MARCH OF THE TITANS - A HISTORY OF THE WHITE RACE
Chapter Forty Five
The New World: Initial Colonies, Japan and China
Almost as quickly as it had started, the White exploration of the earth came to a halt - because there were no more new lands to discover. It is not difficult to imagine the sense of victory or the feeling of supremacy which must have pervaded White Europe at this time: not only had they smashed the isolation of the continents, something that had eluded even the great Romans, but they had sailed right round it in ships made of wood: once an expedition left the safety of its European port, it was on its own. It had to use its own on-board skills to repair, maintain, supply and fend for itself, in lands and seas completely unknown: in many ways a more dangerous venture than even space travel in the 20th century.
More importantly, the White explorers had established beyond any question that they were technologically vastly superior to any other race on earth. The obvious next step was to start settling the new lands: almost immediately White settlements and colonies sprang up like toadstools in the furthest corners of the globe.
North America
Spain was the first White country to establish a colony in modern day America: a town called Saint Augustine (today in the state of Florida) was built by the Spanish in 1565. At this time, Spain and England were engaged in one of the seemingly endless European Wars, which would, in 1588, culminate in the defeat of the Spanish Armada. This destruction of the Spanish fleet left Spain unable to compete effectively with the British in the colonization of North America.
The English Arrive But Are Wiped Out
In 1585, the first English settlement in North America was established on an island off the coast of the present day state of North Carolina. This expedition failed due to a lack of agricultural expertise, and a second attempt was launched in 1587. This second expedition, led by one John White, was more successful and landed in a territory they called Virginia, honoring the English Queen Elizabeth 1 (who was alleged to have been a virgin).
John White sailed back to England for further supplies: the war with Spain prevented him from returning until 1590. Upon his return the entire settlement had vanished, never to be heard of or seen again. The only possible explanation for the vanished colony could have been an attack and massacre by American Indians (called Amerinds): if disease or some natural cause had killed them, some bodies would have been found.
The First Successful Colony: Virginia
Undaunted, the English launched a third attempt: in 1607, the colony of Jamestown in Virginia was established as a private project run by a British company, the Virginia Company of London.
This company recruited not only settlers to go out to the colony of Virginia to establish farms, but also engaged in the forceful abduction of Whites to be used as laborers in the new colony: not only criminals but also vagrants and very often children were grabbed off the streets of London and sent off as forced laborers to the new colony.
The Virginia Company was however not a success: disease and starvation saw thousands of the first immigrants die, and in 1622, a furious war, the first race war in North America, broke out between the Whites and the Amerinds.
This war ended indecisively with the Indians retreating deeper inland, but the events caused the British government to revoke the Virginia Company's license to trade in the colony and took over the running of Virginia itself: the first formal British colony had been created.
The first change the British government implemented was the lifting of controls on the production of tobacco, an addictive herb which the Amerinds had introduced to the White settlers. The economy in Virginia took off, based on tobacco production which was exported in large quantities back to England, and the White population grew by leaps and bounds.
A large section of this population was forced White labor: when the supply of White slaves proved too costly to maintain, the unscrupulous tobacco plantation owners turned to importing Black African slaves.
Quebec
While the British had been settling Jamestown, the French and Dutch had also sent expeditions to North America. In 1608, the French established a major colony at Quebec. French explorers across the continent then laid claim to huge tracts of land, including the Mississippi River valley, which remained under French rule in the 75 years following the founding of Quebec.
The French did not however import huge numbers of their own population or African slaves, instead leaving the Amerinds in their regions and only establishing trading stations. This laid the basis for an Amerind/French friendship which was to cost the British dearly.
The Dutch West India Company
In 1621 the Dutch government granted a charter to the a privately established company, the Dutch West India Company, which quickly established colonies in the West Indies, Brazil, and North America.
New Amsterdam
The Dutch settled the area which Henry Hudson had discovered and mapped for them on the North American coast. Calling the land New Netherlands, the first trading posts were established on what became Manhattan Island by 1614.
The first proper Dutch settlement in North America was established in 1624, when Hollanders founded the city of New Amsterdam, now called New York. The Amerind population vehemently resisted the Dutch settlements from the first: a lingering race war between the White Dutch and Indians became an unrelenting feature of life in New Netherlands.
