CLASSICAL CRYPTOGRAPHY COURSE BY LANAKI April 6, 1996 Revision 0 COPYRIGHT 1996 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED LECTURE 10 POLYALPHABETIC SUBSTITUTION SYSTEMS I VIGGY'S FAMILY AND QUAGMIRES I - IV APPLICATIONS OF THE PRINCIPALS OF SYMMETRY SUMMARY In Lecture 10, we return to our course schedule with a study of fascinating cipher systems based on multiple alphabets -Polyalphabetic Substitution systems. What is amazing about these systems is how long they remained secure. The Viggy systems (my name for Vigenere) was considered unbreakable for over 200 years. Along comes Major Kasiski, and poof, we have recreational cryptography. I think the best way to introduce the subject is via an overview based on the Op-20-GYT course notes (Office of Chief Of Naval Operations, Washington) [OP20]. From there, I will bring in MASTERTON's dissolution of QUAGMIRES I-IV. [MAST] In Lecture 11, we will revisit polyalphabetic cipher systems and the polygraphic cases using Friedman's detailed analysis. We will cover the PORTA system and other family members. I will cover decimation processes in detail. [FRE4], [FRE5], FRE6], [FRE7], [FRE8] In Lecture 12, we will describe the aperiodic polyalphabetic case and give a diagram of topics considered in Lectures 10 - 12. [FR3] I have updated our Resources Section with many references on these systems - focusing on the cryptanalytic attack and those of historical interest. Kahn has some interesting stories about the Viggy family. [KAHN] POLYALPHABETIC SUBSTITUTION A cipher system which employs two or more cipher alphabets and includes a method for designating which cipher alphabet is to be used for the encipherment of each plain-text letter, is called a polyalphabetic substitution system. Cipher systems employing variant values may appear to use more than one alphabet, but they have characteristics of mono-alphabetic substitution and are properly classified as such. Polyalphabetic substitution systems consists of two general types; periodic and non-periodic. (a) In the periodic type the text of a message is divided into definite, regular groups or cycles of letters which are enciphered with identical portions of the key. Periodic systems are further subdivided as follows: (1) Multiple Alphabet Ciphers in which any number of cipher alphabets are used in order designated by a prearranged key. (2) Progressive Alphabet Ciphers in which a primary cipher alphabet and its 25 secondary alphabets are used either in regular succession, sliding the components one letter at a time, or in irregular order according to a prearranged shift. (b) In the non-periodic type there are no cyclic repetitions of the key. The cipher alphabets employed in multiple alphabet substitution systems may be constructed by any number of methods. As an example, the QUAGMIRE IV uses both vertical and horizontal keywords. Example: Plain A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Cipher 1 R T U V W X Y Z P E N C I L S A B D F G H J K M O Q " 2 E N C I L S A B D F G H J K M O Q R T U V W X Y Z P " 3 D F G H J K M O Q R T U V W X Y Z P E N C I L S A B Here the plain component is a normal sequence, and the cipher component are identical keyword sequences. The same keyword sequences may be used in both the plain cipher components, or different sequences may be used. The key which determines the setting of the cipher alphabets against the plain component (RED) may be any prearranged word or phrase. Also, each cipher alphabet may be assigned a number and the alphabets used in accordance with a prearranged numerical key. The process of enciphering a message with the multiple alphabet system above would appear as follows: Cipher Alphabet No. 1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3 Plain - M Y C O U R S E Z E R O T H R E E Z E R O A T T Cipher - I Z G S V P F L B W R X G B P W L B W R X R U N 1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3-1-2-3 Plain - H I R T E E N T H I R T Y T H R E E Cipher - Z D P G L J L U O P R N O U O D L J In order to reduce the chances of encipherment by the wrong alphabet, the plain text is often written so that the letters designated by the key for encipherment by each alphabet are placed in the same vertical column. Note the repetitions in the plain text which begin at the same point in the key produce repetitions in the cipher text, while others [may not] do not. Friedman discusses accidental repetitions in [FR7]. PRINCIPLES OF FACTORING Major Friedrich W. Kasiski (1805-1881) was a career officer in East Prussia's 33 Infantry Regiment. He is credited with a revolutionary insight regarding polyalphabetic repeating key systems - that the conjuction of a repeated portion of the key with the repetition in the plaintext produces a repetition in the ciphertext. Like causes produce like effects. The interval between plaintext or ciphertext repetitions is noted throughout the cryptogram, factored and the commonality of the factor is a good indication of the key and number of alphabets used to encipher the original methods. The fall of the Vigenere family is attributed to Kasiski's examination. [KASI] [KAS1], [KAHN] If there are several long repetitions in the cipher text of an unknown system, the intervals between the initial letters of these repetition have a common factor, this factor represents the number of alphabets used to encipher the message and the exact number of repetitions of the key. A simple example: Given the cryptogram: IZGSV PFLBW RXGBP WLBWR XRUNZ DPGLJ LUOPR NOUOD LJ Factoring: Repetition Interval Factors Common Factor(s) LBWRX 9 3,3 3 LJ 12 2,2,3 3 UO 6 2,3 3 The "period" or common factor is three and this is the number of alphabets employed. Digraph and trigraph repetitions may be the result of chance instead of plain text repetitions. [FR7] discusses in detail. When factoring results in more than one common factor we shall use the highest common factor and check with frequencies of the expected alphabets to see how close to normal they are. Only short messages fail to lead to the correct determination of the number of cipher alphabets employed in the system. When factoring fails on a longer message, an aperiodic cipher may have been employed. SOLUTION OF A MULTIPLE ALPHABET CIPHER Phamplet Number 7, Office of Operations Cryptanalysis, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, 1930 [OP20] prepared this problem for discussion. From: A B (Black Force Commander) To: CD, EF, GH, IJ (Black Ships) Time Groups: 0013-2300 April 1930 Remarks: Cruiser transmitter. Cryptogram written out in worksheet format: Alpha. - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alpha. - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 K P T X S L I C T M 16 M V H A W A D G G Z 2 I A M C B B N M S Z 17 Y F A R Q V K M M Q 3 M J K A Q J B F Z A 18 K F M P S L G X A H 4 J G M B S L N P H H 19 E F W K G C B F T H 5 E E J Z W N C L O W 20 S V C B B U A H S S 6 Z F S A A S Z D E P 21 K P K D E C G O H Z 7 Z X C D J D D H A J 22 L V O D S C O C H A 8 O D B K A H P L G H 23 G V W B Z C A M O Z 9 A J M K T V A M K H 24 M J K A Q J B F J H 10 M B C A A C N W S Z 25 X B H A A V A K O S 11 Z D W I J K G M C X 26 K P K G U L T J O Q 12 M V X X U N B W Z T 27 D F Q Q J K K M H Z 13 I Y N C P O G H H W 28 H V H A E P Z W Q R 14 L G T B W P L V T T 29 O P L A U L B M O Z 15 O B O X J L R M H Z 30 M J K A Q J B F Collateral Information: The Black and Blue Fleets are engaged in war maneuvers in the Caribbean Sea. The Fleets are not in contact. The location of the enemy (the Black Fleet) is unknown. The message in question was intercepted by the Blue Flagship at 0015 on 14 April 1930. The operator had reason to believe that a cruiser sent the message. The composition of the Black Fleet is as follows: Battleships Cruisers West Virginia (flag) Trenton (flag) Maryland