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Top: Jewish References &Documents: Gentiles SpeakingAbout Jews: Christian Fundamentalist View of Jew-Communism Connections

The Jewish-CommunismConnection Crusadersagainst Communism, Witnesses for Peace--Religion in the West and the ColdWar--by Mark Stoll

All fundamentalists were anti-Communists, but the leading crusaders againstgodless Communism operated in the West, close to a Tulsa-Dallas-Los Angeles axis. The senior crusader, J. Frank Norris,was pastor of Fort Worth's largest Baptist church from 1909 to 1952, founded Fort Worth's Baptist Bible Seminary, foundedand edited The Fundamentalist periodical, and owned a powerful radio station. Norris had been an outspoken anti-Communistsince 1930. He and like-minded fundamentalists linked Communism with modernism (including evolution andintegration), social programs, and the ecumenical Federal Council of Churches (FCC, later the National Council of Churches,or NCC), which conservatives frequently labeled "soft on Communism." Norris and other fundamentalists took itvery hard when China "fell" to the Communists in 1949, since many Americans had long supported missionaries there and believed Nationalistruler Chiang Kai-Shek and his wife to be devoted Christians. Norris defended nuclear weapons and an American first-strikepolicy; he felt that although nuclear war might destroy the world, it would be part of God's plan to bring "anew earth and a new heaven" as predicted in Scripture. When Southern Baptist Convention president Louis Newton made some favorablecomments about the Soviet Union after a 1946 visit, Norris played on fundamentalist fears of Communist infiltrationby accusing him of Communist sympathies and began an extended, unsuccessful campaign to oust him. Norris actively worked toform a united anti-Communist front with the Catholic Church, for which many of his religious allies roundly criticizedhim. Much to their dismay, Norris had an audience with Pope Pius XII in Rome and supported the Truman administration's controversialplan to send an ambassador to the Vatican.

The most prominent among Norris's anti-Communist fundamentalist allieswere Carl McIntire and Gerald L. K. Smith. A close associate of McCarthy, Calvinist McIntire was founder of the Bible PresbyterianChurch, a religious publication and radio empire, and Highland College in Pasadena, California, as well as a seminaryand another college in the East.

Norris broke bitterly and publicly with Smith in 1947 when Norris, asupporter of a new state of Israel because of its putative eschatological role, denounced Smith's outspoken anti-Semitism. Smith sawCommunism as a Jewish conspiracy. Headquartered in Los Angeles, Smith was one of the main sources of the white-suprematist"Christian Identity" movement. Christian Identity combined anti-Semitism, racism, survivalism, and millennialisminto a violent "church" that has been preparing for an Armageddon of whites against the browns, blacks, and Jews. The ChristianIdentity movement claims that the whites of Western Europe are the true descendants of the Biblical patriarchs, whileJews are demonic impostors. Christian Identity gradually became the theological center for a number of Ku Klux Klan members,neo-Nazis, skinhead racists, and "Aryan" groups.

An ordained Disciples of Christ minister, Smith had been an assistantin the '30s to the anti-Semitic "radio priest," Father Coughlin, an associate of Henry Ford and Huey Long, and a member of theAmerican Nazi group, the Silver Shirts. Following World War II, Smith founded the Christian Defense League, a survivalistgroup, and spread Christian Identity theology in his periodical, The Cross and the Flag. One of the newspaper's editors, Dr.Wesley Swift, a Methodist minister from Alabama and former KKK Kleagle, founded the Church of Jesus Christ-Christian, whichoperates today from Hayden Lake, Idaho. Since Swift's death in 1970 "Rev." Richard G. Butler (a mail-order minister)has led the church. Swift was also associated with such racist paramilitary groups as the California Rangers and the Minutemen.Groups associated with the Christian Identity movement have perpetrated numerous violent and deadly "hate-crimes"across the West from North Dakota to California, with the avowed purpose of stopping a Zionist-Communist conspiracy from subvertingthe United States.

As Norris's health declined after 1950, his star was eclipsed by BillyJames Hargis, the most vocal evangelical Cold Warrior during the next two decades. Hargis was the anti-Communist protégéof A. B. McReynolds. Influential in the Independent Christian Churches, McReynolds ran an operation throughout the Cold Warfrom his Kiamichi Mountain Mission in Talihina, Oklahoma. He conducted an annual men's clinic in the 1960s which trainedthousands of church leaders. During the '60s and early '70s, he appeared with Dr. Gerald F. Winrod, who mixed anti-Communismwith anti-Semitism, on Dallas oilman H. L. Hunt's "Defender Hour" on border radio.