Pilgrim Fathers
In the meanwhile, a new group of English settlers had arrived in North America: religious refugees, they went on to be called the pilgrim fathers, or founding fathers of America. It is from the time of the arrival of that group of settlers in 1620, that White American history is formally taken to have started.
South America
The first White settlements in Central and South America were Spanish, being created during the lifetime of Christopher Columbus. These centers included what is now the Dominican Republic and Cuba. From the latter island, the Spanish launched several forays into Central and South America, the most famous being that of Hernando Cortes into Central America and Francisco Pizarro into South America (both these amazing stories are recounted in detail in a later chapter).
German Colony
In 1529, a German colony was established in modern day Venezuela. This colony did not last long and was disbanded shortly afterwards, although not all of the colonists returned to Europe, soon becoming submerged into the local population.
Africa
The Kongo and the Portuguese Slave Trade
When the Portuguese arrived on the Congo-Angola coast in the 1480s, they found suitable allies in the Kongo tribe - who were amongst the first Blacks to convert to Christianity. This did not however prevent them from co-operating with the Portuguese in capturing neighboring tribesmen and selling them as slaves to the Portuguese, and it was from the Congo/Angolan interior that the majority of all Black slaves to be exported to America and Portugal itself originated. In 1515, the Portuguese founded the port of Luanda to facilitate this slave trade.
Ethiopia
In Ethiopia, the Portuguese allied themselves with local tribesmen and fought off a slave trading conquest by Arabs in 1542 - but in 1632, the Portuguese themselves were expelled from Ethiopia by locals as well. The Ethiopians, under Emperor Menelik II, defeated an Italian force in 1896 and became the first independent African state in that year - only to virtually collapse precisely 90 years later when a combination of over population and backward farming methods (which caused massive soil erosion) caused the worst man made famine ever yet seen on earth. In that year - 1986 - Whites in Europe and America felt compelled to come to Ethiopia's aid, most notably through the creation of "Live Aid" fund raising pop concerts in Europe.
French Possessions
The French began the conquest of Algeria and Senegal in the 1830s. They put down a revolt by the mixed race Arabic population of Algeria in 1870, and from 1881 to 1897, quelled all resistance to White rule by force of arms in the Western Sudan. Dahomey was occupied by French forces in 1892, and the Wadai region was the last area to fall to the French, in 1900.
Belgium Claims the Congo
In 1876, King Leopold II of the Belgians established the International Association of the Congo, a private company, for the exploration and colonization of the region. His principal agent for this task was the Englishman, Henry Stanley.
German Colonies
Although a late starter in the race for colonies, the Germans still managed to seize some important areas: German South West Africa, now called Namibia, in 1884; and the country now known as Tanzania fell under German control in 1891. The Germans faced (1904-1908) the Herero insurrection in South-West Africa and Maji Maji revolt (1905-1907) in Tanganyika, both of which were put down with several bloody massacres of the local population: in Namibia it is estimated that as much as 30 per cent of the Herero population was killed in conflict with the Germans.
The Dutch Land in South Africa
By 1602, the Dutch government granted permission to a private company called the Dutch East India Company, to exploit the growing colonies and trading posts in the Far East. Deciding they needed a halfway way point as a supply station, they sent one of their junior officials, Jan van Riebeeck, to the Cape of Good Hope at the southernmost point of Africa in that year, with instructions to build a fort and supply station. In both of these aims, Van Riebeeck succeeded, laying the basis for what was to become the most long lasting White settlement in all of Africa.
The Dutch in the Far East
Although the Portuguese had been the first to land in the Far East by sea, their own internal problems prevented them from exploiting the route they had opened up: within a few decades they had been displaced by other European powers who had not imported tens of thousands of Black slaves to their countries. By 1602, the Dutch East India Company, had established itself first in the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, and later on West Java, where Batavia (modern Jakarta) became the center of the company's enterprises.
These enterprises were devoted mostly to trade and to the establishment of trading posts, and they did not initially concern themselves with trying to govern the region. However, the necessity of maintaining peace among the native tribes, who fought each other furiously and severely disrupted the trade, forced the Dutch to begin governing the land (now called Indonesia). In the same way, the Dutch ended up controlling Java and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) by 1800.
China
Portuguese explorers were the first Whites to arrive by sea in China, landing in 1514. By 1557, they had acquired a trading station at Macau and by 1570, trade began between China and Spanish settlements in the Philippines. In 1619, the Dutch settled in Taiwan and took possession of the nearby P'enghu Islands (Pescadores). Soon Jesuit missionaries arrived in China from Europe but failed utterly in their attempts to convert the Chinese who rejected the Christian religion with scorn.