Marblehead Tennessee Richmond New Mexico Memphis Mississippi California Destroyers Air Force Litchfield (flag) Saratoga (flag) Preble Langley Pruitt Gannet Noa Decatur Submarine Force Sicard Hulbert Argonne (flag and tender) V-1, V-2, V-3 William B. Preston Factoring: Repetition Interval Factors ZMJKAQJBF 210 2,3,5,7,10 ZMJKAQJBF 270 2,3,3,5,10 ZMJKAQJBF 60 2,2,3,5,10 MHZMVHA 120 2,2,2,3,5,10 ZMV 40 2,2,2,5,10 ZMV 160 2,2,2,2,2,5,10 KPK 50 2,5,5,10 The highest common factor is 10; the period and number of alphabets used is 10, so the sequence repeats itself after each 10 letters. "Lining-up" is one of the basic operations of solution. We group the message in lines of ten letters. The letters in each column are enciphered by the same alphabet. Checking the frequency tables, each alphabet resembles a single alphabet. Frequency Tables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hen ample collateral information is available, the known-word attack is the easiest and potentially the quickest method of solution. From the given data, the message is presumably from the Commander of a cruiser division to his four cruisers, giving orders for scouting operations of the cruiser division. The words most likely to appear are: Scouting Scouting line Trenton Latitude Course Scouting course Marblehead Longitude Speed Scouting speed Richmond Hundred Distance Scouting distance Memphis Numbers Position Commence scouting Enemy Times/Dates Our concern is not with guessing words but standardizing the solution. The Known-Word" method applied in two ways: (1) Start at a particular point in the cryptogram indicated by the repetitions, symmetrical sequences, and try to fit the known-word at this point. This is called the "Obvious Location Method." (2) Start with a "Known-word" and find a place where it will fit. This may be called the "Obvious Word Method." The best method to use depends on the circumstances. In this problem both methods apply. OBVIOUS LOCATION The long repetitions are words or phrases, important to the subject of the message, and may be known-words. They are excellent points of attack. The beginning of the message or the end of the message are usually good points of attack. The second longest repetition is the right length for Trenton, Memphis, or Hundred; furthermore it links in the letters of the longest repetition. Original Assumptions - MHZ MVHA lines 15-27 TRENTON is best assumption. TRE NTON MEM PHIS HUN DRED Check MOZ MJKAQJBF lines 24, 30 MOZ MJKAQJBF could be T E N N Excellent TEE NHUNDRED excellent M M P S Poor THE E--N --- poor H N D D Poor Check MCZ MVX lines 1-12 TWE NTY excellent M M PH poor H V DP poor Check the values of TEEN HUNDRED and TRENTON Line 2-3 12345678910 12345678910 IAMCBBNMSZ MJKAQJBFZA T E NHUNDRED suggests ATTE NHUNDRED Line 23-24 GVWBZCAMOZ MJKAQJBFDI T TEE NHUNDRED suggests THIR FOUR FIF SIX ATSEVEN EIGH Lines 29-30 OPLAULBMOZ MJKAQJBF-- N ETEE NHUNDRED suggests NINETEE NHUNDRED It is possible that all the above assumptions are incorrect but they are too good to ignore. We enter the above values into the cryptogram to see if skeletons of words appear. Possibilities are indicated below: Lines 19-20 12345678910 12345678910 EFWKGCBFTH SVCBBUAHSS ED T T SPEEDFI FTEENKNOTS SI X Line 19 ED could be Speed.. building on that we have other possibilities. Lines 21-22 KPKDECGOHZ LVODSCOCHA U RE T R COURSETHRE ETHREEZERO Lines 11-12 ZEWIJKGMCZ MVXXUNBWZT T E NT E TWE NTYMILES T THREE FIVE TRENTON is the most obvious break. Check letter-combinations of frequencies to see which of the three chosen words fitted best. HZ =1 ZMV=1 ZM =4 HA=1 RE ENT EN ON Trenton is only assumption EM MPH MP IS UN NDR ND ED Frequency 869 7639 Cipher MHZ MVHA Frequency XXX XXXX X = high frequency Plain TRE NTON - = intermediate frequency Frequency -X- --XX Plain MEM PHIS O + low frequency Frequency --X -XX- Plain HUN DRED OBVIOUS WORD METHOD - LOCATION BY FREQUENCIES One method of fixing the location of an obvious word is by frequencies, provided the obvious word has one or more letters of very low frequency. The word should be 10 or more letters to be practical. The possibilities are RENDEZVOUS and MARBLEHEAD. First, frequencies are written over each letter of the cryptogram. The Known-word is put on a card and slid over the cryptogram until it fits with the very low frequency letters and neighbors. This method is rather tedious and painful, but good in a pinch. OBVIOUS WORD METHOD - LOCATION BY SYMMETRY OR REPETITIONS Location of words by symmetry is commonly employed when dealing with single key ciphers. With double key ciphers its application depends much on chance. If the alphabets are repeated in the key or the key is short, we employ a limited form of symmetry. With a non repeating key or very long key, this method fails. With a fairly short key we employ this method provided: (1) We assume a word or phrase longer than the key, and (2) This word or phrase happens to contain a letter repeated at an interval equal to the length of the key. For our sample problem, one of our choices might be 10 letter key - SCOUTINGDISTANCE Therefore, any place in the cryptogram where two successive lines have common letters in the same column is a possible location of our word. Failure to find this location, eliminates the possibility of this word. Table one partially shows the ciphertext where repeated letters are ten spaces apart. Of the twelve possibilities for the word "SCOUTINGDISTANCE" some are eliminated by frequencies of the letters C,G,C, others by letter combinations and the balance by test. All fail. Our Navy students would try the scouting line of cruisers as: 4 3 1 2 MEMPHIS RICHMOND TRENTON MARBLEHEAD 2 1 OR 3 4 MARBLEHEAD TRENTON RICHMOND MEMPHIS (flag) These names might appear as follows: MEMPHISRIC MARBLEHEAD HMONDTRENT OR TRENTONRIC ONMARBLEHE HMONDMEMPH AD IS These can be checked against Table I and cross checked by frequency or digram analysis. We have a little luck at Line 14 - 15 - 16 Line 14 LGTBWPLVTT --MEMPHISR Line 15 OBOXJLRMHZ ICHMONDTRE Line 16 MVHAWADGGZ NTONMARBLE check Line 29 OPLAULDMOZ Line 11 MOZ I N N T E I E NINETEE TWE Line 30 MJKAQJBF Line 12 MVX NHUNDRED NT NTY OBVIOUS LOCATION METHOD Table I gives a list of obvious locations. We suspect the word COURSE followed by a ZERO and ONE TWO or THREE. Some possibilities are: COURSEZERO COURSETHRE FOUR EZERO COURSEONET COURSETHRE WO EONE COURSEZERO (promising but no check) FOUR COURSETHRE ETHREE (checks with #9 in Table I) Assumption Line 21 KPKDECGOHZ Line 26 S KPKGULT COU S COUTING Line 22 LVODSCOCHA ETHREEZERO Both assumptions are entered into the cryptogram. TABLE I Lines Reference 6-7 ZFSAASZDEPZXCDJD 1 8-9 KAHPLGHAJMKTVAMK 2 8-9 HAJMKTVAMKHMBCAA 3 10-11 ZZDWIJKGMCZMVXXU 4 15-16 ZMVHAWADGGZYFARQ 5 17-18 FARQVKMMQKFMPSLG 6 18-19 FPMSLGXAHEFWKGCB 7 18-19 HEFWKGCBFTHSVCBB 8 21-22 DECGOHZLVODSCOCH 9 21-22 CGOHZLVODSCOCHAG 10 21-22 HZLVODSCOCHAGVWB 11 22-23 VCDSCOCHAGVWBZCA 12 22-23 COCHAGVWBZCAMOZM 13 24-25 AQJBFJHXBHAAVAKO 14 25-26 OSKPKGULTJOQDFQQ 15 28-29 AEPZWQROPLAULBMO 16 29-30 AVLBMOZMJKAQJBF 17 TABLE II 12345678910 12345678910 12345678910 12345678910 COURSEZERO COURSETHRE COURSEONE COURSETWO ZERO EZERO ERO Z ERO Z ONE ONE NE O NE O TWO TWO WO T WO T THREE THREE HREE T HREE T FOUR FOUR OUR F OUR F FIVE FIVE IVE F IVE F SIX SIX IX S IX S SEVEN SEVEN EVEN S EVEN S EIGHT EIGHT IGHT E IGHT E NINE NINE INE N INE N COURSEZERO COURSETHRE COURSEONET COURSETWOT FOUR EZER WO WO EONE ETHREE DISCOVERY OF THE SYSTEM We study the values assumed previously: Value Alphabets Value AlphabetS C=E 3,6,8 H=O, O=H 3,6,8 O=H 3,8 N=L,L=N 3,6,8 H=O 3,8 K=U, U=K 3,6,8 B=E 4,7 N=A,A=N 4,7 A=N 4,7 S=E,E=S 5 The common values indicate that alphabets 3,6, and 8 are identical and similarly so are 4 and 7. Five reciprocal values are noted without inconsistencies. Seven different alphabets