From 75542.1003@compuserve.comTue Feb 6 07:37:55 1996 Date: Mon, 5 Feb 1996 16:57:08 EST From: "Randy Nichols, ACA President" <75542.1003@compuserve.com> Reply to: ACA-L To: Multiple recipients of list ACA-L Newsgroups: bit.listserv.aca-l Subject: LECTURE 7 CLASSICAL CRYPTOGRAPHY COURSE BY LANAKI February 4, 1996 Revision 0 COPYRIGHT 1996 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED LECTURE 7 XENOCRYPT MORPHOLOGY Part III SUMMARY In Lecture 7, we conclude our review of materials related to ciphers created in languages other than English. Lecture 7 will give practical language data for Xenocrypts commonly published in the Cryptogram - French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese. Also, we have time for a short review and more homework problems to solve. Lets start with French. FRENCH - The language of lovers FRENCH DATA [ Based on 55,758 letters of text in FRE2] Absolute Frequencies A 4,480 G 624 L 2,737 Q 616 V 801 B 406 H 276 M 1,617 R 4,117 W 6 C 1,944 I 4,230 N 4,406 S 4,564 X 317 D 2,198 J 184 O 3,255 T 4,057 Y 100 E 9,334 K 25 P 1,689 U 3,054 Z 84 F 646 ====== 55,758 Monographic Kappa Plain, French Language = 0.0777, I.C.= 2.02 Relative Frequencies, based on 55,758 letters of French plain text referenced in FRE2 reduced to 1000 letters: E 167 T 73 C 35 G 11 J 3 S 82 O 58 P 30 Q 11 Y 2 A 80 U 55 M 29 B 7 Z 2 N 79 L 49 V 14 X 6 K 1 I 76 D 39 F 12 H 5 W - R 74 ======= 1,000 Groups Vowels: A, E, I, O, U, Y = 43.8% High-Frequency Consonants: N, R, S, T = 30.7% ; with L =34.0% Medium-Frequency Consonants: C, D, L, M, P = 18.3% Low-Frequency Consonants:B,F,G,H,J,K,Q,V,W,X,Z = 7.2 % 8 most frequent letters (E, S, A, N, I, R, T, and O) = 68.9% (descending order) Note that group frequencies between German and French are statistically similar. Initials ( based on 10,748 letters of French plain text, One letter words have been omitted.) D 1,445 L 784 I 315 U 240 H 67 P 929 S 664 F 313 O 177 Z 7 E 894 Q 394 T 305 G 146 K 5 A 866 R 389 N 278 B 115 W 3 C 816 M 337 V 263 J 98 Y 3 ====== 9,853 Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 55,758 letters of French plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs] A B C D E F G H I J K L M A 2 6 20 12 4 6 11 50 1 36 12 B 4 4 4 12 C 15 6 47 11 20 5 D 18 1 109 1 20 1 1 E 30 4 49 48 30 15 14 3 13 5 56 58 F 10 2 1 9 6 8 1 G 6 16 1 2 3 1 H 6 6 4 I 9 3 12 10 41 4 4 1 27 8 J 4 6 K L 57 1 5 95 1 1 23 26 M 22 9 1 1 52 23 13 N 19 1 29 40 54 9 11 1 20 1 3 2 O 5 7 3 1 1 2 1 21 1 10 21 P 30 1 1 13 2 3 11 Q 1 R 62 2 10 13 127 2 6 24 1 16 11 S 42 2 16 32 75 5 2 1 36 2 15 8 T 40 1 7 22 78 4 1 2 67 11 12 4 U 12 3 10 5 39 14 3 1 24 3 13 6 V 9 24 16 W X 4 3 3 3 1 1 1 Y 2 2 Z 3 1 Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 55,758 letters of French plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs] N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A 68 1 21 3 41 17 46 29 13 2 1 B 4 5 2 1 2 C 48 4 1 8 8 D 10 1 6 2 26 E 105 4 38 12 89 154 58 27 17 8 3 F 8 1 10 1 1 G 7 6 8 4 2 H 3 1 4 I 49 51 5 12 27 52 47 9 7 1 J 5 2 K 1 L 3 10 1 5 4 12 1 M 8 9 1 4 N 10 19 6 4 3 53 99 4 7 1 O 109 7 23 13 8 52 2 2 P 35 9 34 1 6 4 Q 54 R 8 27 5 3 7 14 19 6 7 1 S 6 22 24 11 8 41 33 24 4 1 T 4 14 11 7 44 23 10 11 2 U 26 1 8 1 48 26 19 1 8 13 1 V 16 5 2 W X 1 4 1 1 2 3 1 Y 1 2 Z 1 Digraphic Kappa plain, French = 0.0093, I.C. = 6.29 87 Digraphs comprising 75% of French plain text based on 5,000 digraphs arranged according to relative frequencies. ES- 154 RA- 62 AI- 50 SS- 41 EA- 30 UI- 24 OM- 21 RE- 127 a)==== EC- 49 ND- 40 EE- 30 SP- 24 NI- 20 ON- 109 ET- 58 IN- 49 b)==== NC- 29 SU- 24 DI- 20 DE- 109 EM- 58 ED- 48 TA- 40 AU- 29 RI- 24 CI- 20 EN- 105 LA- 57 CO- 48 UE- 39 IR- 27 VE- 24 AC- 20 NT- 99 EL- 56 UR- 48 EP- 38 EU- 27 TS- 23 UT- 19 LE- 95 QU- 54 CE- 47 AL- 36 IL- 27 MI- 23 NO- 19 ER- 89 NE- 54 IT- 47 SI- 36 RO- 27 LI- 23 RT- 19 TE- 78 NS- 53 AT- 46 PO- 35 OR- 27 SO- 22 NA- 19 SE- 75 ME- 52 TR- 44 PR- 34 DU- 26 MA- 22 DA- 18 AN- 68 IS- 52 SA- 42 ST- 33 LL- 26 TD- 22 AS- 17 TI- 67 OU- 52 IE- 41 SD- 32 US- 26 AP- 21 EV- 17 IO- 51 AR- 41 PA- 30 UN- 26 OI- 21 ===== 3,751 a) 13 digraphs (1,237 total count, above this line represent 25% of French plain b) 39 digraphs (2,515 total count, above this line represent 50% of French plain Frequent Digraph Reversals (based on table of 5,000 digraphs) ES- 154 SE- 75 LE- 95 EL- 56 RA- 62 AR- 41 IS- 52 RE- 127 ER- 89 TE- 78 ET- 58 EM- 58 ME- 52 EC- 49 DE- 109 ED- 48 TI- 67 IT- 47 LA- 57 AL- 36 AT- 46 EN- 105 NE- 54 SI- 36 CE- 47 TA- 40 Rare Digraph Reversals (based on previous 5,000 digraphs) NT- 99 TN- 4 QU- 54 UQ- 1 NS- 57 SN-6 OU- 52 UO-1 Doublets (based on previous 5,000 digraphs) SS- 41 LL- 26 NN- 10 PP- 9 CC- 6 AA- 2 GG - 1 EE- 30 MM- 13 TT- 10 RR- 7 FF- 6 DD- 1 UU - 1 Initial Digraphs 22 digraphs occurring 100 or more times based on 10,748 French plain text words, according to absolute frequencies: DE- 501 RE- 283 PI- 222 SU- 168 AU- 150 DI- 124 SO- 117 CO- 394 PA- 268 IN- 178 CE- 163 NO- 133 AL- 122 VO- 112 QU- 347 LE- 240 SE- 178 ET- 153 TR- 127 UN- 122 FR- 101 PR- 291 Trigraphs (top 97 based on 55,758 letters of French text) ENT- 588 CON- 271 EST- 188 ESS- 151 NSE- 130 EUR- 115 ION- 555 ERE- 267 ERA- 185 AIT- 147 REN- 127 NTA- 115 TIO- 433 ANT- 238 ECO- 184 POU- 146 SQU- 124 SER- 115 ONS- 373 ESE- 230 ESD- 179 TER- 146 AIR- 123 ESO- 112 RES- 367 ELA- 227 OND- 175 COM- 143 EPA- 120 DEC- 110 QUE- 338 LLE- 216 LEM- 175 ESP- 139 QUI- 120 EPR- 110 DES- 313 PAR- 213 NCE- 173 OUS- 139 SET- 120 ALL- 109 EDE- 305 NDE- 211 ELE- 172 AIS- 137 REC- 119 ECE- 109 EME- 288 SDE- 210 ESA- 163 EMA- 137 AND- 118 UNE- 108 ATI- 287 DEL- 209 TDE- 163 IER- 136 ETA- 118 RAI- 106 LES- 284 PRE- 206 ITE- 162 NTS- 135 SEN- 118 RLE- 106 NTE- 282 OUR- 205 SSE- 160 TES- 135 PRO- 117 SSI- 106 TRE- 280 RAN- 196 ONT- 157 EQU- 133 ISE- 116 ENE- 105 MEN- 272 IRE- 191 ANC- 153 IQU- 131 REP- 116 SUR- 105 TRA- 105 TEN- 103 BLE- 101 ETE- 100 TAT- 100 ISS- 104 UEL- 102 QUA- 101 ERE- 100 INT- 103 ANS- 101 CES- 101 OMM- 100 Initial Trigraphs (The 20 trigraphs appearing 50 or more times as initials of words in 10,748 French words): CON- 213 COM- 129 FRA- 93 INT- 75 ETA- 69 SER- 61 POU- 144 PRO- 105 PAR- 87 CEN- 72 DAN- 68 TRA- 57 PRE- 135 ALL- 104 QUA- 80 NOU- 69 RED- 65 RES- 56 VOU- 56 FAI- 50 Tetragraphs (82 top tetragraphs based on 55,758 letters of French plain text) TION-431 CONS- 98 LEME-83 ERAL-71 EREN-58 RESS-55 MENT-251 EPAR- 98 QUEL-83 ERES-70 ESSE-58 IERE-53 ATIO-220 RESE- 96 LEMA-80 DANS-67 NOUS-58 IRES-53 IONS-208 ENTE- 95 PORT-80 OUVE-67 TRES-58 TEDE-53 EMEN-200 LLEM- 93 ENTS-78 EMAN-66 ENER-57 EQUE-52 POUR-136 FRAN- 91 EPRE-77 SENT-66 NDES-57 NDEL-52 IQUE-128 PRES- 91 EDES-76 ANDE-63 NSEI-57 ECOM-51 IOND-124 ENTA- 90 ESET-76 PART-62 NTDE-57 GENE-51 DELA-120 RANC- 90 INTE-75 SDES-62 CAIS-56 SEIL-51 AIRE-117 ANCE- 89 ALLE-75 ESEN-61 ESTI-56 ELES-50 ONDE-107 SION- 89 ANTE-75 RAIT-61 ITIO-55 ETAT-50 ECON-102 COMM- 88 MAND-75 ENTD-60 NEMA-55 ILLE-50 ESDE-102 ELLE- 84 CENT-74 SSIO-60 NERA-55 SQUE-50 ONSE-101 NTER- 84 QUES-72 ENCE-59 Look at the above groups. Realize how many apply to English. Such words as economy, business, energy, genes, firmament, etc. Average French Word Length = 5.2 letters One-letter words: A (86%) Y(6%) O(2%) Two-letter words: DE LA LE ET UN EN NE AU IL DU JE ON SI SE OU SA MA ME CE VA Three-letter words: LES QUE DES QUI EST PAS UNE AUX PAR DIT ONT LUI PEU SON SUR CES CET MOT MON VIE BON CAR ILS PUR AMI VIE Four-letter words: AVEC AVEZ BIEN CEUS COUP DANS DEUX DOIS DOIT DONT DOUX FAIT FAUT LEUR LUNE MAIS MOIS NOUS PEUT PLUS POUR QUEL SAIT SONT TOUS TRES TROP VOUS Common Pattern Words - Three and Four letters: ETE ICI NON SES TOT D'UN J'AI L'AI L'ON L'OR L'OS M'EN S'EN S'IL; CECI MEME SAIS SANS SOUS SUIS TOUT ELLE MERE PERE IDEE C'EST D'UNE N'EST QU'IL QU 'ON N'ONT Common Initials with apostrophes: C' D' J' L' N' Peculiarities: In three letter words, U is proceeded by Q and followed by E or I (QUE, QUI) Four or five vowels may be found in sequence. E seldom touches another vowel. D and M contact E about 75% of the time. Four consonants in a row is the most, we usually find ; where five consonants are found sequentially the last is an S of a plural word. AMCRAS has rearranged the French Frequency Table to: 18 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1-- E A N R S I T U O L D C M P V B F G H JQZXY Letters have many of the same characteristics as English, with