Rising on the strength of his anti-Communist "crusade" to jointhe leadership of evangelical fundamentalists, Hargis operated the Christian Crusade from Tulsa, Oklahoma. In the '50s and '60s, his organization'sliterature reached millions of readers. Hundreds of radio stations carried his broadcasts. In the early 1960s Hargisestablished the Anti-Communist Youth University in Manitou Springs, Colorado, at the foot of Pike's Peak, which offeredtwo-week classes with a curriculum consisting, in Hargis's words, of "the Bible, the free enterprise system, Constitutionalgovernment, how to fight communism, and how to organize anti-communist youth chapters." Hargis identified the UnitedStates (along with Jesus Christ and the Bible) as God's gift humanity, and the Soviet Union as the Antichrist and the Devil. Hismost famous anti-Communist stunt was the 1953 Bible Balloon project, in which he and Carl McIntire launched tens of thousandsof balloons from Germany, laden with Bibles and religious tracts, to float across the Iron Curtain. Semi-retired since 1974,Hargis moved his Christian Crusade to Neosho, Missouri in 1976, where it has fallen into increasing obscurity.

At the invitation of Carl McIntire, Frederick Schwarz, another Westernanti-Communist crusader, immigrated from Australia in 1953 and established the Christian Anti-Communist Crusade in Waterloo, Iowa.He eventually downplayed association with McIntire and moved his headquarters to Long Beach, California. While neithera true fundamentalist nor a millennialist, Schwarz regarded conservative Christianity as Communism's only alternative. He spreadhis message through radio programs and presentations given throughout the nation. An appearance before HUAC in1957 increased his prominence. Schwarz took his anti-Communist message abroad in the 1970s to countries like El Salvadorand the Philippines. He and his Christian Anti-Communism Crusade are still active.

A more secular ally of the fundamentalists, the John Birch Society, foundedby North Carolinian Robert Welch in Indianapolis in 1958, found fertile soil in the West. Welch named the society after JohnBirch, a young Baptist missionary and graduate of Norris's Baptist Bible Seminary whom Chinese Communists allegedly killedduring World War II ("the first casualty of World War III"). The society's strongholds were Texas and southern California,most heavily in Los Angeles and Houston. In the early 1960s the mayor of Amarillo, Texas, the school board of Midlothian, Texas,and several Congressmen from southern California were "Birchers." Convinced that Communists were alreadywell on the road to controlling the nation--Welch at times called Eisenhower a "dedicated, conscious agent of the Communist conspiracy"and Reagan its "lackey"--Welch also accused the majority of the nation's clergy of Communist sympathies. Although raiseda fundamentalist Baptist, Welch was theologically liberal. His closest clerical friend and supporter was James W. Fifield,Jr., minister of the First Congregational Church of Los Angeles, a theological liberal who always welcomed Welch to his church.Fundamentalists attracted to Welch's politics overlooked his theological peccadilloes. Mormon Apostle and former U.S.Secretary of Agriculture Ezra Taft Benson and his son Reed aided Birch recruitment efforts among Mormons. McIntire and Hargishad close ties to the "Birchers." Welch's influence declined after the 1960s and he stepped down as John Birch Societypresident in 1983.

Gerald L. K. Smith's activity in the Los Angeles area, home of one ofthe nation's largest Jewish communities, worried Jews, who feared a popular association of Judaism with Communism. Their fearsgrew with the rise of McCarthyism. A high proportion of West Coast Jews had been convinced radicals in the 1930s,and had had influence in a number of mainstream Jewish organizations. At the same time, many of the Communist spy trialsin the early 1950s involved Jews, such as Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Judith Coplon, Robert Soblen, Jack Soble, Morton Sobell,and even Klaus Fuchs, who many falsely assumed was Jewish.

In such an atmosphere, and with the Nazi Holocaust a fresh memory, HUAC'sinvestigations of the Jewish-dominated Hollywood film industry especially alarmed Los Angeles Jews--more especiallysince John Rankin, who publicly linked Jews and Communism, was a committee member. Six of the Hollywood Ten were Jewish.Fearful that anti-Communism could easily transform into anti-Semitism, Los Angeles Jewish organizations like theWestern Division of the American Jewish Committee conducted purges of leftists and affiliated leftist Jewish organizationssuch as the Jewish People's Fraternal Order, and waved the flag as prominently as they could.

The first major challenge to the relatively unanimous anti-Communismof American churches was the Korean War. The churches did not waver in their opposition to Communism, but they did disagreewhether Truman's policy of containment was the best policy. However, most religious groups patriotically closed ranksin support of American troops at war overseas. In 1950, liberal Protestant clergy called for condemnation of the hydrogenbomb, but the NCC was so divided on the issue that it could resolve on no action but prayer. Significant religious divisions overthe Cold War would await the Vietnam War.

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