are used. The alphabets are probably reciprocal. If the seven alphabets are Secondary (derived from the same cipher component set against the same plaintext but in different alignments) a short cut solution is possible. We can next combine the alphabets into one system. We have enough clear text to solve the cryptogram - I leave the balance to the student. Alpha. - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alpha. - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 K P T X S L I C T M 16 M V H A W A D G G Z C O M E N E N T O N R E 2 I A M C B B N M S Z 17 Y F A R Q V K M M Q T N A T T E D S T 3 M J K A Q J B F Z A 18 K F M P S L G X A H N H U N D R E D O C T E N T Y I 4 J G M B S L N P H H 19 E F W K G C B F T H T E E N A R I S S P E E D I 5 E E J Z W N C L O W 20 S V C B B U A H S S R L N E T E E N K N O T S 6 Z F S A A S Z D E P 21 K P K D E C G O H Z N C O U R S E T H R E 7 Z X C D J D D H A J 22 L V O D S C O C H A E R R O E T H R E E Z E R O 8 O D B K A H P L G H 23 G V W B Z C A M O Z S O N I A T S E V E N T E E 9 A J M K T V A M K H 24 M J K A Q J B F J H H T S N T I N H U N D R E D I 10 M B C A A C N W S Z 25 X B H A A V A K O S N E N E A S T E O N N U E S 11 Z D W I J K G M C X 26 K P K G U L T J O Q S U T T W E C O U T I N R E 12 M V X X U N B W Z T 27 D F Q Q J K K M H Z N T Y M I L E S U S T R E 13 I Y N C P O G H H W 28 H V H A E P Z W Q R I H T O R N T O N S S 14 L G T B W P L V T T 29 O P L A U L B M O Z E E O N N I N E T E E 15 O B O X J L R M H Z 30 M J K A Q J B F H M N T R E N H U N D R E D TABLE III DECIPHERING TABLE PLAIN- A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 1 G K L M 2 J P V 3 C O H J W K X 4 B X A D K 5 Q S U B G E Z 6 C U N L 7 N B A G O 8 F C O H W M 9 O H S C 10 Z H A S TABLE IV ENCIPHERING TABLE PLAIN- A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 1 G K L M 2 J P V 3-6-8 F C O U N L H J W M K X 4-7 N B X A D K G O 5 Q S U B G E Z 9 O H S C 10 Z H A S Op-20-G gives us the quick and dirty of the problem. We need to understand what equivalent cipher alphabets are and how the multiple alphabet system lends itself to reconstruction. EQUIVALENT CIPHER ALPHABETS Any sequence containing 26 letters may be rearranged so that all the letters which are originally separated by equal intervals will also be spaced at equal intervals in the new related sequences. Including the original sequence, a total of of six related sequences may be constructed. [Friedman expands on this principle in FR7.] Example: 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 2 A D G J M P S V Y B E H K N Q T W Z C F I L O R U X 3 A F K P U Z E J O T Y D I N S X C H M R W B G L Q V 4 A H O V C J Q X E L S Z G N U B I P W D K R Y F M T 5 A J S B K T C L U D M V E N W F O X G P Y H Q Z I R 6 A L W H S D O Z K V G R C N Y J U F Q B M X I T E P In this example, a normal alphabet sequence has been re-spaced to form five related sequences. In constructing them, the original sequence is regarded as a circle and the letters are counted off in equal intervals, then written in adjacent positions to form a related sequence. Only the odd intervals from 3 - 11 can be used in re-spacing a 26 letter sequence to form different related sequences. {primes} Even intervals will produce only 13 letter sequences, and the interval 13 can not be used. Odd intervals from 15-25 will produce identical sequences with those from 1-11 but in reversed direction. (like the Porta) Cipher alphabets may be re-spaced to form equivalent cipher alphabets by the same process as that applied to construct related sequences. Example: Original Cipher Alphabet Plain - D I P L O M A C Y B E F G H J K N Q R S T U V W X Z Cipher - V W X Z T H U R S D A Y B C E F G I J K L M N O P Q Equivalent Cipher Alphabet Plain - D L A B G K R U X I O C E H N S V Z P M Y F J Q T W Cipher - V Z U D B F J M P W T R A C G K N Q X H S Y E I L O An equivalent cipher alphabet can not be distinguished from the original cipher alphabet unless a systematic construction or some outside information is available to identify the original one. The secondary alphabets generated by shifting the points of coincidence of the plain and cipher components are the same alphabets regardless of which equivalent cipher alphabet has been shifted. Example: Original Cipher Alphabet Plain - D I P L O M A C Y B E F G H J K N Q R S T U V W X Z Cipher - X Z T H U R S D A Y B C E F G I J K L M N O P Q V W Equivalent Cipher Alphabet Plain - D L A B G K R U X I O C E H N S V Z P M Y F J Q T W Cipher - X H S Y E I L O V Z U D B F J M P W T R A C G K N Q The secondary alphabet of this example has been derived by shifting the cipher component of the original alphabet of the previous paragraph, and the equivalent secondary cipher alphabet by shifting the cipher component of the equivalent alphabet of the previous paragraph. The number of spaces each cipher component has been shifted is not the same in each case, yet the plain and cipher values correspond exactly. This illustrates the most important principle of symmetry in the secondary alphabets. RECONSTRUCTION OF MULTIPLE ALPHABET SYSTEMS When the same sequence has been used for each of the cipher components of a multiple alphabet system, there are definite relationships between the individual cipher values which may be used in recovering other cipher values after a few have been identified through analysis. (a) When the plain component is originally a normal sequence the cipher sequences will be recovered in their original order and new values may be placed in the various cipher components as soon as their relative positions have been established. (b) When the plain and cipher components are originally the same mixed sequence, the plain component enters into the reconstruction in the same manner as the other cipher component. (c) The reconstruction of a multiple alphabet system in which the plain component is a different mixed sequence from that used in the cipher components, requires a relatively large number of values for analysis. The principles are explained by another example in which the plain and cipher components are different mixed sequences: Plain 0 - D I P L O M A C Y B E F G H J K N Q R S T U V W X Z Cipher 1 - O P Q V W X Z T H U R S D A Y B C D F G I J K L M N 2 - N O P Q V W X Z T H U R S D A Y B C E F G I J K L M 3 - E F G I J K L M N O P Q V W X Z T H U R S D A Y B C The interval between letters of two cipher components, letters which occur in the same vertical column, is equal to the amount of displacement of one component from the other. O (1) To N(2) is an interval of one, the amount of shift between the cipher components (1) and (2). E (3) to O (1) is the same interval as O (3) to U (1), and is the same interval as U (3) to F (1), etc. Thus a chain of letters, EOUF with current relative spacings could be made from the vertical relationship alone, when the order of plain component sequence is unknown. A set of equivalent alphabets might be the result of construction by this means, but the original in this case would be recognized when the proper spacing is found. If the vertical relationship is used between components which are displaced an even number of letters, such as ciphers (2) and (3), a chain of 13 letters will result, and if the components were originally displaced 13 letters, they would show only reciprocal relationships. APPLICATION OF SYMMETRY PRINCIPLES Suppose the Enciphering table obtained during the solution of a cryptogram appeared as follows: Plain 0 - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Cipher 1 - Z U T R D A P V C W G I H 2 - X H Z N U D O W B V E F G T 3 - L E P W F I K T J U R S Since the interval between R and P in the cipher sequence is the same as that between P and F, we may arbitrarily assume this interval to be one and build up a cipher sequence accordingly. The vertical columns remain unchanged. We write: 0 E I R in the third cipher S E I 1 R P F component appears under G R P F U O 2 U O S plain, so we continue G R P F U O 3 R P F G R P F U O The progress of adding values to the plain and cipher sequences progresses through the various stages: 0 T S E I R B Y 1 I S G R P F U O E H T 2 I S G R P F U O E H T 3 I S G R P F U O E H T 0 O L T S E I R B Y N C 1 W J V I S G R P F U O E H C T B Z 2 W J V I S G R P F U O E H C T B Z 3 W J V I S G R P F U O E H C T B Z 0 M H O G L T S E I R B Y N C A 1 L X K A W J D V I S G R P F U O E H C T B Z 2 K A W J D V I S G R P F U O E H C T B Z L X 3 X K A W J D V I S G R P F U O E H C T B Z L The intervals between E, F, G and between V, W, X in the cipher sequence obtained above, indicate the equivalent alphabets have been recovered which should be re-spaced by counting off every third letter in the reverse direction. 