vowels contacting more freely. When LE LA DE etc precede a word beginning with a vowel, the vowel is dropped; an apostrophe is substituted. (C'est for Ce est). This is a big help in finding vowels. The apostrophe is not used for possession. Nouns can be of any gender. Adjectives take the same gender as their noun. A, as a one-letter word, has two meanings. Not accented, it is a verb, has. Accented (not in ciphers) is the preposition ,to. Ne, pas. The usual way to express negation, is to put ne before the verb, pas, after it. N'est pas means not. When the masculine form, le or its plural les, is preceded by a A, (to) or de (from), and is followed by a word beginning with a consonant, a le is contracted to au (au pere, to the father); a les, to aux; de le, to du; de les to des. Some Short Words: Y, there Ces, these Ceci, this Ce, cet,cette,this Au, to the Est, is Cela, that Le,la,les the De, of, from Lui,to him Dans, in Un,una,a,an,one En, in, by Mon,my Elle,she Par, through,by Et, and Non,no Fait, does Aller, go Il, he it Oui,yes Leur, them Dire, say,tell Je, I Peu,few Mais,but Donne, give Me, me Que, that Nous,we Faire,make,do On, people Qui, who Plus,more Lire, read Ou, or where Son, his Pour, for Mourir, die Se, himself Sur, on Tout, all Penser, think Si, if Tot, soon Vous, you Respondre, answer from [XEN1] SOLUTION OF FRENCH ARISTOCRAT FRE-1 [FIDDLE] 1 2 3 4 5 F' U O N Y O L M' Y M N Y Z Z I L W Y X Y Z U C L Y 6 7 8 9 10 O H W B I C R L U C M I H H Y Y N G Y N B I X C K O Y 11 12 13 14 15 16 X Y M G I N M F Y M J F O M O M C N Y M, F Y M 17 18 19 20 21 J F O M H Y W Y M M U C L Y M U F U W I H P Y L M U - 22 23 24 25 N C I H Y N U F U W I L L Y M J I H X U H W Y. Set up the normal and cipher text alphabets as a cross check on each other. 18 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1-- E A N R S I T U O L D C M P V B F G H JQZXY normal 21 16 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 Y M U I H L N C F O W J X Z B G K P R cipher The letters in the Normal table should be over or close to their cipher equivalents, if the message is reasonably normal wording. Take the gimmes. The 1 letter word U=a (has,to) and the repeated U F U should be a la (to the), so F=l. Y is the highest frequency and most likely an E. M is most likely an S from position and frequency. So FYM = les (the). XYM, es may be either des or ces with X=d or c. Using the pattern table above, word 2 should be s'est. Words 3 and 8 give us another vowel because YZZI and IHHY I is a vowel , probably U or O but not I. remember that Y=e and I in word 8 follows an S. (maybe) Word 21 implies an ending of t-o- which could be -tion ( a very popular ending according to reference FRE2. So we may have H=n and C=i as well as I=O. Let us look at our guesses in the xenocrypt. FRE-1 [FIDDLE] 1 2 3 4 5 F' U O N Y O L M' Y M N Y Z Z I L W Y X Y Z U C L Y l ' a t e s ' e s t e o e d e a i e himself is of 6 7 8 9 10 O H W B I C R L U C M I H H Y Y N G Y N B I X C K O Y n n i a i s u n n e e t e t o d i e o and u c 11 12 13 14 15 16 X Y M G I N M F Y M J F O M O M C N Y M, F Y M d e s u t s l e s l s s i t e s l e s of the the the 17 18 19 20 21 J F O M H Y W Y M M U C L Y M U F U W I H P Y L M U - l s n e e s s a i e s a l a o n e s a to the u 22 23 24 25 N C I H Y N U F U W I L L Y M J I H X U H W Y. t i o n e t a l a o e s o n d a n e u and to the u u where: 18 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1-- E A N R S I T U O L D C M P V B F G H JQZXY Y U H M C N I F X normal 21 16 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 Y M U I H L N C F O W J X Z B G K P R e s a o n t i l d u c cipher Word 6 demands O to be a vowel; as a e i o are already identified, O=u, for un (a,one). Word 14 and 17 are common in French. It is plus (more). The first word is auteu (author.) So L=r in terms of frequency. Word 8 is raisonne (reasonably, rational). The word necessaires (necessary) also becomes visible. The last word is correspondence (same in English). P=v because we pick up on conversation in Word 21. Z B G R are not identified. A run down of the remanding letters or use of a dictionary gives us Word 5 as faire, (to make) and Word 3 as efforce (force). Word 12 becomes mots (words) and Word 7 = choix (choice). The final solution is: l'auteur s'est efforce de faire un choix raisonne methodique des mots les plus usites, les plus necessaires a la conversation et a la correspondence. "An author forces himself to make a reasonable and methodical choice of words most used, most necessary to conversation and correspondence. KERCKHOFF Kerckhoff (aka Jean-Guillaume-Hubert-Victor-Francois-Alexandre- Auguste Kerckhoffs von Nieuwenhof, Holland) was not French but Flemish. His influence was cryptographically significant for selecting usable field ciphers. Kerckhoff was first to separate the general system from the specific key. He told us about superimposition to solve polyalphabetic systems. He told us about the symmetry of position to glean more plain text from the cipher text. He invented the St-Cyr slide and named it after the French national military academy where he studied. "La Cryptographie militaire" gave the French a commanding lead in cryptography in World War I. He was the impetus for those that followed. [KERC] , [KAHN] FRENCH INFLUENCES - VALERIO, de VIARIS, DELASTELLE, BAZERIES Letter Frequencies for French, German, English, Russian, Spanish, and Italian (page 9) given by General Givierge in his Course In Cryptography [GIVI] differ from those presented in [FRE2]. Friedman's work is more authoritative and based on significantly more modern plain text. General Givierge borrowed from Paul Louis Eugene Valerio, a captain of Artillery who wrote in the Journal des Sciences militaires in 1892. Valerio published a book called "De la cryptographie" in 1895. The General also borrowed from de Viaris (aka Marquis Gaetan Henri Leon Viarizio di Lesegno) who is famous for one of the first printing cipher devices, in 1874. The General may have included the work of Felix Marie Delastelle, who wrote Traite Elementaire de Cryptographie in 1902. Delastelle's most famous cipher is the bifid and will be covered at a later lecture. Delastelle expanded Kerkhoff's symmetry of position principles published in "La Cryptographie militarie" in 1883. Lastly, Etienne Bazeries influence the General quite heavily. Bazeries invented cylinder device for polyalphabetic encipherment. de Viaris solved the Bazeries cylinder in 1893. Bazeries was miffed to say the least. His device was accepted for use by the U.S. Army in 1922 as a field cipher device. [USAA], [BOWE], [DELA], [BAZE], [VIAR], [VIA1], [LEAU], [VALE] The French have brought us some talented Cryptographers. [KAHN] tells us about the famous Rossignol and his English counterpart. Problem FRE-4 is taken from reference [GIVI], General Marcel Givierge classic "Cours De Cryptographie." The reader can find many French cryptogram problems in it. ROSSIGNOL Rossignol served with swashbuckling facility in the Court of Louis XIV. His cryptographic successes gave him access to secrets of state and the court. The poet Boisrobert (who originated the idea of 'Academie Francaise') wrote the first poem ever written to a cryptologist entitled "Epistres en Vers." He was the court cryptologist of France in the time when Moliere was her dramatist, Pascal her philosopher, La Fontaine her fabulist and the supreme autocrat of the world her monarch. They were influenced accordingly. [MAVE], [MAGN] Rossignol's technical improvements to the nomenclator systems of the time were quite important. When Rossignol began his career, nomenclators were one-part, listing both the plain and the code elements in alphabetical order or numerical order if the code was numerical. Plain and code paralleled each other. This arrangement existed since the beginning of the Renaissance. Rossignol destroyed the parallel arrangements and mixed the code elements relative to the plain. Two lists were required, one in which the plain elements were in alphabetical order and the code elements were randomized. The second facilitated decoding in which the code elements were alphabetized and the plain equivalents were disarranged. The two tables were called 'tables a chiffrer' and 'tables a dechiffrer'. The two part codes are similar to a bilingual dictionary. The two part construction spread rapidly to others countries and the