y E 2H M H Z 2E E H H=head, first letter, 2H = second letter, E=last letter, 2E= next to last letter Common short words: IN ET AD SI PER UBI SED UNA VIA HIC PRO CUM QUI QUO QUOD IPSE ATQUE QUARE QUIDEM Pattern words: NON BENE FERE QUISQUE Vowel percentage: 44% Vowel / consonant ratio: 8/10 Average word length: 7 One-letter words: A E I O Two-letter words: AB AC AD AB AT DA DE DO EA EI EN EO ES ET EX HI ID II IN IS IT ME NE NI OB OS RE SI TE TU UT Three letter words: AGO ARA AUT AVE BIS COR CUM CUR DIU DUO DUX EGI EGO FIO HIC HOC HUC IAM IBI IRA ITA IUS LEX LUX MOX MUS NAM NEC NIX NON NOX NUM PAR PAX PER PES PRO QUA QUI QUO RES REX RUS SED SEX SIC SOL STO SUM SUS TAM TUM UBI VAE VEL VIA VIR VIS VIX Latin Bigram Table Basis 10,000 letters and spaces from Reference [ALBE] Second Letter A E I O U B C D F G H K - 156 145 146 36 60 11 99 65 39 7 35 4 A 113 77 8 20 42 15 58 6 E 197 27 7 7 1 5 26 18 4 11 1 I 89 43 12 6 59 68 51 60 34 12 26 4 O 61 1 3 10 37 19 1 2 U 8 73 61 50 22 2 17 2 11 B 15 12 26 33 3 22 C 29 49 28 31 68 3 4 3 F D 53 16 61 87 9 17 3 1 i F 3 7 9 23 11 9 5 r G 2 5 18 14 4 10 1 s H 23 3 14 8 4 t K 4 8 L 10 46 39 106 10 13 2 1 L M 248 28 33 28 22 23 1 e N 57 48 49 59 40 38 33 39 4 19 t P 2 12 34 12 43 14 1 t Q 4 167 e R 87 96 76 101 30 56 4 6 7 1 2 1 r S 276 14 64 83 30 47 34 1 2 T 191 96 125 142 20 91 6 V 3 7 42 24 27 1 X 28 1 2 7 2 Y 5 Z 1 L M N P Q R S T V X Y Z 53 36 79 113 92 36 151 46 68 3 1 A 63 89 62 12 4 59 45 81 4 2 E 18 78 85 11 21 175 84 93 3 35 I 25 49 143 24 9 10 137 113 3 4 O 13 27 134 6 4 65 46 13 5 2 U 37 119 63 9 60 105 70 1 B 1 4 5 C 2 24 40 5 D 2 1 1 1 2 2 F 1 12 G 1 13 8 H K L 33 12 M 7 10 13 5 2 N 4 3 56 136 10 P 17 3 42 15 11 Q R 1 6 1 3 2 2 9 26 3 1 S 7 5 11 39 72 3 7 T 19 23 35 V X 6 1 Y Z NORWEGIAN Norwegian is a beautiful language which consists of two forms, Bokmal (Book Language) and Nynorsk. Book language is the generally read form. Norwegian is similar to English with the addition of three vowels AE, 0, A'. Foreign consonant letters are C, Q, W, X and Z. Based on 5153 letters, a frequency analysis reduced to 100 letters is: 16 8 7 6 5 4 2 1 - 0 E RNS T AI LDO GKM UVFHPA' JB0 Y AE C WXZQ Average word length - 4.77 letters. Compound words are long. IC = .0647 Vowels A, E I O - 33% Consonants D L N R S T - 41% of letters One- Letter Words: I 81% A' 16% A 2% O A AE 0 1% Two letter words: OG 23% ER 14% EN 10% AV /DE 9% ET PA' AT FA' SA' DA NA' OM VI JO SA JA MA' SE TO UT VE Three letter words: OPP 38% ENN 23% INN 15% OSS 15% ALL 8% Four letter words: OSGA' 15% BARE 12% ALLE 9% FOLK 9% HVEM SINE STOR GATE GODT HVIS IDAG LAND MENS MIDT Doubles: LL KK NN TT MM SS PP GG RR DD FF Digraphs: EN ER DE ET TE ST NE OR RE KE AN ME SE SK Reversals: EN ER DE ET ES EL LI AV GE Initials: S FM D HAENT BKV GI JLP RU A0 Finals: E RT N G S KM A A'DLV IO BPYAE FHU0 Phoenix's soon to be published ACA Xenocrypt Handbook gives further data on digraphs and trigraphs representing less than 2% of totals. HUNGARIAN Hungarian (aka Magyar) is related to Finnish and Estonian. Hungarian has 38 sounds based on a Latin alphabet. Reference [HUNG] shows the full alphabet as a combination of letters. There is no Q, W, or X in Hungarian. Only 23 Latin letters are used. Reference [HUNG] also gives Xenocrypt examples. Hungarian has four special characteristics: 1. It agglutinates - adjectives, possessives are expressed by suffixes. 