0 I L O M A C Y B E G H N R S T 1 O P V W X Z T H U R S D A B C E F G I J K L 2 O P V W X Z T H U R S D A B C E F G I J K L 3 E F G I J K L O P V W X Z T H U R S D A B C CONTINUATION OF BLACK FORCE CRYPTOGRAM A few more values are necessary in Table IV in order to completely reconstruct the system used. Line 1 Line 18 Alpha 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Alpha 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cipher K P T X S L I C Cipher K F M P S L G X A H Plain C O M E N E Plain C T E N T Y I New M C New W Line 3 to 5 Alpha 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Cipher M J K A Q J B F Z A J G M B S L N P H H E Plain N H U N D R E D O T E E N A R I New F U R P L Adding these new values to Table IV gives the following table for use in reconstruction of the system: TABLE IV Revised ENCIPHERING TABLE PLAIN- A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 1 G K L E M J 2 J P V 3-6-8 F C O U N T L H P J W M K X 4-7 N I B X A D K G P O 5 Q S U B G E Z 9 O Z H S C 10 Z H A S The reciprocal relationship will be ignored. On account of L and B being found in two vertical columns, a good starting point is to assume that L and B are adjacent in the cipher component. Then we would have the following in the cipher component: GN, KI, MA, FQ, CS, PQ, AND WE. Using the PGN sequence in the first three cipher components, partial reconstruction can be made: PLAIN- W T A O R P L 1 P G N W E 2 V P G N 3-6-8 M A H J P G N 4-7 P G N D 5 P G N 9 C S H J 10 M A Since HJ appears with the same interval as LB, then OC and SM are also adjacent in the cipher sequence being constructed. PLAIN- H E W T A S O R Z N P L U 1 L B P G N O C S M A W E H J 2 H J V L B P G N 3-6-8 O C S M A W E H J V L B P G N K 4-7 L B P G N K I D O C S M A 5 O C S M A W E H J V L B P G N 9 O G S M A W E H J V 10 O C S M A We combine the three partials: PLAIN- H E W T A S O R Z N P L U 1 L B P G N O C S M A W E H J 2 H J V L B P G N 3-6-8 O C S M A W E H J V L B P G N K I D 4-7 L B P G N K I D O C S M A 5 O C S M A W E H J V L B P G N 9 O G S M A W E H J V 10 Z O C S M A I think you can see that most of the cipher sequence could be obtained without considering the fact that the plain component is the same sequence reversed. The important point is that the complete system may be reconstructed from relatively few values obtained through analysis of the cryptogram. The sequence used in this problem is randomly mixed, therefore the original one can not be distinguished from a related one which may be reconstructed. The ten cipher components are set with the key GUANTANAMO under the A plain. FURTHER REMARKS The same method used in determining which cipher values probably represent vowels or consonants may be applied to poly- alphabetic substitution ciphers as described in Lectures 1 and 2. However, the values in each alphabet must be considered with their respective prefixes and suffixes in adjacent alphabets, in studying the frequencies of their combinations. After the original sequences of a poly-alphabetic substitution system are recovered, subsequent messages using these sequences may be solved by a modified method. The "generatrix frequency" method was developed by W. F. Friedman and is described in FR7. SOLVING CIPHER SECRETS MASTERTON (Frank W. Lewis) was a personal 'pick' of William F. Friedman. His experience and book [MAST] is as insightful as it is brilliant. He takes us through the QUAGMIRE family. The American Cryptogram Association calls the class of periodic polyalphabetic substitution QUAGMIRES I, II, II, IV after the terminology used for keying Aristocrats. QUAGMIRES have a mixed alphabet in at least one of the components. QUAGMIRE I uses a keyword-mixed plain component with a determined number of normal cipher alphabets at different settings; QUAGMIRE II uses a normal plain and various settings of the same mixed cipher component; QUAGMIRE III employs the same mixed alphabet for plain and cipher (juxtaposition repeated on a cycle); and QUAGMIRE IV which has one mixed alphabet for plain and a series of slides of another mixed alphabet for the cipher components. [MAST] The use of normal alphabets on a cycle, either direct or reverse, is a weakness because the components are known and are more vulnerable to solution. QUAGMIRE I We will take the QUAGMIRES in turn, making sure we understand the method of encipherment and tricks of unraveling the text. Lets build an alphabet on the Keyword ENCIPHERMENT: E N C I P H R M T A B D F G J K L O Q S U V W X Y Z Let us take a NORMAL alphabet, with C under the first letter of plain sequence. This is cipher setting No 1. Slide the normal alphabet to I, under E, P, H, E, R to get: Plain 0 E N C I P H R M T A B D F G J K L O Q S U V W X Y Z Cipher 1 C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B 2 I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H 3 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 4 H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G 5 E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D 6 R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q I have numbered the alphabets for ease of use. The initial column keyword is standard practice. To encipher the word regarding: The first R is found in the plain sequence, and the letter under it in alphabet 1 is I, we use the cipher alphabets sequentially and return to alphabet 1 after using the sixth alphabet. QUAGMIRE I ATTACK Given: WBFWX LWVPY WICQJ HJYDL LNABF JCQFB BHMPA XGKIU CRHVK YNEJO VMDEJ SPQPT GLFFB YOEYD MIHYY JJCPY YDVIE TOFXX LWPSC YTBKJ ORCYZ DBYDH YHR. The Cryptogram usually provides a tip: "ILEANDTHENREPLIED. " This will appear in the text someplace. The repeat method of factoring doesn't work to well on this example. So assume 6, 7 or 8. Write the crib based on those cycles. awh awh awh ILEAND ILEANDT ILEANDTH THENRE HENREPL ENREPLIE PLIED IED D We have added a possible text of awh to the crib. The middle crib has the I over an I 13 letters apart and the E's interval of 6. The stretch of cipher we want will have a repeat as: ----X------Y-----XY---. The stretch "glffbYoeydmihYyjjcpYYdvie" fits the bill. We rewrite the cryptogram into a cycle of seven letters either in columns or rows. We fill in the tip and number the alphabets: 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 WBFWXLW VPYWICQ JHJYDLL NABFJCQ FBBHMPA XGKIUCR HVKYNEJ 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567 OVMDEJS PQPTGLF FBYOEYD MIHYYJJ CPYYDVI ETOFXXL WPSCYTB a whILEAN DTHENRE PLIED 1234567 1234567 1 KJORCYZ DBYDHYH R. We prepare a deciphering tableux, putting the plain values above the normal cipher strip and using the plain E to start. Plain 0 E ----------------------------------------------------- Cipher 1 2 3 4 U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T 5 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 6 7 F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E Since the fourth alphabet