nomenclator systems grew in numbers and size. His son Bonaventure, and his grandson Antoine-Bonadventure both carried on the tradition started by their father. Both were raised from King's counselor to president of the Chamber of Accounts. The Cabinet Noir, founded under Louvois, Frances Minister of War, at the urging of Antoine Rossignol, took extra ordinary precautions (switching systems, introducing 18 new nomenclator series) was the start of Frances ironclad control over the cipher business. It still has a tight access policy today. [PERR], [BROG] Actually it was a good policy. The Vienna Black Chamber -the Geheime Kabinets - Kanzlei regularly read French ciphers up to the cabinet level. [VAIL], [STIX] WALLIS England had its Black Chamber. John Wallis was Rossignol's contemporary. He was first a mathematician, giving us the germ of the binomial theorem, the symbol and concept of infinity, a calculation of pi by interpolation and the beginnings of calculus for Newton to do his thing with. John Wallis' solution of Louis XIV of France letter of 9 June 1693 put in the record books. Their careers parallel each other. They were almost contemporaries, Rossignol was 16 years older. Both made their start on civil war ciphers in their twenties. Both had a mathematical bent. Both were self-taught. Both lived into their eighties. Both owed their worldly success to cryptanalysis. Both became their countries' Fathers of Cryptology in both the literal and figurative sense. But they were different too. Rossignol worked at court while Wallis worked at Oxford. Rossignol introduced new systems for the French and supervised their use. Wallis apparently prescribed only one English cipher and that was done informally. [SMIH] It is unlikely that these cryptologic experts ever clashed cryptologically despite the contentious natures of both countries. [WALL] , [NIC6] ITALIAN - the language like music ITALIAN DATA [ Based on 57,906 letters of text in FRE2] Absolute Frequencies A 6,771 G 1,168 L 3,592 Q 227 V 1,024 B 527 H 493 M 1,441 R 4,037 W 13 C 2,367 I 6,568 N 4.094 S 2,967 X 9 D 2,258 J 18 O 5,022 T 4,139 Y 14 E 6,784 K 28 P 1,616 U 1,547 Z 527 F 655 ====== 57,906 Monographic Kappa Plain, Italian Language = 0.0745, I.C.= 1.94 Relative Frequencies, based on 57,906 letters of Italian plain text referenced in FRE2 reduced to 1000 letters: E 117 R 70 P 28 F 11 K - A 117 L 62 U 27 B 11 J - I 113 S 51 M 25 Z 9 Y - O 87 C 41 G 20 H 9 W - T 72 D 39 V 18 Q 4 X - N 71 ======= 1,000 Groups Vowels: A, E, I, O, U, Y = 46.1% High-Frequency Consonants: L, N, R, T = 27.4% Medium-Frequency Consonants: C, D, G, M, P, S = 22.2% Low-Frequency Consonants:B,F,H,J,K,Q,W,X,Z = 4.3 % 8 most frequent letters (E, A, I, O, T, N, R and L) = 70.8% (descending order) Note again that similarities of group frequencies for German, French, English and Italian are statistically significant. Initials ( based on 10,481 letters of Italian plain text, One letter words have been omitted.) D 1,381 L 500 T 337 U 217 J 13 C 1,041 R 403 G 333 Q 172 W 9 S 885 N 396 F 298 B 153 K 6 P 830 E 374 V 263 H 69 Y 3 A 822 M 371 O 235 Z 29 X 2 I 685 ====== 10,481 Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 57,847 letters of Italian plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs] A B C D E F G H I J K L M A 18 9 39 41 14 12 22 1 19 76 24 B 10 7 7 10 1 C 32 10 20 33 33 2 D 31 1 65 64 E 23 7 31 53 15 8 22 2 25 66 18 F 9 11 7 11 1 G 9 11 8 2 20 17 H 6 27 9 I 66 8 52 30 31 11 11 2 11 35 31 J K L 62 3 8 6 49 2 7 56 52 4 M 31 5 35 17 4 N 32 1 15 26 51 6 11 1 37 3 1 O 17 4 22 27 10 5 10 1 20 45 24 P 23 30 14 2 Q R 64 1 8 8 71 1 7 63 4 13 S 20 15 1 32 2 45 2 3 T 83 1 65 1 59 1 U 12 2 4 3 15 1 3 10 6 3 V 26 23 23 W X Y Z 13 4 20 Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 57,847 letters of Italian plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs] N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A 78 5 24 4 57 36 63 6 24 12 B 4 4 2 C 64 1 5 6 D 23 2 9 E 73 6 22 4 96 62 27 6 17 4 F 10 6 3 G 8 9 11 6 H I 62 44 20 3 20 48 45 15 16 7 J 1 K L 2 21 5 1 3 6 15 7 3 M 18 13 2 N 10 50 4 5 2 11 66 8 4 11 O 86 4 25 2 55 40 14 3 18 2 P 28 11 23 7 Q 20 R 9 45 2 12 9 16 10 3 3 S 25 9 31 58 12 1 T 1 56 43 1 37 10 U 24 8 6 9 11 150 1 V 10 2 2 2 W X Y Z 3 5 Digraphic Kappa plain, Italian = 0.0081, I.C. = 5.48 89 Digraphs comprising 75% of Italian plain text based on 5,000 digraphs arranged according to relative frequencies. ER- 96 RI- 63 LL- 52 AC- 38 MA- 31 HE- 25 VE- 23 ON- 86 IA- 63 IC- 51 TT- 37 SS- 31 OP- 25 OC- 22 TA- 78 LA- 62 NE- 50 b)==== DA- 31 AM- 24 AG- 22 AN- 78 IN- 62 NO- 50 NI- 37 EC- 30 UN- 24 EG- 22 AL- 76 a)==== LE- 49 ME- 35 PE- 30 EI- 24 EP- 22 EN- 73 RA- 62 IS- 48 AS- 35 ID- 30 AV- 24 LO- 21 RE- 71 ES- 61 IT- 45 IL- 35 IE- 30 OM- 24 IP- 20 NT- 66 TI- 59 OL- 45 CH- 33 PO- 28 PA- 23 ZI- 20 DE- 65 ST- 58 RO- 45 CI- 33 OD- 27 DO- 23 SA- 20 TE- 65 AR- 57 SI- 44 RA- 32 ET- 27 VI- 23 CE- 20 EL- 65 TO- 56 IO- 43 SE- 32 VA- 26 AP- 23 QU- 20 DI- 64 LI- 56 TR- 43 CA- 32 ND- 26 PR- 23 GI- 20 CO- 64 OR- 55 OS- 40 IM- 31 SO- 25 EA- 23 ======= AT- 63 ED- 52 AD- 39 3,762 a) 18 digraphs (1,260 total count, above this line represent 25% of Italian plain b) 43 digraphs (2,495 total count, above this line represent 50% of Italian plain Frequent Digraph Reversals (based on table of 5,000 digraphs) ER- 96 RE- 71 EL- 66 LE- 49 LI- 56 IL- 35 ON- 86 NO- 50 DE- 65 ED- 53 OR- 55 RO- 45 TA- 83 AT- 63 RA- 64 AR- 57 IC- 52 CI- 33 AN- 78 NA- 32 IN- 62 NI- 37 IS- 48 SI- 45 AL- 76 LA- 62 ES- 62 SE- 32 AD- 41 DA- 31 EN- 73 NE- 51 TI- 59 IT- 45 AC- 39 CA- 32 Rare Digraph Reversals (based on previous 5,000 digraphs) NT- 66 TN- 1 ST- 58 TS- 1 CH- 33 HC-0 Doublets (based on previous 5,000 digraphs) LL- 52 AA- 18 II- 11 NN- 10 FF- 7 MM- 4 VV - 2 TT- 37 EE- 15 PP- 11 GG- 8 ZZ- 5 OO- 4 DD - 1 SS- 31 RR- 12 CC- 10 BB- 7 Initial Digraphs (26 digraphs occurring 100 or more times based on 10,481 Italian plain text words, according to absolute frequencies:) CO- 543 PE- 210 PR- 184 NO- 154 SE- 121 MA- 112 RE- 108 DE- 505 CH- 197 QU- 172 PA- 153 SO- 121 UN- 111 ES- 107 ST- 222 AL- 186 NE- 169 PO- 141 TR- 121 SU- 109 TE- 103 DI- 215 IN- 185 RI- 162 CA- 132 DA- 120 Trigraphs (top 90 based on 57,906 letters of Italian text) DEL- 348 STA- 215 ERE- 169 ICA- 145 SSI- 130 ODI- 114 ENT- 348 ALI- 213 ZIO- 166 RAN- 145 NEL- 127 ORI- 114 ELL- 314 EDI- 212 ATO- 165 STR- 145 ACO- 125 RMA- 114 CON- 306 ALL- 201 NTI- 165 ALE- 144 ATI- 125 AME- 113 CHE- 276 ITA- 198 ANT- 163 IDI- 143 IDE- 123 ETT- 113 LLA- 274 ANO- 197 ERA- 163 COM- 139 ADI- 121 ODE- 113 ION- 265 OST- 196 TRA- 160 ECO- 137 AND- 121 PRE- 112 ONE- 247 ERI- 187 ESS- 158 LLE- 137 TEN- 120 NDO- 110 PER- 238 ARE- 186 ATT- 157 ONT- 136 ONO- 119 ONI- 110 EDE- 228 TAL- 184 NTO- 156 TER- 136 ARI- 117 AZI- 109 NTE- 227 LIA- 180 ADE- 155 TAT- 134 NTR- 117 ENE- 109 ICO- 216 IST- 174 EST- 151 TTA- 132 PAR- 116 ELA- 107 MEN- 216 CLI- 171 RES- 146 ATA- 130 TRO- 116 ERO- 107 ESI- 107 COR- 106 IAN- 106 TAN- 105 ATE- 104 NON- 103 VER- 103 ICA- 101 OLA- 101 STI- 101 OCO- 100 RIA- 100 Initial Trigraphs (The 19 trigraphs appearing 50 or more times as initials of words in 10,481 Italian words): DEL- 217 STA- 106 QUA- 83 PRE- 62 DAL- 57 PER- 55 CON- 195 ALL- 100 PRO- 75 NEL- 57 ANC- 56 RUS- 55 COM- 137 ITA- 94 QUE- 74 GRA- 53 STO- 51 Tetragraphs (57 top tetragraphs based on 57,906 letters of Italian plain text) DELL-209 ALIA- 99 ICON-74 AGLI-66 LIAN-59 OPER-56 MENT-188 CONT- 93 VANO-74 ICHE-66 TORI-59 RUSS-56 IONE-160 ADEL- 92 ECON-73 IDEL-64 ALLE-58 TATO-55 ELLA-150 OSTR- 88 IONI-71 ELLE-63 ANDO-58 TEDE-55 ZION-147 ENTO- 87 STAT-70 NELL-63 DALL-58 OCON-54 TALI-125 AMEN- 83 STRA-70 IMEN-61 NTRO-58 SION-53 AZIO-106 ALLA- 81 GLIA-69 ANTI-60 OCHE-58 TANT-53 EDEL-106 ENZA- 75 ISTA-68 ATTA-60 ANTE-57 STOP-52 ITAL-106 ONTR- 75 ODEL-68 PART-60 EPER-57 NOST-51 ENTE-105 ENTI- 74 ACON-66 Average Italian word length = 5.2 letters One-letter words: E (56%) A (22%) I (14%) O (8%) Two-letter words: DI LA UN IL SI LE DA MA IN AL VI SE HA NE HO LO AD ED VA IO Three-letter words: CHE UNA PER CON DEL PIU GLI NEL DEI MIA SIA DUE ERA MIO MAI CHI; Four-letter words: BUON COME COSA COSI DICE DIRE DOVE ERAN FARE GREAN OGNI PERO QUEL VITA Common Pattern Words - Three and Four letters: NON ; ALLA ANNI ANO BENE ESSA ESSE MODO POCO SONO UOMO VEDE Common Initials with apostrophes: D' I' L' S' Common words with apostrophes: C'E