2. It has vowel harmony - they fall into high and low vowel categories. High - E, I, OE, UE and Low- A O U. In a word they are all either high or low. 3. It assimilates consonants - usually the third or fourth letter from the end. Many doubles. 4. It has no gender differentiation. Per cent letter frequencies based on 10,001 letters: E - 16.04 K - 4.47 D - 1.93 A - 12.55 I - 4.29 B - 1.78 T - 8.35 M - 4.11 H - 1.42 O - 6.56 R - 3.48 J - 0.99 S - 6.56 G - 3.16 F - 0.94 L - 5.66 U - 2.33 C - 0.52 N - 5.49 Y - 2.03 P - 0.52 Z - 4.79 V - 1.94 Doubles (in 10,001 letter count): TT 104 BB 25 RR 10 SS 42 KK 24 II 9 LL 35 NN 22 GG 7 AA 31 ZZ 11 EE 27 MM 11 Most frequent bigrams: OE 229 AL 126 SA 94 EL 225 AS 123 KA 91 TA 219 LE 118 ZA 90 SZ 207 NE 110 LA 89 ES 201 UE 110 ZO 88 EN 185 EM 110 AK 87 EG 155 GY 108 KE 87 ET 151 AZ 101 AM 86 TE 149 EK 97 KO 86 AN 145 LA 96 EZ 80 AT 136 AR 95 MA 79 ER 133 SE 95 RE 79 ME 127 TO 95 Initials: V E M K S A H T F N L B I O J C U P R G D Finals: T N K E A S I M L G Y Z R D O B U P C Groups: Vowels A E I O U 41.77 % LNRST 29.54 JKQYZ 9.93 EATOS 50.06 EATOSLNZK 70.47 HJFCP 4.39 Simple words based on a count of 1,000 words: ES - and (before vowels) 96 AZ - that 20 EGY - one 14 S - and 11 MEG - 6 EL - away 5 TE - thou 5 HA - if 4 ITT - here 3 A - one 68 EZ - this 17 NEM - no 6 Hungarian Bigram Table Basis 10,000 letters and spaces from Reference [HUNG] Second Letter A B C D E F G H I J K A 31 41 4 22 15 22 56 55 33 28 87 B 57 25 52 1 3 1 C 6 3 5 D 28 1 1 3 48 3 3 15 1 E 28 26 3 47 27 21 155 19 19 21 97 F 7 21 3 25 G 40 9 46 4 7 11 13 3 6 F H 67 21 15 i I 34 7 6 16 9 1 26 2 9 5 59 r J 35 1 6 16 3 1 s K 91 6 3 1 87 6 4 2 38 1 24 t L 96 5 3 7 118 7 6 4 15 10 18 M 79 18 5 1 127 5 9 58 5 3 L N 59 7 8 40 110 7 9 2 18 1 38 e O 3 11 1 13 229 1 25 2 1 51 t P 7 16 3 3 3 t R 50 1 13 10 79 5 6 1 19 1 10 e S 94 3 1 5 95 5 1 8 18 5 22 r T 219 10 3 3 149 1 6 14 59 5 19 U 4 1 12 110 1 9 2 4 4 1 V 89 5 61 13 Y 41 1 1 1 43 1 5 18 2 Z 90 6 122 1 6 2 28 3 3 L M N O P R S T U V Y Z A 126 86 145 1 18 95 123 136 3 27 101 B 5 3 3 14 5 5 1 3 C 3 1 34 D 1 9 1 41 3 1 15 13 6 E 225 110 185 1 18 133 201 151 37 80 F 18 19 1 G 4 7 1 15 7 6 6 7 12 108 4 H 1 37 1 I 18 7 56 1 7 9 71 35 10 28 13 J 1 22 3 7 1 3 K 4 21 6 86 9 9 14 28 4 L 35 31 15 57 4 6 7 73 6 13 24 6 M 6 11 7 35 2 17 9 14 8 2 N 6 11 22 22 3 19 72 11 12 57 15 O 65 33 62 1 1 41 37 49 4 26 P 1 11 1 2 2 2 1 R 9 11 4 42 10 18 41 16 S 4 18 13 29 4 42 43 15 14 10 207 T 22 42 6 95 1 4 20 104 37 12 4 U 19 3 12 2 9 7 24 3 6 V 21 2 3 Y 6 15 3 14 2 2 16 6 23 3 Z 11 2 6 88 3 18 49 21 9 11 LECTURE 5 HOMEWORK ANSWERS Ger-3. Kalenderblatt August. K2 (Sonne) BRASSPOUNDER QV FHOHIC ICMPC KQM IXWWM QW KML WFMPM KMI *IQLQHI, KMI *PHWKICMLWI, KFPML KQM "*PHWKIC- FOMI," KQM AMKML VMWIJP WXJP CQMLM VXMOMW. Kw= LICHT Im August steht die Sonne in der Naehe des Sirius, des Hundsterns daher die "Hundstages," die weder Mensch noch Tiere moegen. PT: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z CT: F G J K M N O P Q R S U V W X Y Z L I C H T A B D E After placing the crib at the 5th word, der, dess, and die were immediately identified. Ger-4. Ungerechtes Schicksal. Eng. K4 GEMINATOR Kw's = question /unfair Student besteht Pruefung zum zweiten mal nicht wieso fragt der Freund Schicksalsschlag das selbe zimmer der selbe Professor die selben fragen. PT: z q u e s t i o n a b c d f g h j k l m p r v w x y CT: U N F A I R B C D E G H J K L M O P Q S T V W X Y Z IRFJA DRGAI RAMRT VFAKF DLUFS UXABR ADSEQ DBHMR XBAIC KVELR