also has a plain L, we enter it on the top line, and similarly place a plain N from the fifth alphabet. The N is confirmed by its appearance in the 7th alphabet, so we know we are on the right track. Since we have the plain L, the second alphabet comes in too and hence the plain H and T. This gives us the third alphabet and the plain I. There is more help. Looking down the various columns we find the Keyword COUNTRY which must have been placed under the first letter of the plain sequence. Snowballs. Plain 0 A B C D E H R T P L W I N G ----------------------------------------------------- Cipher 1 J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I 2 V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U 3 B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A 4 U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T 5 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 6 Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X 7 F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E The clues add up. The Keywords are PLOWING and COUNTRY. The RST sequence is obvious. The message reads: The city slicker asked the farmer what's your mules name? The farmer thought awhile and replied I don't rightly know but I call him JACK. QUAGMIRE II This polyalphabetic substitution uses a Normal plain and a keyword mixed cipher alphabet. Lets tackle a problem with the tip of 20 letters TAPHORICORTABOONATUR and also the tip "usage." Sometimes we have hunches. Assume the period is 10, and write out the tip on this basis. Nice pattern with a digraphic hit TT, OO, RR TAPHORICOR TABOONATURe I have added the e possibility. and the cipher is: 12345678910 12345678910 12345678910 12345678910 12345678910 GJGQHJLELW SZGGETGMQS YVAHUOLFYN NIRJHVKJDS XMZVUEPETG 12345678910 12345678910 1 HIAHWZOTFN HIHVWQUQDN UENAEQMFQA YXIOVUIVYG NYLUJMOCVL TAPHORICOR TABOONATUR e RXSOTVSSMT CIIFHVEFYA VJLEUVDQFX OZJHNNUHQY EOGQDYGHEG RXVVVOBVYY SR Now we develop the deciphering tableaux. Plain 0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ----------------------------------------------------- Cipher 1 U H 2 I 3 H A 4 H N 5 W 6 Q Z 7 U O 8 T Q 9 F D 10 N QUAGMIRE II ATTACK We know that the plain sequence is normal. it is in the right order and we can base our interval analysis on the plain. We introduce Mr. Friedman's principle of symmetry to discover the relationships in the cipher alphabets. We know that the cipher text reads from left to right just as we see it. The skeleton sequence is: H------V------A, Q---Z----T, U-------O, and F-----D, We can fill in a few letters. The Q---Z is either QVW-Z or Q- VWZ. In No 1 Q cipher is either Y or Z and Z cipher is either C or D. [MASTERTON jumps in with a NIO combination and VW but I didn't see this until after the solution.] Alpha 4 puts V +6 from H, transposing that to alpha 1, puts a V under the A plain, and suggests Q V W X Z sequence with Y in the Keyword. X is pretty unpopular in keywords so we will go with this assumption. INTERMEDIATE DECIPHERING TABLEUX Plain 0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ----------------------------------------------------- Cipher 1 V W X Z U ? ? A T O H Q 2 I 3 H Q V W X Z U ? ? A T O 4 H Q V W X Z U A T 5 H Q V W X Z U A T O 6 O H Q V W X Z U A T 7 U T O H Q V W X Z 8 A T O H Q V W X Z U 9 F D 10 N So we build up alpha's 1, 3, 5, 6, 8. We can place the H's back in them from the Q by -6. in alpha 8 and 5. We see that U +8 = O in alpha 7. The sequence ---A starts the keyword from alpha three. Look at the T behind the Q by -17 offset in alpha 8. Remember my assumed 'e' = U in alpha 1. We place this hunch and let it play through. We have U - - AT ........Y. I see the prefix UN and digram SA. The word "unsatisfactory" comes to mind but I haven't got enough hard evidence yet. We have a U +8 to O in the 7th alpha. Fill in the alphas. FINAL DECIPHERING TABLEUX Plain 0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ----------------------------------------------------- Cipher 1 V W X Z U n s A T i f c O r Y b d e g H j k l m p Q 2 I 3 H Q V W X Z U ? ? A T O 4 H Q V W X Z U A T 5 H Q V W X Z U A T O 6 O H Q V W X Z U A T 7 U T O H Q V W X Z 8 A T O H Q V W X Z U 9 F D 10 N I know that Y is in the keyword and could be the last letter of it. Look at the F-----D sequence. F is in the keyword and the O-------H is the only area than can fit the F and the Y. Plug in my UNSATifcOrY guess. The lower letters require checking. Alphabet 1 fits the key as UNSATISFACTORY adjusted for duplicate letters. The message reads in part: Slang is language or phrases of a vigorous colorful metaphoric or taboo nature invented to ... QUAGMIRE III The QUAGMIRE III is a very important class of ciphers because they introduce the one of the most important tools invented by Mr. Friedman, as explained in his Riverbank papers, called "Direct and Indirect Symmetry." The title of this problem is "Inertia in the British Labor Market" and has the tip "ANDTHREECALLINGFORAMANTOSTANDON." IBWVU PLTPJ TKPPM YCTDV XYGNY QYNTW NFSUI XNACX CFTGV AIKPS RTCOJ JWPRR VOLAA ZRURJ NUIXM XPQBV UIBWO GPCDP LNNRD FPSLI BUGOC DOTWK CPIRQ RVQGY GCXLV MNOBE QFVOL GBWGP ATNJL YWRMW EKLAA VICVE AQBKU VFJUR DVIOZ MPTZO VSLIH QBQXF LLLWH PUSGV XP. QUAGMIRE III ATTACK Note the repeat of the first three letters IBW at interval 81. If the message starts with THE and the period turns out to be 9 we have found a wedge. Next place the tip in columnar line for a cycle of nine. A N D T H R E E C A I K P S R T C O A L L I N G F O R J J W P R R V O L A M A N T O S T A A A A R U R J N U N D O N t w o f e e t ? I X M X P Q B V U t h e ------- ? I B W O G P C D P (also first three IBW) The three A's in the first column followed by the two N's prove the period of 9. This is not accidental. My guesses of additional plain text are partially right - 'the' as you will see later. Note the triple R's, two U's and Two I's in the ciphertext lined up by columns in a period of 9. Break the ciphertext into groups of nine. 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 IBWVUPLTP JTKPPMYCT DVXYGNYQY NTWNFSUIX NACXCFTGV AIKPSRTCO JJWPRRVOL AAARURJNU IXMXPQBVU IBWOGPCDP ANDT HREECALLI NGFORAMAN TOSTANDON THE LNNRDFPSL IBUGOCDOT WKCPIRQRV QGYGCXLVM NOBEQFVOL GBWGPATNJ LYWRMWEKL AAVICVEAQ BKUVFJURD VIOZMPTZO VSLIHQBQX FLLLWHPUS GVXP. Place the extended tip. In a QUAGMIRE III, or in any case where the cipher component is the same as the plain component, if one cipher -plain matches E for E, all pairs must match, for the sequence is set A to A, B to B, etc. When this happens, we get a column of our write-out as "free plain text," which is of considerable help. I can not overemphasize the next step. Because of the K3 nature of the keying, the Plain component and the Cipher 1 alphabet represents pairs that are the same distance removed - H to J, N to A, T to I, in this case. Similarly G to A, H to B, O to X, and R to J are equally separated - though not at the same interval as the first pairs obtained from line 1. (Obviously, if H to J is "x" distance, H to B cannot be the same distance.) Check this observation of Symmetry on the decipher tableaux. INITIAL DECIPHERING TABLEUX Plain 0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ----------------------------------------------------- Cipher1 J A I 2 A B X J 3 W A M 4 P R X 5 P R U 6 R Q 7 B V J T 8 N C O V 9 L U O Let us write down all the pairs we get by going from plain to cipher in each of the alphabets in turn. We can also write down the from the sidewise relationships. For instance, A to C on the plain sequence is the same distance P to R on Row 5. In addition, Row 7 to Row 8 tells us that BC is the same distance apart as VO. This is a most powerful tool in solution of a sequence against itself. You can imagine a little "square" and go up, or down, or across, to find relationships within and