CH' GL' OR' PO' EN' DOV' VID' ALL' TIEN' DOV'E BUON' DELL' NELL' Peculiarities: Vowels constitute about half of the language letters. Highest contacts are with L N R T. H is preceded by C or G. Q is followed by U and another vowel. See [XENO] for additional rules. [SACC] gives data on consonant sequences. Consonant doubling is frequent: L T S C R G P N B M Z F V I D Finals in order: O E A I; Rare R L D N [SACC] gives us the following common consonant three letter sequences: STR NTR LTR TTR NDR SCR NGL NFL NGR SPL NCH RCH SCH MPR PPR FFR BBL MBR CCH R S L may be found in any one of these groups, rarely H. Common prepositions: A CON DA DI IN PER SU The Italian Frequency Table rearranged: 18 12 11 9 7 6 6 6 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 - E A I O L N R T S C D M P U V G Z F B H Q SOLUTION OF ITALIAN ARISTOCRAT ITA -1. MON NOM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 YT GNLYJO *LSISVAS, KN JH TST JY MHOLYKEY IOY JHSY 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 GYBYY, JH AYTYLOY OI HRRYIYLN VSLS, ESUN HTS KEZYOGS 20 21 22 23 24 EZN HRRYIYKEN YV KHS QOILSTN. Listing the short words: YT KN JH-2 JY OI YV TST IOY EZN KHS HTS Take a frequency count of finals: Y-7 N-6 S-5 H-2 T-2 O I V -1 Since highest frequency finals are usually vowels, Y N S and H may be vowels and word 6 TST could be NON. If this assumption is correct then word 18 is UNO. Further YT = in and YY =ii in word 11. Word YV = il. Substituting our guesses: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 YT GNLYJO *LSISVAS, KN JH TST JY MHOLYKEY IOY JHSY in eri ro ol o se u non i u ris i i uoi 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 GYBYY, JH AYTYLOY OI HRRYIYLN VSLS, ESUN HTS KEZYOGS i ii u inir i u i ire loro co e uno s hi o 20 21 22 23 24 EZN HRRYIYKEN YV KHS QOILSTN. che u i is e il suo rone Word 17 L=r for loro. The initals are S or P. Word 23 is Suo or or Puo. But word 4 would be Se or Sa but not pe or pa. Try K=s. We should look for CHE (that) and the likely candidate is EZN. Substituting again in above we have four additional words. OI and IOY suggest ad and dal. By frequency J=t. The solution reads: In verita Rodolfo, se tu non ti guaristi dai tuoi vizii, tu finirai ad ubbidire loro, come uno schiavo che ubbidisce il suo padrone. GENERAL LUIGI SACCO One of Italy's most brilliant cryptographers, his manual gives detailed solutions of various transposition, monoalphabetic and polyalphabetic systems. His appendix details the equations used for such interesting problems as de Viaris polyalphabetic substitution, Kerckhoff's ciphers and the Hill algebraic problem. [SACC] [The reading is difficult and a little disorganized but the digging is rewarding. ] SPANISH - The language of passion. [SPAN] SPANISH DATA [ Based on 60,115 letters of text in [FRE2] and [SPAN] Absolute Frequencies A 6,681 G 823 L 2,174 Q 346 V 602 B 799 H 367 M 1,740 R 4,628 W 36 C 3,137 I 4,920 N 4,823 S 4,140 X 127 D 2,687 J 190 O 5,859 T 3,180 Y 413 E 7,801 K 22 P 1,785 U 2,172 Z 182 F 481 ====== 60,115 Monographic Kappa Plain, Spanish Language = 0.0747, I.C.= 1.94 Relative Frequencies, based on 60,115 letters of Spanish plain text referenced in [FRE2] and [SPAN] reduced to 1000 letters: E 130 S 69 U 36 V 10 J 3 A 111 T 53 P 30 F 8 Z 3 O 97 C 52 M 29 Y 7 X 2 I 82 D 45 G 14 H 6 W 1 N 80 L 36 B 13 Q 6 K - R 77 ======= 1,000 Groups Vowels: A, E, I, O, U, Y = 46.3% High-Frequency Consonants: N, R, S = 22.6% Medium-Frequency Consonants: C, D, L, M, P, T = 24.5% Low-Frequency Consonants:B,F,G,H,J,K,Q,V,W,X,Z = 6.6 % 7 most frequent letters (E, A, O, I, N, R, S) = 64.6% (descending order) Note that group frequencies between German and Spanish are statistically similar. Initials ( based on 10,129 letters of Spanish plain text, One letter words have been omitted.) P 1,128 L 435 Q 286 V 183 Y 27 C 1,081 R 425 I 281 F 177 W 19 D 1,012 M 403 H 230 O 169 Z 2 E 989 N 346 U 219 B 124 K 1 S 789 T 298 G 206 J 47 X A 761 ====== 10,129 Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 60,115 letters of Spanish plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs] A B C D E F G H I J K L M A 12 14 54 64 15 5 8 4 10 8 41 30 B 11 5 14 1 12 C 39 5 17 8 80 3 D 32 1 2 84 1 30 E 20 5 47 26 17 8 21 6 9 3 44 26 F 2 9 12 1 G 12 12 5 1 H 15 3 5 I 43 8 42 29 40 5 8 1 14 16 J 4 5 K 1 L 44 5 5 35 1 3 28 9 5 M 32 10 42 30 N 41 2 33 37 41 10 6 2 28 1 5 4 O 19 17 28 26 16 6 5 5 4 1 22 33 P 30 1 16 5 8 Q R 74 1 12 10 94 1 12 45 1 1 6 15 S 32 2 18 15 57 3 2 4 41 1 5 7 T 60 1 67 35 U 13 6 11 5 52 1 3 9 9 6 V 12 1 15 15 W 1 1 X 1 4 Y 5 1 3 2 5 1 1 1 1 Z 6 1 1 Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 60,115 letters of Spanish plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs] N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A 64 4 24 5 81 62 18 9 9 11 4 B 5 12 2 1 3 C 69 6 13 18 D 1 59 2 1 3 1 6 1 E 126 5 23 4 94 119 17 5 10 1 8 2 3 F 7 4 5 G 2 15 11 1 11 H 6 1 I 50 67 4 1 16 27 24 1 8 5 J 3 3 K L 1 17 5 1 2 4 5 5 3 1 M 15 10 6 N 3 43 10 2 4 21 91 12 6 1 1 O 104 4 29 7 58 73 12 3 5 2 9 1 P 31 34 1 3 19 Q 29 R 11 43 7 3 10 10 15 9 6 1 1 S 5 22 26 4 6 10 57 23 2 4 T 56 34 11 U 34 1 3 9 10 4 1 2 V 7 W 1 X 3 2 Y 1 5 2 1 1 3 1 1 Z 3 2 Digraphic Kappa plain, Spanish = 0.0091, I.C. = 6.15 87 Digraphs comprising 75% of Spanish plain text based on 5,000 digraphs arranged according to relative frequencies. EN- 126 TE- 67 IN- 50 NA- 41 MA- 32 IS- 27 EA- 20 ES- 119 AN- 64 EC- 47 IE- 40 SA- 32 EM- 26 OA- 19 ON- 104 a)==== RI- 45 b)==== PO- 31 SP- 26 PU- 19 ER- 94 AD- 64 EL- 44 CA- 39 MI- 30 ED- 26 SC- 18 RE- 94 AS- 62 LA- 44 ND- 37 PA- 30 OD- 26 AT- 18 NT- 91 TA- 60 RO- 43 TI- 35 AD- 30 AP- 24 CU- 18 DE- 84 DO- 59 NO- 43 LE- 35 DI- 30 IT- 24 EE- 17 AR- 81 OR- 58 IA- 43 TR- 34 ID- 29 EP- 23 OB- 17 CI- 80 SE- 57 IC- 42 UN- 34 QU- 29 SU- 23 CE- 17 RA- 74 ST- 57 ME- 42 PR- 34 OP- 29 SO- 22 ET- 17 OS- 73 TO- 56 AL- 41 OM- 33 LI- 28 OL- 22 LO- 17 CO- 69 AC- 54 SI- 41 NC- 33 NI- 28 NS- 21 IO- 67 UE- 52 NE- 41 DA- 32 OC- 28 EG- 22 ===== 3,753 a) 15 digraphs (1,287 total count, above this line represent 25% of Spanish plain b) 40 digraphs (2,513 total count, above this line represent 50% of Spanish plain Frequent Digraph Reversals (based on table of 5,000 digraphs) EN- 126 NE- 41 AR- 81 RA- 74 AS- 62 SA- 32 LA- 44 ES- 119 SE- 57 CI- 80 IC- 42 OR- 58 RO- 43 EL- 44 ON- 104 NO- 43 AN- 64 NA- 41 AC- 54 CA- 39 MA- 32 ER- 94 RE- 94 AD- 64 DA- 32 AL- 41 LE- 35 AM- 30 Rare Digraph Reversals (based on previous 5,000 digraphs) NT- 91 TN- 0 ST- 57 TS- 0 ND- 37 DN-1 NC- 33 CN-0 IO- 67 OI- 4 Doublets (based on previous 5,000 digraphs) EE- 17 AA- 12 RR- 10 SS- 10 LL- 9 CC- 5 OO - 4 NN- 3 DD- 2 Initial Digraphs 21 digraphs occurring 100 or more times based on 10,129 Spanish plain text words, according to absolute frequencies: CO- 684 PR- 307 PA- 263 SE- 189 CA- 151 PE- 111 MA- 101 RE- 335 ES- 286 PO- 247 DI- 175 SI- 137 UN- 109 CU- 100 DE- 323 QU- 286 IN- 235 PU- 157 MI- 117 HA- 108 SO- 100 Trigraphs (top 105 based on 60,115 letters of Spanish text) ENT- 596 ARA- 229 POR- 176 OSE- 147 ERO- 131 NDE- 121 ION- 564 ONE- 227 TER- 174 ONS- 144 ONT- 131 RAN- 121 CIO- 502 ESE- 202 ODE- 168 REC- 144 ANA- 130 STE- 119 NTE- 429 ADE- 293 ERE- 166 ORE- 143 ARE- 129 REN- 118 CON- 415 PAR- 190 ERA- 165 OCO- 142 UNT- 127 ARI- 117 EST- 355 CIA- 190 TRA- 165 EDE- 141 ANO- 127 TEN- 116 RES- 335 ENC- 188 AME- 165 ICI- 140 TAR- 126 OND- 115 ADO- 307 NCI- 184 ERI- 163 END- 139 ANT- 126 RIA- 115 QUE- 294 PRE- 183 MER- 162 SEN- 139 ESA- 126 ECI- 114 ACI- 277 DEL- 183 ELA- 159 TAD- 138 IER- 125 IST- 113 NTO- 270 NDO- 183 PRO- 158 ECO- 135 ADA- 125 ONA- 113 IEM- 267 NES- 183 ACO- 155 STR- 134 DEN- 124 DAD- 112 COM- 246 DOS- 182 ENE- 153 TOS- 133 AND- 123 INT- 112 ICA- 242 MEN- 181 UES- 151 IDA- 132 DES- 121 NTR- 112 STA- 240 NTA- 176 ESP- 149 SDE- 132 IDO- 121 ESI- 111 PER- 111 ASE- 109 CAN- 109 UNI- 108 OSI- 107 GEN- 105 NCO- 105 RIO- 105 ERN- 104 OMI- 104 SCO- 104 TES- 103 BIE- 101 NTI- 100 TOR- 100 Tetragraphs (86 top tetragraphs based on 60,115 letters of Spanish plain text) CION- 444 CONS- 104 ERNO- 79 AMER- 72 FORM- 62 EEST- 55 ACIO- 252 CONT- 99 IERN- 78 IEND- 72 SENT- 62 SCON- 55 ENTE- 233 PUNT- 95 OQUE- 78 IDAD- 71 ICIO- 61 SIDE- 55 ESTA- 174 ANDO- 91 IONA- 77 ENDO- 70 ONTR- 60 CIEN- 54 IONE- 159 TADO- 91 UEST- 77 ERIC- 70 SION- 60 NFOR- 54 MENT- 150 ACON- 90 BIER- 76 NTOS- 70 CCIO- 59 OPOR- 54 ONES- 146 ANTE- 89 ICAN- 76 MIEN- 69 GENT- 58 RESP- 54 IENT- 141 