JAVKV AFDJI HMBHP IEQII HMQEL JEIIA QGAUB SSAVJ AVIAQ GATVC KAIIC VJBAI AQGAD KVELA D. hints: (zum zw-; zimm-) The three part crib can only be located in one position. A first guess of ZIMMER gives der, die, and zweit. A guess of FREUND yields much of the in the rest of the text. Schicksalsschlag can be found in the dictionary. Fre-1. MON NOM square looks like this: F G H I J K A N E Z P I L B S O T H U M C B A R C D F D G J K Q V W E X Y - - - - Split the cipher text after message group 13. Message reads: Que Noel vous soit des plus agreables et l'an nouve aplein de desirs accomplis. HOMEWORK PROBLEMS Lat-1 K2. (105) (sallust) Wars and Victors? SCARLET F C D R J R B B Q C O Q C N T Z U N B R, U R P R M Q C Z R H R M M Q C R G R O N D R M R. N D U N K R M R U Q N S N O, R P N Z C N H D Z S F B N U R M R , G R K F D N , U Q C S N U P F M R O S R B N D P. * O Z B B Q O P [cum, bdghj=JGHIE] Nor-1. K2 Cosmology. (*qwx, verden) NIL VIRONUS I K P N H E R A M C K D A O A G P K M K N N K M K M E K O K M Z L A G G K Q P H E V K M M K G K O K G P D A O V F I I K G H K R F D O I F V F G N C F J P K R K M I K G N F E K G G K N C K P F D Y K M P K A G N P K A G. REFERENCES / RESOURCES [ACA] ACA and You, "Handbook For Members of the American Cryptogram Association," ACA publications, 1995. [ACA1] Anonymous, "The ACA and You - Handbook For Secure Communications", American Cryptogram Association, 1994. [AFM] AFM - 100-80, Traffic Analysis, Department of the Air Force, 1946. [ALAN] Turing, Alan, "The Enigma", by A. Hodges. Simon and Shuster, 1983. [ALBA] Alberti, "Treatise De Cifris," Meister Papstlichen, Princton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1963. 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Badly written, without proper authority, unprofessional, and prejudicial to boot. And, it has one of the better illustrations of the Soviet one-time pad with example, with three errors in cipher text, that I have corrected for the author.] [MARS] Marshall, Alan, "Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign of Charles II," 1660-1665, Cambridge University, New York, N.Y., 1994. [MART] Martin, James, "Security, Accuracy and Privacy in Computer Systems," Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1973. [MAYA] Coe, M. D., "Breaking The Maya Code," Thames and Hudson, New York, 1992. [MAZU] Mazur, Barry, "Questions On Decidability and Undecidability in Number Theory," Journal of Symbolic Logic, Volume 54, Number 9, June, 1994. [MEND] Mendelsohn, Capt. C. J., Studies in German Diplomatic Codes Employed During World War, GPO, 1937. [MILL] Millikin, Donald, " Elementary Cryptography ", NYU Bookstore, NY, 1943. [MM] Meyer, C. H., and Matyas, S. M., " CRYPTOGRAPHY - A New Dimension in Computer Data Security, " Wiley Interscience, New York, 1982. [MODE] Modelski, Tadeusz, 'The Polish Contribution to the Ultimate Allied Victory in the Second World War', Worthing (Sussex) 1986. [MRAY] Mrayati, Mohammad, Yahya Meer Alam and Hassan al- Tayyan., Ilm at-Ta'miyah wa Istikhraj al-Mu,amma Ind al-Arab. Vol 1. Damascus: The Arab Academy of Damascus., 1987. [MYER] Myer, Albert, "Manual of Signals," Washington, D.C., USGPO, 1879. [NIBL] Niblack, A. P., "Proposed Day, Night and Fog Signals for the Navy with Brief Description of the Ardois Hight System," In Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute, Annapolis: U. S. Naval Institute, 1891. [NIC1] Nichols, Randall K., "Xeno Data