between both plain and cipher components. Plain sequence to Row 1 HJ NA TI 2 GA HB OX RJ 3 EW FA SM 4 EP OR TX 5 AP CRU (CR-RU) 6 AR NQ 7 DB LV MJ NT 8 AN DC LOV (LO-OV) 9 IL NU TO >From Plain A to C AC PR >From Row 7 to 8 BC VO There are a lot of relationships. I have not listed the sidewise ones like Plain to Row 1 - H to N and J to A. MASTERTON points out that Row 1 is the reverse of Row 8. [MAST] I didn't see this "little" jump. But I did make sense of the three letter chains; if L-O is the same as O-V we have a three letter segment. Do you see that the pairs in the listing above are separated by one letter in a sequence obtained from the next set, as evidenced by LV in 7 and LOV in 8? We can add the two together: DCB LOV M-J AN-T Look at the fragments, and realize that we have found some good information about the sequence. First of all the sequences are reversed alphabets. The sequence has BCD, VOL, JKM since we have used L and T-NA in it? [We can also look at a process called decimination to bring the sequence to bear. We will do that in the Friedman section.] Remember the very important part of the tool of symmetry - that because the plain and all the cipher alphabets are the same, we can associated pairs in the straight, sideways, down etc as we find them, using the plain or all nine cipher alphabets. In a QUAGMIRE IV, we cannot use the plain sequence in this way because of a different key. We continue our recovery with A to N plain as the same distance as R to Q in alpha 6. We add QR to our line. VOL TINA BCD HJKM QR Notice the H to B and G to A in the plain to alphabet 2 relationship. This tells us to put G ahead of H, then A goes behind B as we expect. Since O is in VOL and N is in TINA VOL/TINABCD/GHIJM/QR the only missing element is P which we place as follows: ku VOL/?/TINABCD (f)GHJMPQR swxyz missing elements at this stage are e, k, u, w , x , y , z which likely the E and U are in the Keyword. INTERMEDIATE DECIPHERING TABLEUX - PARTIALS Plain 0 V O L T I N A B C D F G H J M P Q R S ----------------------------------------------------- Cipher1 V O L T I N A B C D F G H J M P Q R S w 2 X T I N A B C D F G H J M P Q 3 T I N A B C D F G H J M P 4 Q R S W? X 5 6 7 8 V O L T I N A B C F G H J M P Q R S 9 The line ups are not correct. We can find where alphabets 1, 2 and three start by putting the low frequency X in the right spot. I leave this part of the work to the you all. [ Hint: compress the V O L -----T I N A space and what keyword will fit into - V O L u? T I (O)N. and place the E in the beginning.] The answer is with Keywords EVOLUTION and BLUEPRINT: FINAL DECIPHERING TABLEUX Plain 0 E V O L U T I N A B C D F G H J K M P Q R S W X Y Z ----------------------------------------------------- Cipher1 V O L U T I N A B C D F G H J K M P Q R S W X Y Z E 2 S W X Y Z E V O L U T I N A B C D F G H J K M P Q R 3 W X Y Z E V O L U T I N A B C D F G H J K M P Q R S 4 P Q R S W X Y Z E V O L U T I N A B C D F G H J K M 5 C D F G H J K M P Q R S W X Y Z E V O L U T I N A B 6 F G H J K M P Q R S W X Y Z E V O L U T I N A B C D 7 Y Z E V O L U T I N A B C D F G H J K M P Q R S W X 8 Z E V O L U T I N A B C D F G H J K M P Q R S W X Y 9 X Y Z E V O L U T I N A B C D F G H J K M P Q R S W The message reads: The British created a civil service job in eighteen hundred and three calling for a man to stand on the cliffs of Dover with a spyglass..... QUAGMIRE IV The QUAGMIRE IV is probably the most difficult of the QUAGMIRES because we need to recovery two keyworded alphabets and direct symmetry will not work with the plain. We are given: MWQYD KMCAO KHSEE YULIH WYTEW YRLHG LMEJC ZHAKE NYWUP thegr reat QSQSO ESYEP BIZEW QYPKZ FHAAM GWPTR XNYWR LKSQE XHGRA QCWAV JNCPM HDHZT BCBHR AMXUE OLTWR RIKNQ AKKDZ VJOYW bet? WHQJR FGYVP GILWV WGPTF MLYKX TAKOZ ATFGL AUT. weenl atese ptemb erand decem berof thaty ear QUAGMIRE IV ATTACK The Title is "Lost Horsepower", the tips are starts with THE GREAT and has WEENLATESEPTEMBERANDDECEMBEROFTHATYEAR in the text. The letters bet?WEEN might be inferred. Finding the cycle is our first challenge. The WQY is +58, a discouraging number for factors. The cribs are pretty generous, so looking at them we might find something. Obviously, a plain hit at the correct interval of the cycle would result in a cipher coincidence at the same interval. Two occurrences of a plain letter at some interval other than the period or multiple of the cycle, the ciphers cannot be the same. MASTERTON describes a graphical technique for knocking out intervals. [MAST] OYWWHQJRFGYVPGILWVWGPTFMLYKXTAKOZATFGLAUT betweenlateseptemberanddecemberofthatyear * --9-- * Thus the Y over E and H and Q over E "knock out" the intervals 3, 4 which are too short anyway, and also 11 because of the Y over P. Note the +9 hit for Y over E. So we write out the cipher in a period of nine: 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 MWQYDKMCA OKHSEEYUL IHWYTEWYR LHGLMEJCZ HAKENYWUP thegreatE E GH EE E A QSQSOESYE PBIZEWQYP KZFHAAMGW PTRXNYWRL KSQEXHGRA E ?HE E T EA R RT ER E R E E QCWAVJNCP MHDHZTBCB HRAMXUEOL TWRRIKNQA KKDZVJOYW T A TE NH E E R bet WHQJRFGYV PGILWVWGP TFMLYKXTA KOZATFGLA UT. weenlates eptembera nddecembe rofthatye ar Even with all the help and correct hits, the message is not a give a way. INITIAL DECIPHERING TABLEUX Plain 0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ----------------------------------------------------- Cipher1 U P T K M W 2 F H W O G T 3 M Q Z I 4 L Y J A 5 Y T R W D 6 F V K 7 M O W X G 8 T Y G C 9 P A C V W Since the alphabets are different we can not chain from the plain to cipher. However, WITHIN the cipher, the same rules apply as before - except their isn't nearly as much information. In Cipher 1 row we see that U to P is the same distance as F to K , M to W and P to A. Ok. Remember that we are dealing with unknown decimations, so the relationships between UPA, PK and PT is unknown. By decimation I mean the process of selection of elements from a sequence according to some fixed interval. For example, the sequence A E I M is derived, by decimation , from a normal alphabet by selecting every fourth letter. It is the key to Symmetry solutions because the latent relationships in a cipher alphabet can be made patent by decimation. Lecture 11 will give two methods of decimation in detail. Table of Relationships in foregoing example: UPA FK MW Plain A to E and Rows 1 to 9 PT LJ " E to N PK HT YG " E to R and Rows 1 to 6 adding UF PM QI LAWG YC " E to T and Rows 9 to 7 and 4 to 9 UMG PW " A to T and Rows 1 to 7 TM JA " N TO T FH MQ " D to E WTD " H to R and Rows 2 to 5 FV MO " A to B VK OW TY " B to E OG TC " B to T PH KT Rows 1 to 2 PQ MI Rows 1 to 3 PL TJ MA Rows 1 to 4 PY KG MC Rows 1 to 8 FM HQ KW VO Rows 2 to 0 HY TG Rows 2 to 9 QL IA Rows 3 to 4 QW IG Rows 3 to 7 QY IC Rows 3 to 8 QA IW Rows 3 to 9 LW AG Rows 4 to 7 LY AC Rows 4 to 8 and Plain A to G adding Cipher C under Plain G on Row FP KA Rows 6 to 9 9 OT WY GC Rows 7 to 8 YA CW Rows 8 to 9 Row 2 to 3 and 6 to 7 are combined. S and T in plain are most likely adjacent from VW in Cipher 9. Partials FH and MQ look good without an intervening letter. LAWG is our best bet for the wedge. It ties together E and T in the same decimation. So: Plain E T Cipher P M H Q I L A W G K L A W G Y C L A W G If FH and MQ are the right order, P is in the keyword, since the reverse bits of above (MP, IQ, GWAL) would not be consistent with MPQ. Unfortunately, we have run out of gas and must guess more plain. The plain E-gh-EE most likely is Eighteen and since they are talking about years, why not Seventy, since so many E's are fitting? The plain T of seventy is confirmed. The plain V may not produce much but the cipher G might be a bonanza. These new values add KE and JR to the chain. 