NTER- 85 RESE- 76 IOND- 67 COMA- 57 ARIO- 53 ENTO- 137 INTE- 84 GOBI- 75 MERI- 67 ESDE- 57 ESTR- 53 ENCI- 128 NTES- 82 OBIE- 75 NTRA- 67 ORES- 57 ARGE- 51 PARA- 117 ADOS 81 ECON- 74 DELA- 65 RECI- 57 ECTO- 51 ENTA- 115 AMEN- 81 RGEN- 73 ENTI- 64 AQUE- 56 PART- 51 NCIA- 115 OCON- 81 RICA- 73 NTIN- 64 IONP- 56 POSI- 51 PRES- 111 ESEN- 80 STAD- 73 COMI- 63 QUES- 56 EPRE- 50 UNTO- 111 ONDE- 80 Look at the above groups. Realize how many apply to English. Such words as economy, business, energy, genes, firmament, etc. Initial Trigraphs (The 19 trigraphs appearing 50 or more times as initials of words in 10,129 Spanish words): CON- 298 PAR- 154 PUN- 93 INT- 72 UNI- 55 CUA- 52 COM- 218 PRO- 139 PER- 80 RES- 72 DES- 53 TRA- 52 EST- 194 PRE- 114 GOB- 66 NUE- 66 INF- 53 REP- 51 ARG- 50 Average Spanish Word Length = 5.9 letters One-letter words: Y(63%) A(32%) O(4%) N(1%) E Two-letter words: DE LA EL EN ES UN NO SE SU LO LA HA MI ME AL YO Three-letter words: QUE LOS UNA POR DEL CON LAS MAS SON SER UNO SIN HAY MIS SUS ESE Initials: C P A S M E D T H V R U N I L B O F Q G Finals: O A S E N R B D L I Z Rearranged Frequency: 13 13 9 8 7 7 7 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - E A O S R N I D L C T U M P G Y B Q V H F Z J X CH LL RR N^ The Spanish alphabet consists of 24 letters (sans K W rare) plus four distinct ones: n^ (counted as n) ch, ll, rr. These four additional are alphabetized as single letter consonants. My keyboard does not have the appropriate symbol the tilde to put over the n so I have used the hat symbol. Peculiarities: The apostrophe is not used. The question and exclamation marks appear at the end of the sentence, and are inverted at the beginning. Q is followed by UE or UI. The article the and pronouns he, she, it, they, are expressed by: el=the, he; la=the, she; lo=the, it; los =the, they;las =the, they (fem). Some Short Words: A. at, to, on, by, in, up,as, if, for, like, with of E. and O. or, repeated U. before o or ho Y. and Ni. nor Mas. but, yet, more, over Como. How Un, una. an, one. Este, estos, estas, esta. this, these Yo, I; mi=me; mia=my, mine Usted. you La, elle. she, the Su. possesive pronoun Ese,esa,eso. who Quien. who, whom Cual. which Estar. to be haber. to have SOLVING SPANISH CRYPTOGRAMS A good place to initially attack a Spanish cryptogram is through short words that appear in the cryptogram, especially single-letter and double letter words. A single letter word will usually be A or Y with a rare O. Look at the frequencies. Move on to the two and three letter words and cross reference the plain text with the cipher text alphabet. Reference [SPAN] has many practice cryptograms with hints. And now for our last foray with Xenocrypts we look at Portuguese. PORTUGUESE One of the world's toughest languages. [PORT] PORTUGUESE DATA [ Based on 45,106 letters of text in FRE2] Absolute Frequencies A 5,362 G 724 L 1,245 Q 348 V 737 B 470 H 304 M 1,699 R 3,292 W 24 C 2,285 I 3,314 N 2,912 S 3,409 X 166 D 1,900 J 160 O 5,001 T 2,679 Y 22 E 5,441 K 17 P 1,377 U 1,491 Z 207 F 520 ====== 45,106 Monographic Kappa Plain, Portuguese Language = 0.0746, I.C.= 1.940 Relative Frequencies, based on 45,106 letters of Portuguese plain text referenced in FRE2 reduced to 1000 letters: E 121 N 65 U 33 F 11 X 4 A 119 T 59 P 30 B 10 J 3 O 111 C 51 L 28 Q 8 W 1 S 76 D 42 V 16 H 7 Y - I 73 M 38 G 16 Z 5 K - R 73 ======= 1,000 Groups Vowels: A, E, I, O, U, Y = 45.8% High-Frequency Consonants: N, R, S, =21.3% Medium-Frequency Consonants: C, D, L, M, P, T= 24.8% Low-Frequency Consonants:B,F,G,H,J,K,Q,V,W,X,Y,Z = 8.1 % 8 most frequent letters (E, A, O, S, I, R, N, and T) = 69.7% (descending order) Note that group frequencies between French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese are statistically similar. Initials ( based on 7,058 letters of Portuguese plain text, One letter words have been omitted.) P 847 M 405 I 264 B 113 Z 14 C 731 T 348 F 222 G 111 W 11 E 608 R 316 Q 222 J 92 K 7 S 601 N 299 O 187 U 77 Y 4 A 597 V 271 L 143 H 60 X 2 D 506 ====== 7,058 Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 45,106 letters of Portuguese plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs] A B C D E F G H I J K L M A 11 11 52 60 15 9 14 2 18 2 38 36 B 11 1 10 5 2 1 C 60 2 30 4 39 5 D 45 61 33 1 E 15 5 48 22 11 11 23 1 27 6 1 31 44 F 9 14 13 1 G 15 14 4 1 H 10 8 3 I 42 3 34 31 6 7 9 1 16 22 J 7 2 K L 24 1 4 4 24 1 5 9 21 2 4 M 41 10 3 4 51 1 26 1 1 2 N 31 29 35 14 7 8 12 18 O 21 9 32 25 27 10 7 3 20 4 20 36 P 26 2 25 2 4 Q 1 R 75 2 14 9 86 3 7 1 46 1 2 18 S 41 6 22 10 62 6 3 2 23 2 3 12 T 65 1 1 69 1 26 U 22 5 5 7 26 1 4 18 1 14 11 V 11 37 23 W 1 X 10 3 1 2 Y Z 7 1 9 2 1 Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 45,106 letters of Portuguese plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs] N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A 56 49 23 8 68 72 22 8 16 1 5 B 9 9 2 1 2 C 1 85 7 8 12 D 61 2 1 1 5 E 97 6 18 6 76 95 20 7 12 1 15 5 F 15 2 3 G 1 14 14 15 H 11 1 I 53 26 5 2 25 39 27 2 10 2 7 J 2 7 K L 2 14 4 2 1 4 7 6 2 M 1 16 15 1 3 5 2 6 2 N 25 1 19 114 4 4 1 O 79 5 35 8 71 85 18 12 22 1 1 1 1 P 1 60 1 1 28 1 1 3 Q 37 R 8 34 7 3 11 8 18 4 6 1 S 5 23 35 7 4 40 47 18 5 T 1 88 33 1 13 U 17 2 4 7 9 6 11 1 2 V 9 1 W X 3 1 Y Z 1 1 1 Digraphic Kappa plain, Portuguese = 0.0084, I.C. = 5.68 91 Digraphs comprising 75% of Portuguese plain text based on 5,000 digraphs arranged according to relative frequencies. NT- 114 TA-65 ST- 47 AM- 36 CE- 30 OD- 25 AT- 22 EN- 97 a)==== RI- 46 b)==== NC- 29 NO- 25 UA- 22 ES- 95 SE-62 DA- 45 ND- 35 PR- 28 LA- 24 GA- 21 TO- 88 DO-61 EM- 44 OP- 35 IT- 27 LE- 24 LI- 21 RE- 86 DE-61 IA- 42 SP 35 OE- 27 AP- 23 OL- 20 CO- 85 AD-60 MA- 41 RO- 34 EI- 27 EG- 23 ET- 20 OS- 85 PO-60 SA- 41 IC- 34 UE- 26 VI- 23 OI- 20 ON- 79 CA-60 SS- 40 TR- 33 MI- 26 SO- 23 NS- 19 ER- 76 AN-56 CI- 39 DI- 33 IO- 26 SI- 23 SU- 18 RA- 75 IN-53 IS- 39 OC- 32 PA- 26 OV- 22 RT- 18 AS- 72 AC-52 AL- 38 EL- 31 TI- 26 SC- 22 EP- 18 OR- 71 ME-51 VE- 37 ID- 31 PE- 25 IM- 22 UI- 18 TE- 69 AO-49 QU- 37 NA- 31 IR- 25 ED- 22 ===== AR- 68 EC-48 OM- 36 3,755 a) 15 digraphs (1,224 total count, above this line represent 25% of Portuguese plain b) 42 digraphs (2,505 total count, above this line represent 50% of Portuguese plain Frequent Digraph Reversals (based on table of 5,000 digraphs) ES- 95 SE- 62 OR- 71 RO- 34 ME- 51 EM- 44 RE- 86 ER- 76 CA- 60 AC- 48 EC- 48 CE- 40 CO- 85 OC- 32 AD- 60 DA- 41 MA- 41 AM- 36 RA- 75 AR- 58 PO- 60 OP- 39 CI- 39 IC- 34 AS- 72 SA- 41 AN- 56 NA- 33 DI- 33 ID- 31 Rare Digraph Reversals (based on previous 5,000 digraphs) NT- 114 TN- 1 ST- 47 TS- 0 ND- 35 DN-0 Doublets (based on previous 5,000 digraphs) SS- 40 EE- 11 OO- 5 LL- 2 II- 1 PP- 1 TT - 1 AA- 11 RR- 11 CC- 2 MM- 2 Initial Digraphs 20 digraphs occurring 100 or more times based on 6,803 Portuguese plain text words, according to absolute frequencies: CO- 464 RE- 276 IN- 188 PA- 143 MA- 130 ME- 111 TR- 103 PO- 386 DE- 259 ES- 173 NA- 133 PE- 122 MI- 105 DI- 102 SE- 333 QU- 220 PR- 169 TE- 132 VE- 115 NO- 104 Trigraphs (top 59 based on 45,106 letters of Portuguese text) ENT- 474 TOS- 191 ERE- 150 IDA- 133 OSE- 126 ECE- 115 NTO- 457 EST- 186 CIA- 145 TER- 132 ARE- 125 NCI- 114 ONT- 303 ACA- 182 ADE- 143 OPO- 130 ESE- 124 REC- 113 NTE- 284 PES- 181 STA- 143 SPO- 130 OVE- 124 PAR- 112 CON- 255 QUE- 172 ICA- 142 ADA- 129 SSA- 124 ESS- 110 PON- 236 NTA- 167 OCO- 140 TRA- 129 DES- 123 DAD- 109 CAO- 227 POR- 159 ARA- 136 NDO- 127 ECO- 121 ORE- 108 ADO- 211 ACO- 158 DOS- 134 ENC- 126 ODE- 118 EDI- 107 MEN- 205 COM- 154 OES- 134 ASE- 105 ITO- 104 ELE- 103 ERI- 103 PRO- 102 AME- 101 OSS- 101 IME- 100 Initial Trigraphs (The 19 trigraphs appearing 50 or more times as initials of words in 6,803 Portuguese words): CON- 224 QUE- 109 PRO- 93 QUA- 83 TRA- 66 VEX- 53 PON- 213 EST- 105 POR- 88 DES- 71 MIL- 61 IND- 52 COM- 136 PAR- 93 NAO- 86 SER- 70 REF- 56 RES- 52 REC- 51 Tetragraphs (38 top tetragraphs based on 45,106 letters of Portuguese plain text) ONTO-233 ENTA- 97 AMEN-81 CONT-58 CONS-58 RENT-52 PONT-221 NCIA- 95 PARA-81 FORM-57 NTES-58 TELE-52 MENT-183 PORT- 87 COES-73 OCON-66 ANDO-57 EGRA-51 ENTO-173 DADE- 86 IDAD-71 ELEG-61 ANTE-57 NFOR-51 ENTE-147 ESTA- 85 CENT-70 ADOS-60 ORMA-54 OPON-51 ACAO-142 ENCI- 83 INTE-70 IMEN-60 VEXA-54 LEGR-50 NTOS-141 SPON- 83 Look at the above groups. Realize how many apply to English. Such words as economy, business, energy, genes, firmament, etc. Average