on 10 Different Languages," ACA-L, August 18, 1995. [NIC2] Nichols, Randall K., "Chinese Cryptography Parts 1-3," ACA-L, August 24, 1995. [NIC3] Nichols, Randall K., "German Reduction Ciphers Parts 1-4," ACA-L, September 15, 1995. [NIC4] Nichols, Randall K., "Russian Cryptography Parts 1-3," ACA-L, September 05, 1995. [NIC5] Nichols, Randall K., "A Tribute to William F. Friedman", NCSA FORUM, August 20, 1995. [NIC6] Nichols, Randall K., "Wallis and Rossignol," NCSA FORUM, September 25, 1995. [NIC7] Nichols, Randall K., "Arabic Contributions to Cryptography,", in The Cryptogram, ND95, ACA, 1995. [NIC8] Nichols, Randall K., "U.S. Coast Guard Shuts Down Morse Code System," The Cryptogram, SO95, ACA publications, 1995. [NIC9] Nichols, Randall K., "PCP Cipher," NCSA FORUM, March 10, 1995. [NICX] Nichols, R. K., Keynote Speech to A.C.A. Convention, "Breaking Ciphers in Other Languages.," New Orleans, La., 1993. [NORM] Norman, Bruce, 'Secret Warfare', David & Charles, Newton Abbot (Devon) 1973. [NORW] Marm, Ingvald and Sommerfelt, Alf, "Norwegian," Teach Yourself Books, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1967. 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E., "The Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems," Bell System Technical Journal, Vol 28 (October 1949). [SHIN] Shinsaku Tamura, "Myohin kosaku," San'ei Shuppansha, Toyko, 1953. [SIG1] "International Code Of Signals For Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications," Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic/Topographic Center, United States Ed. Revised 1981 [SIG2] "International Code Of Signals For Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications," U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office, United States Ed., Pub. 102, 1969. [SINK] Sinkov, Abraham, "Elementary Cryptanalysis", The Mathematical Association of America, NYU, 1966. [SISI] Pierce, C.C., "Cryptoprivacy," Author/Publisher, Ventura Ca., 1995. (XOR Logic and SIGTOT teleprinters) [SMIT] Smith, Laurence D., "Cryptography, the Science of Secret Writing," Dover, NY, 1943. [SOLZ] Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I. , "The Gulag Archipelago I- III, " Harper and Row, New York, N.Y., 1975. [STEV] Stevenson, William, 'A Man Called INTREPID', Macmillan, London 1976. 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S., "Cipher Printing Telegraph Systems For Secret Wire and Radio Telegraphic Communications," J. of the IEEE, Vol 45, 109-115 (1926). [VOGE] Vogel, Donald S., "Inside a KGB Cipher," Cryptologia, Vol XIV, Number 1, January 1990. [WAL1] Wallace, Robert W. Pattern Words: Ten Letters and Eleven Letters in Length, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA 92654, 1993. [WAL2] Wallace, Robert W. Pattern Words: Twelve Letters and Greater in Length, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA 92654, 1993. [WATS] Watson, R. W. Seton-, ed, "The Abbot Trithemius," in Tudor Studies, Longmans and Green, London, 1924. [WEL] Welsh, Dominic, "Codes and Cryptography," Oxford Science Publications, New York, 1993. [WELC] Welchman, Gordon, 'The Hut Six Story', McGraw-Hill, New York 1982. [WHOR] Whorf, B. L., "A Linguistic Consideration of Thinking In Primitive Communities," In Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, ed. J. B. Carroll, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 65-86., 1956. 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