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 123456789 MWQYDKMCA OKHSEEYUL IHWYTEWYR LHGLMEJCZ HAKENYWUP thegreatE T EIGHTEEN SEVENTY E A QSQSOESYE PBIZEWQYP KZFHAAMGW PTRXNYWRL KSQEXHGRA E THE E T EA R RT ER E R E E QCWAVJNCP MHDHZTBCB HRAMXUEOL TWRRIKNQA KKDZVJOYW T A TE NH E E R bet WHQJRFGYV PGILWVWGP TFMLYKXTA KOZATFGLA UT. weenlates eptembera nddecembe rofthatye ar FINAL DECIPHERING TABLEUX Plain 0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ----------------------------------------------------- Cipher1 U P T K L M W 2 F H W O G T 3 M Q Z W I G 4 L Y J A 5 Y T R W M D 6 F V K J E 7 M O W X G 8 T Y G C 9 P A C V W We look at VW and LM and KLM under the plain RST. We must conclude that G-C is correct. Rows 7 and 8 have a G and C under plain T, and WY under E and OT under B. This suggests that WXY and O-T are part of the final chain. So push the following chains: KLM, G-C, VWXY, EA, O-T The cipher sequence appears to go: JKLMQVWXYZ 0 A N D E I C B F G H --------------------------------------------- 1 U T P R A 2 F H J K L M Q V W X Y Z 3 F H J K L M Q V W X Y Z 4 F H J K L M Q V W X Y Z 5 F H J K L M Q V W X Y Z 6 F H J K L M Q V W X Y Z 7 F H J K L M Q V W X Y Z 8F H J K L M Q V W X Y Z 9 P R A The cipher keyword has this form O U T - P R - A I N G with S, E, D candidates. The keyword is SPREADING. The plain keyword can be derived as PANDEMIC and the cipher setting key is HORSETAIL. The groundwork is left to the student. Notice how resistant the QUAGMIRE IV was even with loads of help. LECTURE 10 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS QQ-1 QUAGMIRE I Travelogue. (Ends:SINGOUTOFTHESEA) RHIZOME KKQHPQR KTYOHTA TLGAWBM XORKTAT BSOOIYI CGICEJV UCYZRJP ALNSFRZ UCQDXIS TDRBFYS YTFDZBD USQWKMT CPPDOAI CAAKEHK UAYFHQA TLNIFSI SIGJHAS V. QQ-2 QUAGMIRE III Tedious. (CRYPTANALYTIC METHODS) DOPPELSCHACH PNATV SJBAQ WGMTR BZYLU ACACR GBNTQ FGGCN APNID ULMVD SCEPB AMCQF BBPVR EOBSL AFSAN HFYVV MCYTF LEMAO MFHVU KBAAU ATTEA NGOHU GTQEX ISUGU SAKCC TLIRT TLSZM PBMGV APYRV YIIGL WGNUF JFROG SNQGN HBOTU TACUO JUVQH HUGWW WBIMT WNHVO GTLSZ MPYQZ BNCEN UWLC. QQ-3 QUAGMIRE IV Economics Lesson. EDNASANDE (BUSINESSACTIVITYDURINGAPERIOD) TDNSE PMBSV FURMQ UFYSJ PAGGY FVIKT GYVLV FBTPH IIIAD HVIUY QSAFA VQVFU HPIHE BIXNN HBSTN IRMQH IIIAD OVIXT CTNOW EOJOZ BOWBU ONLFN GOBJS HBOQS VZMOU JSFQH SAHPS JBBJT AAMIE XILRA TOTVL TUAML FLNEJ PPMNT XHVQV FCYSB JODNF XJSFT UIUTM ONKDO UMMSB NWUL. REFERENCES / RESOURCES [updated 6 April 1996] [ACA] ACA and You, "Handbook For Members of the American Cryptogram Association," ACA publications, 1995. [ACA1] Anonymous, "The ACA and You - Handbook For Secure Communications", American Cryptogram Association, 1994. 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[KRAI] Kraitchek, "Mathematical Recreations," Norton, 1942, and Dover, 1963. [KULL] Kullback, Solomon, Statistical Methods in Cryptanalysis, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, Ca. 1976 [LAFF] Laffin, John, "Codes and Ciphers: Secret Writing Through The Ages," Abelard-Schuman, London, 1973. [LAI] Lai, Xuejia, "On the Design and Security of Block Ciphers," ETH Series in Information Processing 1, 1992. (Article defines the IDEA Cipher) [LAIM] Lai, Xuejia, and James L. Massey, "A Proposal for a New Block Encryption Standard," Advances in Cryptology - Eurocrypt 90 Proceedings, 1992, pp. 55-70. [LAKE] Lakoff, R., "Language and the Women's Place," Harper & Row, New York, 1975. [LANG] Langie, Andre, "Cryptography," translated from French by J.C.H. Macbeth, Constable and Co., London, 1922. [LAN1] Langie, Andre, "Cryptography - A Study on Secret Writings", Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA. 1989. [LAN2] Langie, Andre, and E. A. 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[LISI] Lisicki, Tadeusz, 'Dzialania Enigmy', Orzet Biaty, London July-August, 1975; 'Enigma i Lacida', Przeglad lacznosci, London 1974- 4; 'Pogromcy Enigmy we Francji', Orzet Biaty, London, Sept. 1975.' [LYNC] Lynch, Frederick D., "Pattern Word List, Vol 1.," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1977. [LYSI] Lysing, Henry, aka John Leonard Nanovic, "Secret Writing," David Kemp Co., NY 1936. [MACI] Macintyre, D., "The Battle of the Atlantic," New York, Macmillan, 1961. [MADA] Madachy, J. S., "Mathematics on Vacation," Scribners, 1972. [MAGN] Magne, Emile, Le plaisant Abbe de Boisrobert, Paris, Mecure de France, 1909. [MANN] Mann, B.,"Cryptography with Matrices," The Pentagon, Vol 21, Fall 1961. [MANS] Mansfield, Louis C. S., "The Solution of Codes and Ciphers", Alexander Maclehose & Co., London, 1936. [MARO] Marotta, Michael, E. "The Code Book - All About Unbreakable Codes and How To Use Them," Loompanics Unlimited, 1979. [This is a terrible book. Badly written, without proper authority, unprofessional, and prejudicial to boot. And, it has one of the better illustrations of the Soviet one-time pad with example, with three errors in cipher text, that I have corrected for the author.] [MARS] Marshall, Alan, "Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign of Charles II," 1660-1665, Cambridge University, New York, N.Y., 1994. [MART] Martin, James, "Security, Accuracy and Privacy in Computer Systems," Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1973. [MAST] Lewis, Frank W., "Solving Cipher Problems - Cryptanalysis, Probabilities and Diagnostics," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA, 1992. [MAU] Mau, Ernest E., "Word Puzzles With Your Microcomputer," Hayden Books, 1990. [MAVE] Mavenel, Denis L., Lettres, Instructions Diplomatiques et Papiers d' Etat du Cardinal Richelieu, Historie Politique, Paris 1853-1877 Collection. [MAYA] Coe, M. D., "Breaking The Maya Code," Thames and Hudson, New York, 1992. [MAZU] Mazur, Barry, "Questions On Decidability and Undecidability in Number Theory," Journal of Symbolic Logic, Volume 54, Number 9, June, 1994. [MELL] Mellen G. 1981. Graphic Solution of a Linear Transformation Cipher. Cryptologia. 5:1-19. [MEND] Mendelsohn, Capt. C. J., Studies in German Diplomatic Codes Employed During World War, GPO, 1937. [MERK] Merkle, Ralph, "Secrecy, Authentication and Public Key Systems," Ann Arbor, UMI Research Press, 1982. [MER1] Merkle, Ralph, "Secure Communications Over Insecure Channels," Communications of the ACM 21, 1978, pp. 294- 99. [MER2] Merkle, Ralph and Martin E. Hellman, "On the Security of Multiple Encryption ," Communications of the ACM 24, 1981, pp. 465-67. [MER3] Merkle, Ralph and Martin E. Hellman, "Hiding Information and Signatures in Trap Door Knapsacks," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 24, 1978, pp. 525- 30. [MILL] Millikin, Donald, " Elementary Cryptography ", NYU Bookstore, NY, 1943. [MM] Meyer, C. H., and Matyas, S. M., " CRYPTOGRAPHY - A New Dimension in Computer Data Security, " Wiley Interscience, New York, 1982. [MODE] Modelski, Tadeusz, 'The Polish Contribution to the Ultimate Allied Victory in the Second World War', Worthing (Sussex) 1986. [MRAY] Mrayati, Mohammad, Yahya Meer Alam and Hassan al- Tayyan., Ilm at-Ta'miyah wa Istikhraj al-Mu,amma Ind al-Arab. Vol 1. Damascus: The Arab Academy of Damascus., 1987. [MULL] Mulligan, Timothy," The German Navy Examines its Cryptographic Security, Oct. 1941, Military affairs, vol 49, no 2, April 1985. [MYER] Myer, Albert, "Manual of Signals," Washington, D.C., USGPO, 1879. [NBS] National Bureau of Standards, "Data Encryption Standard," FIPS PUB 46-1, 1987. [NIBL] Niblack, A. P., "Proposed Day, Night and Fog Signals for the Navy with Brief Description of the Ardois Hight System," In Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute, Annapolis: U. S. Naval Institute, 1891. [NIC1] Nichols, Randall K., "Xeno Data on 10 Different Languages," ACA-L, August 18, 1995. [NIC2] Nichols, Randall K., "Chinese Cryptography Parts 1-3," ACA-L, August 24, 1995. [NIC3] Nichols, Randall K., "German Reduction Ciphers Parts 1-4," ACA-L, September 15, 1995. [NIC4] Nichols, Randall K., "Russian Cryptography Parts 1-3," ACA-L, September 05, 1995. [NIC5] Nichols, Randall K., "A Tribute to William F. Friedman", NCSA FORUM, August 20, 1995. [NIC6] Nichols, Randall K., "Wallis and Rossignol," NCSA FORUM, September 25, 1995. [NIC7] Nichols, Randall K., "Arabic Contributions to Cryptography,", in The Cryptogram, ND95, ACA, 1995. [NIC8] Nichols, Randall K., "U.S. Coast Guard Shuts Down Morse Code System," The Cryptogram, SO95, ACA publications, 1995. [NIC9] Nichols, Randall K., "PCP Cipher," NCSA FORUM, March 10, 1995. [NICX] Nichols, R. K., Keynote Speech to A.C.A. Convention, "Breaking Ciphers in Other Languages.," New Orleans, La., 1993. 