Portuguese Word Length = 6.48 letters One-letter words: A O E D' Two-letter words: DE UM AS SE DO OS EM NA NO Three-letter words: QUE NAO UMA COM POR TAO MAS MEU DAS ERA LHE NEM NOS SER SIM SUA; ELE Four-letter words: AZUL DIAS DUAS ESTA MAIS MEUS NOME PODE QUEM TRES VIDA; SEUS SUAS COMO PARA TODO Common Pattern Words - Three and Four letters: Normal frequency rearranged: 14 13 12 8 8 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 - - A E O R S I N D M T U C L P Q V F G H B J Z X from [XENO] Peculiarities: The Portuguese language uses the standard Roman alphabet, but the letters K W Y are used in foreign words. Like Spanish, however the cion becomes cal, the ll goes to lh. Articles drop the inital l; the Spanish las and los become as and os in Portuguese. Plurals end in -s; such as -es,-is, -oes, and -aes are common. Adjectives carry the plural along with the noun they modify. SOLUTION OF PORTUGUESE ARISTOCRAT POR-1. (156) Flying very high. BARKER 1 2 3 P J G J R B P H G Y R G J I C W Q G B G B G A 3 4 5 6 7 U Y C G B C W Y X C B G W G P I C I P D J 8 9 10 Y G R C Q D R C J G I C B D Z G 11 12 13 14 W P H J R D R Y D G Y A G X B P Z G I G 15 16 17 18 Z C B J G R D Q D I G I C I G H G Z C C 19 20 21 22 23 A G D J Y A X G J J P X G B G G 24 25 26 27 W P H J R B Y W G P H P C J X G W P I C 28 29 30 Y A G C J R G W G P X C B A G H C H R C. Set up the cross reference alphabets: 31 18 14 12 11 10 9 8 8 8 7 6 6 4 3 1 0 G C J P B R I Y W D H A X Z Q U EFKLMNOSTV -Cipher 14 12 12 8 8 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 0 A E O R S I N D M T U C L P Q V F GHBJ ZX -Normal I made an assumption that the tip might refer to astronaut or astronomy. Let G= a, J=s, C=e. On my worksheet I draw lines between the normal and cipher alphabets to show relationships between letters. 1 2 3 s a a a s e a a a P J G J R B P H G Y R G J I C W Q G B G B G A 3 4 5 6 7 e a e e a a e s U Y C G B C W Y X C B G W G P I C I P D J 8 9 10 a e e s a e a Y G R C Q D R C J G I C B D Z G 11 12 13 14 s a a a a W P H J R D R Y D G Y A G X B P Z G I G 15 16 17 18 e s a a e a a e e Z C B J G R D Q D I G I C I G H G Z C C 19 20 21 22 23 a s a s s a a a A G D J Y A X G J J P X G B G G 24 25 26 27 s a e s a e W P H J R B Y W G P H P C J X G W P I C 28 29 30 a e s a a e a e e Y A G C J R G W G P X C B A G H C H R C. Word two falls in line with my assumption = astronautas and word 1 could be PJ= os. Word 30 might be permanente. Other words appear uma, para, passo, espaco. Filling in the blanks we have the following: 1 2 3 o s a s t r o n a u t a s d e c l a r a r a m P J G J R B P H G Y R G J I C W Q G B G B G A 3 4 5 6 7 q u e a r e c u p e r a c a o d e d o i s U Y C G B C W Y X C B G W G P I C I P D J 8 9 10 s a t e l i t e s a d e r i v a Y G R C Q D R C J G I C B D Z G 11 12 13 14 c o n s t i t u i a u m a p r o v a d a W P H J R D R Y D G Y A G X B P Z G I G 15 16 17 18 v e r s a t i l i d a d e d a n a v e e Z C B J G R D Q D I G I C I G H G Z C C 19 20 21 22 23 m a i s u m p a s s o p a r a a A G D J Y A X G J J P X G B G G 24 25 26 27 c o n s t r u c a o n o e s p a c o d e W P H J R B Y W G P H P C J X G W P I C 28 29 30 u m a e s t a c a o p e r m a n e n t e Y A G C J R G W G P X C B A G H C H R C. Note the -cao endings REVIEW OF LECTURES 1-7 We have studied the simple substitution case in detail. We have focused on the similarities between languages - especially the group frequencies. We have attempted to show a cultural universality for cryptography and the learning of languages. We have presented procedures to cryptanalyze most single alphabet substitution systems, including the more difficult variants. We have searched for historical significance as we proceeded in our cryptographic tour. WHAT'S NEXT? Two guest lecturers NORTH DECODER and ESSAYONS will present materials on the Hill Cipher, and ENIGMA 95. I shall open up the polyalphabetic substitution case. Remember, that the trick in solving a polyalphabetic substitution cipher is its reduction to simpler terms, i.e. reduction to a series of one or more mon-alphabetic sub-systems. The concept of periodicity will be introduced. I will cross the lines and introduce transposition ciphers. The most famous Playfair that saved a U. S. Presidents life will be detailed. The resource section will be improved again by about 100 solid references. OTHER STUFF By the way, our class as of this writing is 109! Four others have requested access. I thank you all for your confidence and support. Those who wish to present a special cipher or to have your guest lecture included in this course need to contact me soon, so that I can schedule them. If you want to construct a few problems (based any material covered) for presentation in the final "book", go for it. E-mail/snail mail them to me with complete solutions and sources. Again thank you for your trust and interest. HOMEWORK FROM LECTURE 6 FRE-2. K2. (105) Another species. {sauvage,fp=ST] MELODE P Q N X B M H Q I Q A B C I Q D K E X Q B Q O Q P' W M R R Q; D K E X Q B Q O Q U Q I Q E Q Q M C T E X R X B X D Q , X P Q A B K P' W M R R Q N Q V C Q N W K B O Q U M C B B X Q E Q Q A B K C N W K B A K C D K U Q. FRE-3. K2. (87) (jamais, A=b) It's fun trying. GUNG HO D G X Z Q N J D P M C J P U P L S U E' Z D Z D H U Q J S E J S N P U Q E Z H Z D P M J H - K N D P: G Z K U D I Q S N U , G Z H S P D L S U, U Q G U P O Z H U P . * R J I Q U I U G G U FRE-4. PAT from [GIVI] page 13.and ff. (130) Solve and recover key(s). YJXMG XBXUF JGECU JEBZD XAMNM ZDFLG FAFNJ OFNDJ GVJXE FNNME VRJZJ KAFNB FNZAG NCUJE BNRUX OFNJG NNXKX FELGF BJRVF NOFUI FXAAF GTFVR FAFKU FNBJE NADXN VMXUF ITA-2. K2. (88) ( ne, han, con) Thirty days hath September. LABRONICUS I D S A I K Q W P L A I K A L B S C M D S P L A K E D W Z S, U W O U A L S R S I I S C M D S . Q W B S A I L I I L P S A ' S O A L. I O I I W U Z W K Z I D W A S V K A I D S A U I O A L. ITA-3. K2. (117) (sulla, f=I). La frode necessaria. MICROPOD G Z Q K E A F S Z L T K F Q A Q S F N F Q K G K Q T G G Z P Z Q F R A T J Z E F N S Z M T Z J S A S Z R A P T D A F F Q K G K Z L Z S S K E O F J F Q Q T J K R A E Z F Q Z S S Z H F J S F M T F G G K E O F L F J Q Z G A J X T S Z J D. SPA-1. BARKER Z K E P C U K Y T C Y D M S R V C T P E R A Z P Z N D Z K G C T Y R Z K R N T D G R Y C V K K S T P Q D P E R M K T C Y G R Z Y P Q P M P E K E E C M K S C Z S K E R G R T C M U R U C Z S R. SPA-2. K2. (96) (deseo, f=R) Musica. D. STRASSE T I Z Q B J N A Z K J K T F Z N B P L T B B F K N A G B N A G K T F P J G T P A O Z F M B F S J G H N B R T B T I K T N Z G B I Q B B P K J I Q Z I B J M P B B J N A Q G A O J M B M Z I Y Z N. SPA-3. (122) (-ulado, MZ=qk) Flight? LIFER N S P Y K I X P U A K P Z D X P S P E X K R L K O K A X T S P Q K D X R K R R S S I N K Y K R L A R S D K T Q L D L P X K T A S Q X S P X P R S O S P R X J K R K T O A S T S P Q X L S D O A X I S A E C S D L R S C P V D L N L B A X O C D K R L. POR-2. K2 (96) (tenta; gj=NQ) Machine Age? YO TAMBIEN E P E J T X D U R T C J Z X G C V R J D J X I N R S O C H C D T C V R P U C D V R J Z J U D C T J H J D G X U M P C H J A X H X O X T J T V R J A J U A C M C B J S X. *O. *T R T M X I H *Q X U J D POR-3. K1. (nossos va-) Letter to horseman? ZYZZ U C U C G V C J F D E F W E O C B G C V S I H C L I T I W F Y C V F U H F W F T L F R F B C H W F C E S H I L F G I C D E G T I J H C V G R P C V C J F V D E F W F H C V L F V F H J I S K I X J I Z U I G V T I V V I V B C D E F G H I V V C I F Y K F R F T W F V. SOLUTIONS TO LECTURE 6 PROBLEMS Thanks to GRAPE JUICE for the straightforward SOLS. LAT-1 K2. (sallust) Wars and Victors? SCARLET (105/17) FCDR JRBBQC OQCN TZUNBR, URPRMQC ZRHRMMQCR GRONDRMR. NDUNKRMR UQNSNO, RPNZC NHDZSF BNURMR, GRKFDN, UQCS NUPFMRO SRBNDP. *OZBBQOP [cum, bdghj=JGHIE] Omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere. Incipere cuivis, etiam ignavo licere, deponi, cum victores velint. - Sallust a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Z J U G R T H I N E A B C D F K L M O P Q S V W X Y K2 = JUGRTHINE After placing the very generous tips, the solution was a simple matter of filling in the key alphabet. Solution time about 5 minutes. NOR-1. Cosmology. (verden) (*qwx) NIL VIRONUS (109/22) IKPNH ERAMC KDAOA GPKMK NNKMK MEKOK MZLAG GKQPH EVKMM KGKOK GPDAO VFIIK GHKRF DOIFV FGNCF JPKRK MIKGN FEKGG KNCKP FDYKM PKAGN PKAG. K2 = FYSIKK LOVA Det som virkelig interesserer