British Trade
China profited admirably from the trading stations, with the British being their biggest customers for the tea trade, paying handsomely in silver. The British then added a new twist to the trade: they started importing opium from India into China as part payment. The use of opium took off like a rocket in China: soon it became a serious issue for the Chinese government, which then instituted measures to try and stop it.
In 1839, Chinese officials confiscated and destroyed huge amounts of opium from British ships in the harbor at Guangzhou and applied severe pressures to the British trading community in that city. The British refused to restrict further importation of opium, and the Opium Wars between Britain and China broke out in that same year.
The First Opium War
The Chinese were however no match for British military superiority and were badly defeated: the war ended in 1842, after Britain had seized Hong Kong in 1841, Chinkiang in 1842, and threatened Peking itself. In terms of the Treaty of Nanking which ended the war, Hong Kong was ceded to Britain and the right to trade was granted to the British in a number of Chinese towns. During the next two years, both France and the United States extracted similar treaties from China.
The Second Opium War
Non performance by China of several important clauses of these treaties led to the outbreak of the Second Opium War which ran from 1856 to 1860. During the course of this war, several dozen Whites were captured by the Chinese, and cruelly tortured and put to death. Filled with avenging rage, a joint British-French expeditionary force advanced to the Chinese capital, Peking, and burned down the famous Summer Palace in direct retaliation for the torturing to death of the White prisoners.
Prostrate under superior White firepower, the Chinese were forced to agree to implement the earlier treaties which, by their provisions, opened Chinese ports to foreign trade and residents and ceded Hong Kong and Kowloon to Britain.
White Powers Seize Parts of China
Following from the Second Opium War, Russia seized the Chinese provinces of northern Manchuria and the areas north of the Amur River in 1860; and in 1884, a war between the French and the Chinese saw Vietnam brought into the French colonial empire.
By 1898, powerless to resist foreign demands, China had been carved into spheres of economic influence. Russia was granted the right to construct a Trans-Siberian railroad, the Chinese Eastern Railway, across Manchuria to Vladivostok and the South Manchurian Railway south to the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula, as well as additional exclusive economic rights throughout Manchuria. Other exclusive rights to railway and mineral development were granted to Germany in Shandong Province, to France in the southern border provinces, to Great Britain in the Yangtze provinces, and to Japan in the southeastern coastal provinces.
The Boxer Uprising: Race War in China
The Boxer Uprising was a Chinese nationalist uprising against all Whites in China which took place in 1900. In 1899 a secret society of Chinese called the Yihequan ("Righteous and Harmonious Fists", also called the Boxers), began a campaign of terror against White Christian missionaries in the northeastern provinces.
Although the Boxers were officially denounced, they were secretly supported by many of the Chinese royal court, including the Dowager Empress Cixi. The terrorist activities of the Boxer society gradually increased during 1899, with Boxer bands attacking all Whites on sight.
When these bands entered the Chinese capital, Peking, the White powers sent a small armed column to the Chinese capital to protect the few Whites in the city. On 16 June 1900, the Empress Cixi ordered Chinese troops to attack the White army which was still outside Peking.
Empress of China Urges All Whites Killed
Then on 18 June 1900, the Empress Cixi publicly called on the Chinese to kill all the Whites they could find. Many Whites were then ruthlessly murdered: large numbers fled into the fortified foreign embassies in the city, including the Japanese embassy which was also targeted. There they were besieged by Chinese mobs.
Finally, a combined army consisting of British, French, Russian, German, American and Japanese troops entered Peking on 14 August 1900, relieving the besieged foreign embassies. Peking was then occupied by the White powers for a year until September 1901, when the Chinese signed a peace treaty in terms of which they had pay a large indemnity and grant the White powers the right to station troops in Peking to safeguard the embassies.
This situation remained unaltered right up until the early part of the 20th century, when China was released from some of the more harsh restrictions and the country dissolved into civil war and invasion by Japan.
Japan
The first Europeans to visit Japan were Portuguese traders who had landed on an island near Kyushu about 1543. After this Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch traders visited Japan more and more frequently. The first significant result was the arrival of a Jesuit missionary, Saint Francis Xavier, in 1549, who started preaching Christianity to the locals. He achieved a small measure of success, and by 1549, there were an estimated 150,000 Japanese Christians.