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"Cryptograms in Portuguese," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA., 1986. [POR1] Aliandro, Hygino, "The Portuguese-English Dictionary," Pocket Books, New York, N.Y., 1960. [POUN] Poundstone, William, "Biggest Secrets," Quill Publishing, New York, 1993. ( Explodes the The Beale Cipher Hoax.) [PRIC] Price, A.,"Instruments of Darkness: the History of Electronic Warfare, London, Macdonalds and Janes, 1977. [PROT] "Protecting Your Privacy - A Comprehensive Report On Eavesdropping Techniques and Devices and Their Corresponding Countermeasures," Telecommunications Publishing Inc., 1979. [RAJ1] "Pattern and Non Pattern Words of 2 to 6 Letters," G & C. Merriam Co., Norman, OK. 1977. [RAJ2] "Pattern and Non Pattern Words of 7 to 8 Letters," G & C. Merriam Co., Norman, OK. 1980. [RAJ3] "Pattern and Non Pattern Words of 9 to 10 Letters," G & C. Merriam Co., Norman, OK. 1981. [RAJ4] "Non Pattern Words of 3 to 14 Letters," RAJA Books, Norman, OK. 1982. [RAJ5] "Pattern and Non Pattern Words of 10 Letters," G & C. Merriam Co., Norman, OK. 1982. [RB1] Friedman, William F., The Riverbank Publications, Volume 1," Aegean Park Press, 1979. [RB2] Friedman, William F., The Riverbank Publications, Volume 2," Aegean Park Press, 1979. [RB3] Friedman, William F., The Riverbank Publications, Volume 3," Aegean Park Press, 1979. [REJE] Rejewski, Marian, "Mathematical Solution of the Enigma Cipher" published in vol 6, #1, Jan 1982 Cryptologia pp 1-37. [RELY] Relyea, Harold C., "Evolution and Organization of Intelligence Activities in the United States," Aegean Park Press, 1976. [RENA] Renauld, P. "La Machine a' chiffrer 'Enigma'", Bulletin Trimestriel de l'association des Amis de L'Ecole superieure de guerre no 78, 1978. [RHEE] Rhee, Man Young, "Cryptography and Secure Commun- ications," McGraw Hill Co, 1994 [RIVE] Rivest, Ron, "Ciphertext: The RSA Newsletter 1, 1993. [RIV1] Rivest, Ron, Shamir, A and L. Adleman, "A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public Key Cryptosystems," Communications of the ACM 21, 1978. [ROAC] Roach, T., "Hobbyist's Guide To COMINT Collection and Analysis," 1330 Copper Peak Lane, San Jose, Ca. 95120- 4271, 1994. [ROBO] NYPHO, The Cryptogram, Dec 1940, Feb, 1941. [ROHE] Jurgen Rohwer's Comparative Analysis of Allied and Axis Radio-Intelligence in the Battle of the Atlantic, Proceedings of the 13th Military History Symposium, USAF Academy, 1988, pp 77-109. [ROHW] Rohwer Jurgen, "Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943," London, Ian Allan, 1977. [ROH1] Rohwer Jurgen, "Nachwort: Die Schlacht im Atlantik in der Historischen Forschung, Munchen: Bernard and Graefe, 1980. [ROH2] Rohwer Jurgen, et. al. , "Chronology of the War at Sea, Vol I, 1939-1942, London, Ian Allan, 1972. [ROH3] Rohwer Jurgen, "U-Boote, Eine Chronik in Bildern, Oldenburs, Stalling, 1962. Skizzen der 8 Phasen. [ROOM] Hyde, H. 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Course in Cryptanalysis, Volume I, June 1942, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills , CA. 1989. [SIC2] S.I. Course in Cryptanalysis, Volume II, June 1942, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills , CA. 1989. [SIG1] "International Code Of Signals For Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications," Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic/Topographic Center, United States Ed. Revised 1981 [SIG2] "International Code Of Signals For Visual, Sound, and Radio Communications," U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office, United States Ed., Pub. 102, 1969. [SIMM] Simmons, G. J., "How To Insure that Data Acquired to Verify Treaty Compliance are Trustworthy, " in "Authentication without secrecy: A secure communications problem uniquely solvable by asymmetric encryption techniques.", IEEE EASCON 79, Washington, 1979, pp. 661- 62. [SINK] Sinkov, Abraham, "Elementary Cryptanalysis", The Mathematical Association of America, NYU, 1966. [SISI] Pierce, C.C., "Cryptoprivacy," Author/Publisher, Ventura Ca., 1995. (XOR Logic and SIGTOT teleprinters) [SMIH] Smith, David E., "John Wallis as Cryptographer", Bulletin of American Mathematical Society, XXIV, 1917. [SMIT] Smith, Laurence D., "Cryptography, the Science of Secret Writing," Dover, NY, 1943. [SOLZ] Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I. , "The Gulag Archipelago I- III, " Harper and Row, New York, N.Y., 1975. [SPAN] Barker, Wayne G. "Cryptograms in Spanish," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, CA., 1986. [SPEE] "Speech and Facsimile Scrambling and Decoding - A Basic Text on Speech Scrambling," Aegean Park Press, 1981. [STEV] Stevenson, William, 'A Man Called INTREPID', Macmillan, London 1976. [STIN] Stinson, D. R., "Cryptography, Theory and Practice," CRC Press, London, 1995. [STIX] Stix, F., Zur Geschicte und Organisation der Wiener Geheimen Ziffernkanzlei, Mitteilungen des Osterreichischen Instituts fir Geschichtsforschung, LI 1937. [STUR] Sturtevant, E. H. and Bechtel, G., "A Hittite Chrestomathy," Linguistic Society of American and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1935. [SUVO] Suvorov, Viktor "Inside Soviet Military Intelligence," Berkley Press, New York, 1985. [TERR] Terrett, D., "The Signal Corps: The Emergency (to December 1941); G. R. Thompson, et. al, The Test( December 1941 - July 1943); D. Harris and G. Thompson, The Outcome;(Mid 1943 to 1945), Department of the Army, Office of the Chief of Military History, USGPO, Washington,1956 -1966. [THEO] Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby, "Thunder Out Of China," William Sloane Assoc., New York, 1946. [THOM] Thompson, Ken, "Reflections on Trusting Trust," Communications of the ACM 27, 1984. [TILD] Glover, D. Beaird, Secret Ciphers of The 1876 Presidential Election, Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, Ca. 1991. [TM32] TM 32-250, Fundamentals of Traffic Analysis (Radio Telegraph) Department of the Army, 1948. [TRAD] U. S. Army Military History Institute, "Traditions of The Signal Corps., Washington, D.C., USGPO, 1959. [TRAI] Lange, Andre and Soudart, E. A., "Treatise On Cryptography," Aegean Park Press, Laguna Hills, Ca. 1981. [TRIB] Anonymous, New York Tribune, Extra No. 44, "The Cipher Dispatches, New York, 1879. [TRIT] Trithemius:Paul Chacornac, "Grandeur et Adversite de Jean Tritheme ,Paris: Editions Traditionelles, 1963. [TUCK] Harris, Frances A., "Solving Simple Substitution Ciphers," ACA, 1959. [TUKK] Tuckerman, B., "A Study of The Vigenere-Vernam Single and Multiple Loop Enciphering Systems," IBM Report RC2879, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, N.Y. 1970. [TURN] Turn, Rein, "Advances in Computer Security," Artec House, New York, 1982. [Original papers on Public Key Cryptography, RSA, DES] [UBAL] Ubaldino Mori Ubaldini, "I Sommergibili begli Oceani: La Marina Italian nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale," vol XII, Roma, Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare, 1963. [USAA] U. S. 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(also available through NSA Center for Cryptologic History)