meg er ae inne ut om herren egentlig hadde noe vagg da han skapte verden sa mennesket. Albert Einstein a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v y z aa ao ae F Y S I K L O V A B C D E G H J M N P Q R T U W X Z Letting e=K, there was only one position for VERDEN. This gave the interesting pattern ERE??ERE at letter 18. Trying the pattern ABaCcaba in my Norwegian word list gave the word INTERESSERER. This in turn gave ERTEINSTEIN at the end of the gram, which implied Albert Einstein. From that point on the solution was a matter of filling in the key alphabet. Solution time about 1 hour. REFERENCES / RESOURCES [updated 3 February 1996] [ACA] ACA and You, "Handbook For Members of the American Cryptogram Association," ACA publications, 1995. [ACA1] Anonymous, "The ACA and You - Handbook For Secure Communications", American Cryptogram Association, 1994. [AFM] AFM - 100-80, Traffic Analysis, Department of the Air Force, 1946. [ALAN] Turing, Alan, "The Enigma", by A. Hodges. Simon and Shuster, 1983. [ALBA] Alberti, "Treatise De Cifris," Meister Papstlichen, Princton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1963. [ALKA] al-Kadi, Ibrahim A., Origins of Cryptology: The Arab Contributions, Cryptologia, Vol XVI, No. 2, April 1992, pp 97-127. [ANDR] Andrew, Christopher, 'Secret Service', Heinemann, London 1985. [ANNA] Anonymous., "The History of the International Code.", Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute, 1934. [AS] Anonymous, Enigma and Other Machines, Air Scientific Institute Report, 1976. [AUG1] D. A. August, "Cryptography and Exploitation of Chinese Manual Cryptosystems - Part I:The Encoding Problem", Cryptologia, Vol XIII, No. 4, October 1989. [AUG2] D. A. 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[BAR3] Barker, Wayne G., "Cryptanalysis of the Hagelin Cryptograph, Aegean Park Press, 1977. [BARK] Barker, Wayne G., "Cryptanalysis of The Simple Substitution Cipher with Word Divisions," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA. 1973. [BARR] Barron, John, '"KGB: The Secret Work Of Soviet Agents," Bantom Books, New York, 1981. [BAUD] Baudouin, Captain Roger, "Elements de Cryptographie," Paris, 1939. [BAZE] Bazeries, M. le Capitaine, " Cryptograph a 20 rondelles- alphabets," Compte rendu de la 20e session de l' Association Francaise pour l'Advancement des Scienses, Paris: Au secretariat de l' Association, 1892. [BEES] Beesley, P., "Very Special Intelligence", Doubleday, New York, 1977. [BLK] Blackstock, Paul W. and Frank L Schaf, Jr., "Intelligence, Espionage, Counterespionage and Covert Operations," Gale Research Co., Detroit, MI., 1978. [BLOC] Bloch, Gilbert and Ralph Erskine, "Exploit the Double Encipherment Flaw in Enigma", Cryptologia, vol 10, #3, July 1986, p134 ff. (29) [BLUE] Bearden, Bill, "The Bluejacket's Manual, 20th ed., Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute, 1978. [BODY] Brown, Anthony - Cave, "Bodyguard of Lies", Harper and Row, New York, 1975. [BOLI] Bolinger, D. and Sears, D., "Aspects of Language," 3rd ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,Inc., New York, 1981. [BOSW] Bosworth, Bruce, "Codes, Ciphers and Computers: An Introduction to Information Security," Hayden Books, Rochelle Park, NJ, 1990. [BOWE] Bowers, William Maxwell, "The Bifid Cipher, Practical Cryptanalysis, II, ACA, 1960. [BP82] Beker, H., and Piper, F., " Cipher Systems, The Protection of Communications", John Wiley and Sons, NY, 1982. [BRAS] Brasspounder, "Language Data - German," MA89, THe Cryptogram, American Cryptogram Association, 1989. [BRIT] Anonymous, "British Army Manual of Cryptography", HMF, 1914. [BROG] Broglie, Duc de, Le Secret du roi: Correspondance secrete de Louis XV avec ses agents diplomatiques 1752-1774, 3rd ed. Paris, Calmann Levy, 1879. [BRYA] Bryan, William G., "Practical Cryptanalysis - Periodic Ciphers -Miscellaneous", Vol 5, American Cryptogram Association, 1967. [BURL] Burling, R., "Man's Many Voices: Language in Its Cultural Context," Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, 1970. [CAND] Candela, Rosario, "Isomorphism and its Application in Cryptanalytics, Cardanus Press, NYC 1946. [CAR1] Carlisle, Sheila. Pattern Words: Three to Eight Letters in Length, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA 92654, 1986. [CAR2] Carlisle, Sheila. Pattern Words: Nine Letters in Length, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA 92654, 1986. [CASE] Casey, William, 'The Secret War Against Hitler', Simon & Schuster, London 1989. [CAVE] Cave Brown, Anthony, 'Bodyguard of Lies', Harper & Row, New York 1975. [CCF] Foster, C. C., "Cryptanalysis for Microcomputers", Hayden Books, Rochelle Park, NJ, 1990. [CHOI] Interview with Grand Master Sin Il Choi.,9th DAN, June 25, 1995. [CHOM] Chomsky, Norm, "Syntactic Structures," The Hague: Mouton, 1957. 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[COVT] Anonymous, "Covert Intelligence Techniques Of the Soviet Union, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, Ca. 1980. [CULL] Cullen, Charles G., "Matrices and Linear Transformations," 2nd Ed., Dover Advanced Mathematics Books, NY, 1972. [DAGA] D'agapeyeff, Alexander, "Codes and Ciphers," Oxford University Press, London, 1974. [DAN] Daniel, Robert E., "Elementary Cryptanalysis: Cryptography For Fun," Cryptiquotes, Seattle, WA., 1979. [DAVI] Da Vinci, "Solving Russian Cryptograms", The Cryptogram, September-October, Vol XLII, No 5. 1976. [DEAC] Deacon, R., "The Chinese Secret Service," Taplinger, New York, 1974. [DEAU] Bacon, Sir Francis, "De Augmentis Scientiarum," tr. by Gilbert Watts, (1640) or tr. by Ellis, Spedding, and Heath (1857,1870). [DELA] Delastelle, F., Cryptographie nouvelle, Maire of Saint- Malo, P. Dubreuil, Paris, 1893. [DEVO] Devours, Cipher A. and Louis Kruh, Machine Cryptography and Modern Cryptanalysis, Artech, New York, 1985. [DOW] Dow, Don. L., "Crypto-Mania, Version 3.0", Box 1111, Nashua, NH. 03061-1111, (603) 880-6472, Cost $15 for registered version and available as shareware under CRYPTM.zip on CIS or zipnet. [EIIC] Ei'ichi Hirose, ",Finland ni okeru tsushin joho," in Showa gunji hiwa: Dodai kurabu koenshu, Vol 1, Dodai kurabu koenshu henshu iinkai, ed., (Toyko: Dodai keizai konwakai, 1987), pp 59-60. [ELCY] Gaines, Helen Fouche, Cryptanalysis, Dover, New York, 1956. [ENIG] Tyner, Clarence E. Jr., and Randall K. Nichols, "ENIGMA95 - A Simulation of Enhanced Enigma Cipher Machine on A Standard Personal Computer," for publication, November, 1995. [EPST] Epstein, Sam and Beryl, "The First Book of Codes and Ciphers," Ambassador Books, Toronto, Canada, 1956. [EYRA] Eyraud, Charles, "Precis de Cryptographie Moderne'" Paris, 1953. [FL] Anonymous, The Friedman Legacy: A Tribute to William and Elizabeth Friedman, National Security Agency, Central Security Service, Center for Cryptological History,1995. [FREB] Friedman, William F., "Cryptology," The Encyclopedia Britannica, all editions since 1929. A classic article by the greatest cryptanalyst. [FR1] Friedman, William F. and Callimahos, Lambros D., Military Cryptanalytics Part I - Volume 1, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1985. [FR2] Friedman, William F. and Callimahos, Lambros D., Military Cryptanalytics Part I - Volume 2, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1985. [FR3] Friedman, William F. and Callimahos, Lambros D., Military Cryptanalytics Part III, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1995. [FR4] Friedman, William F. and Callimahos, Lambros D., Military Cryptanalytics Part IV, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1995. [FR5] Friedman, William F. Military Cryptanalysis - Part I, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1980. [FR6] Friedman, William F. Military Cryptanalysis - Part II, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1980. [FRE] Friedman, William F. , "Elements of Cryptanalysis," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1976. [FREA] Friedman, William F. , "Advanced Military Cryptography," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1976. [FRAA] Friedman, William F. , "American Army Field Codes in The American Expeditionary Forces During the First World War, USA 1939. [FRAB] Friedman, W. F., Field Codes used by the German Army During World War. 1919. [FR22] Friedman, William F., The Index of Coincidence and Its Applications In Cryptography, Publication 22, The