Although still a tiny amount in terms of the total Japanese population, the Japanese authorities correctly saw the process as a form of European cultural colonialism, and in 1612, Christian Japanese became the subject of official persecution, and huge numbers were killed, in a reverse parody of the first Christianizing kings in Europe nearly 1000 years earlier.
Japanese Isolation Begins
In retaliation, the Japanese government refused permission to the Spanish to land in Japan after 1624. A further series of Japanese edicts in the next decade forbade any Japanese from traveling abroad, and also the building of any large ships. The study of any White literature of any sort was also forbidden.
The only Whites permitted to remain in Japan were a small group of Dutch traders restricted to the artificial island of Dejima in the harbor of Nagasaki. Even they were continually subjected to indignities and limitations on their activities. These restrictions were partially lifted in 1720, when the Tokugawa shogun Yoshimune repealed the ban on European books and study.
Commander Matthew Perry
By the first half of the 19th century, a new problem arose: a number of White American seamen, crew on a number of whalers that had been wrecked on the Japanese coast, were being held prisoner in Japan, which still officially banned any contact with the outside.
In 1853, the American government sent a formal mission to the emperor of Japan headed by Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, who arrived with a squadron of ships. Following extended negotiations, Perry and representatives of the emperor signed a treaty in March 1854, establishing trade relations between the United States and Japan.
In 1860, a Japanese embassy was sent to the United States, and two years later Japanese trade missions visited European capitals to negotiate formal agreements.
White Firepower
The opening of Japan was achieved more through the show of superior force by Western nations than by an actual desire for foreign relations on the part of Japanese leaders. Perry had demonstrated this power by actually firing a cannon from one of his ships into the Japanese coastline, not aimed at any target but just to demonstrate the power of White technological superiority to the Japanese.
The Japanese warlords, armed with swords and spears, were overawed at this overwhelming display of White military equipment and dared not, at first, resist. Nevertheless, a militant anti-White faction immediately developed, and attacks on White traders became common in the 1860s, culminating in a series of attacks on White ships in Japanese harbors.
An aggressive display of force by a White naval detachment in 1864, once again overawed the Japanese, and thereafter the number of anti-White attacks declined rapidly.
Japanese Imitation Launched
The Japanese then started a pattern for which they were later to become famous: under far sighted leadership they realized that they stood no chance unless they were to be the technological equals of the White powers. French army officers were paid to enter Japan to remodel the Japanese army; British naval officers were paid to reorganize the Japanese navy; and Dutch engineers supervised the construction of the first major western style public works and infrastructure on the Japanese island.
Japanese officials were sent abroad to study the infrastructure and workings of White governments and to select their best features for duplication in Japan. A new penal code was modeled on that of France, and a ministry of education was established in 1871 to develop a system of universal education based on that of the United States.
This imitation of the White powers extended to every level: in 1884, the Japanese emperor created a peerage, preparing the way for an upper house of parliament; a lower house, elected on a qualified franchise, was also created.
A cabinet modeled on that of Germany was organized in 1885, with a prime minister and a cabinet being created in 1888. The new constitution, drafted after constitutional research in Europe and the United States, was promulgated in 1889.
Rapid industrialization, under government direction, accompanied this political growth. Finally, in 1890, Japan completely revised its criminal, civil, and commercial law codes on White European and American models.
"White-ized" Japanese Expansion
Suitably "White-ized" or Westernized, Japan once again turned its attention outwards: declaring war on China over possession of Korea, the Japanese army, armed with the latest White weapons, completely massacred the Chinese army and easily occupied Korea.
Russia had seized Manchuria from the Chinese following the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, and from there started to invade North Korea step by step. In 1904, Japan broke off diplomatic relations with Russia over the matter and, once again using their French, German and British designed weapons, attacked the Russian held Port Arthur in southern Manchuria, quickly forcing the already outdated Russian military to collapse.
Australia
Although Australia had been sighted by first the Dutch and then the British in the 1600s, it was only in 1788 that the first large British settlement took place in that continent, when a penal colony was established to replace the lost penal colonies in North America, where the British had previously sent their hardened felons. New Zealand was also only settled by the British in significant numbers for the first time in 1839.
The British Colonies
The British system of colonies eventually grew into one of the largest far flung world empires the world has ever seen: it was so great that it requires separate study, which follows in the next chapter.
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