Riverbank Publications, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1979. [FROM] Fromkin, V and Rodman, R., "Introduction to Language," 4th ed.,Holt Reinhart & Winston, New York, 1988. [FRS] Friedman, William F. and Elizabeth S., "The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined," Cambridge University Press, London, 1957. [FUMI] Fumio Nakamura, Rikugun ni okeru COMINT no hoga to hatten," The Journal of National Defense, 16-1 (June 1988) pp85 - 87. [GARL] Garlinski, Jozef, 'The Swiss Corridor', Dent, London 1981. [GAR1] Garlinski, Jozef, 'Hitler's Last Weapons', Methuen, London 1978. [GERM] "German Dictionary," Hippocrene Books, Inc., New York, 1983. [GIVI] Givierge, General Marcel, " Course In Cryptography," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1978. Also, M. Givierge, "Cours de Cryptographie," Berger-Levrault, Paris, 1925. [GRA1] Grandpre: "Grandpre, A. de--Cryptologist. Part 1 'Cryptographie Pratique - The Origin of the Grandpre', ISHCABIBEL, The Cryptogram, SO60, American Cryptogram Association, 1960. [GRA2] Grandpre: "Grandpre Ciphers", ROGUE, The Cryptogram, SO63, American Cryptogram Association, 1963. [GRA3] Grandpre: "Grandpre", Novice Notes, LEDGE, The Cryptogram, MJ75, American Cryptogram Association,1975 [GODD] Goddard, Eldridge and Thelma, "Cryptodyct," Marion, Iowa, 1976 [GORD] Gordon, Cyrus H., " Forgotten Scripts: Their Ongoing Discovery and Decipherment," Basic Books, New York, 1982. [HA] Hahn, Karl, " Frequency of Letters", English Letter Usage Statistics using as a sample, "A Tale of Two Cities" by Charles Dickens, Usenet SCI.Crypt, 4 Aug 1994. [HAWA] Hitchcock, H. R., "Hawaiian," Charles E. Tuttle, Co., Toyko, 1968. [HAWC] Hawcock, David and MacAllister, Patrick, "Puzzle Power! Multidimensional Codes, Illusions, Numbers, and Brainteasers," Little, Brown and Co., New York, 1994. [HEMP] Hempfner, Philip and Tania, "Pattern Word List For Divided and Undivided Cryptograms," unpublished manuscript, 1984. [HIDE] Hideo Kubota, " Zai-shi dai-go kokugun tokushu joho senshi." unpublished manuscript, NIDS. [HILL] Hill, Lester, S., "Cryptography in an Algebraic Alphabet", The American Mathematical Monthly, June-July 1929. [HINS] Hinsley, F. H., "History of British Intelligence in the Second World War", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1979-1988. [HIN2] Hinsley, F. H. and Alan Strip in "Codebreakers -Story of Bletchley Park", Oxford University Press, 1994. [HISA] Hisashi Takahashi, "Military Friction, Diplomatic Suasion in China, 1937 - 1938," The Journal of International Studies, Sophia Univ, Vol 19, July, 1987. [HIS1] Barker, Wayne G., "History of Codes and Ciphers in the U.S. Prior to World War I," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1978. [HITT] Hitt, Parker, Col. " Manual for the Solution of Military Ciphers," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1976. [HOFF] Hoffman, Lance J., editor, "Building In Big Brother: The Cryptographic Policy Debate," Springer-Verlag, N.Y.C., 1995. ( A useful and well balanced book of cryptographic resource materials. ) [HOM1] Homophonic: A Multiple Substitution Number Cipher", S- TUCK, The Cryptogram, DJ45, American Cryptogram Association, 1945. [HOM2] Homophonic: Bilinear Substitution Cipher, Straddling," ISHCABIBEL, The Cryptogram, AS48, American Cryptogram Association, 1948. [HOM3] Homophonic: Computer Column:"Homophonic Solving," PHOENIX, The Cryptogram, MA84, American Cryptogram Association, 1984. [HOM4] Homophonic: Hocheck Cipher,", SI SI, The Cryptogram, JA90, American Cryptogram Association, 1990. [HOM5] Homophonic: "Homophonic Checkerboard," GEMINATOR, The Cryptogram, MA90, American Cryptogram Association, 1990. [HOM6] Homophonic: "Homophonic Number Cipher," (Novice Notes) LEDGE, The Cryptogram, SO71, American Cryptogram Association, 1971. [HUNG] Rip Van Winkel, "Hungarian," The Cryptogram, March - April, American Cryptogram Association, 1956. [IBM1] IBM Research Reports, Vol 7., No 4, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, N.Y., 1971. [INDE] PHOENIX, Index to the Cryptogram: 1932-1993, ACA, 1994. [ITAL] Italian - English Dictionary, compiled by Vittore E. Bocchetta, Fawcett Premier, New York, 1965. [JAPA] Martin, S.E., "Basic Japanese Coversation Dictionary," Charles E. Tuttle Co., Toyko, 1981. [JOHN] Johnson, Brian, 'The Secret War', Arrow Books, London 1979. [KADI] al-Kadi, Ibrahim A., Cryptography and Data Security: Cryptographic Properties of Arabic, Proceedings of the Third Saudi Engineering Conference. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Nov 24-27, Vol 2:910-921., 1991. [KAHN] Kahn, David, "The Codebreakers", Macmillian Publishing Co. , 1967. [KAH1] Kahn, David, "Kahn On Codes - Secrets of the New Cryptology," MacMillan Co., New York, 1983. [KAH2] Kahn, David, "An Enigma Chronology", Cryptologia Vol XVII,Number 3, July 1993. [KAH3] Kahn, David, "Seizing The Enigma", Houghton Mifflin, New York, 1991. [KERC] Kerckhoffs, "la Cryptographie Militaire, " Journel des Sciences militaires, 9th series, IX, (January and February, 1883, Libraire Militaire de L. Baudoin &Co., Paris. English trans. by Warren T, McCready of the University of Toronto, 1964 [KOBL] Koblitz, Neal, " A Course in Number Theory and Cryptography, 2nd Ed, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994. [KONH] Konheim, Alan G., "Cryptography -A Primer" , John Wiley, 1981, pp 212 ff. [KOTT] Kottack, Phillip Conrad, "Anthropology: The Exploration Of Human Diversity," 6th ed., Mcgraw-Hill, Inc., New York, N.Y. 1994. [KOZA] Kozaczuk, Dr. Wladyslaw, "Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher was Broken and How it Was Read by the Allies in WWI", University Pub, 1984. [KULL] Kullback, Solomon, Statistical Methods in Cryptanalysis, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, Ca. 1976 [LAFF] Laffin, John, "Codes and Ciphers: Secret Writing Through The Ages," Abelard-Schuman, London, 1973. [LAKE] Lakoff, R., "Language and the Womans Place," Harper & Row, New York, 1975. [LANG] Langie, Andre, "Cryptography," translated from French by J.C.H. Macbeth, Constable and Co., London, 1922. [LATI] BRASSPOUNDER, "Latin Language Data, "The Cryptogram," July-August 1993. [LAUE] Lauer, Rudolph F., "Computer Simulation of Classical Substitution Cryptographic Systems" Aegean Park Press, 1981, p72 ff. [LEAU] Leaute, H., "Sur les Mecanismes Cryptographiques de M. de Viaris," Le Genie Civil, XIII, Sept 1, 1888. [LEDG] LEDGE, "NOVICE NOTES," American Cryptogram Association, 1994. [ One of the best introductory texts on ciphers written by an expert in the field. Not only well written, clear to understand but as authoritative as they come! ] [LEWI] Lewin, Ronald, 'Ultra goes to War', Hutchinson, London 1978. [LEWY] Lewy, Guenter, "America In Vietnam", Oxford University Press, New York, 1978. [LEVI] Levine, J., U.S. Cryptographic Patents 1861-1981, Cryptologia, Terre Haute, In 1983. [LISI] Lisicki, Tadeusz, 'Dzialania Enigmy', Orzet Biaty, London July-August, 1975; 'Enigma i Lacida', Przeglad lacznosci, London 1974- 4; 'Pogromcy Enigmy we Francji', Orzet Biaty, London, Sept. 1975.' [LYNC] Lynch, Frederick D., "Pattern Word List, Vol 1.," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1977. [LYSI] Lysing, Henry, aka John Leonard Nanovic, "Secret Writing," David Kemp Co., NY 1936. 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P., "Proposed Day, Night and Fog Signals for the Navy with Brief Description of the Ardois Hight System," In Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute, Annapolis: U. S. Naval Institute, 1891. [NIC1] Nichols, Randall K., "Xeno Data on 10 Different Languages," ACA-L, August 18, 1995. [NIC2] Nichols, Randall K., "Chinese Cryptography Parts 1-3," ACA-L, August 24, 1995. [NIC3] Nichols, Randall K., "2erman Reduction Ciphers Parts 1-4," ACA-L, September 15, 1995. [NIC4] Nichols, Randall K., "Russian Cryptography Parts 1-3," ACA-L, September 05, 1995. [NIC5] Nichols, Randall K., "A Tribute to William F. Friedman", NCSA FORUM, August 20, 1995. [NIC6] Nichols, Randall K., "Wallis and Rossignol," NCSA FORUM, September 25, 1995. [NIC7] Nichols, Randall K., "Arabic Contributions to Cryptography,", in The Cryptogram, ND95, ACA, 1995. [NIC8] Nichols, Randall K., "U.S. Coast Guard Shuts Down Morse Code System," The Cryptogram, SO95, ACA publications, 1995. 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