MARCH OF THE TITANS - A HISTORY OF THE WHITE RACE
Chapter Fifty Eight
Shaping the World: The White Technological Revolution
The world today is dominated by technology as never before. It is impossible to travel anywhere without seeing some vestiges of or manifestations of technological wizardry which have shaped all life on the planet today, particularly those innovations developed at the time of the Industrial Revolution.
While this fact is commonly known and countless books and works have been written on the subject, all have ignored one crucial feature of this astonishing technological revolution: the plain facts are that the great technological innovations which have set the pace for the entire world are exclusively the product of a tiny minority of Whites.
This fact, like so many other unpalatable truths in history, is ignored because of the political implications it carries: it is possibly the most politically incorrect view which can be made, although the facts leave any objective observer with no other option but to arrive at this inescapable conclusion.
Origins
While it is often claimed that the modern technological age began with the era of the Industrial Revolution, the reality is that many of the technologies which have shaped the modern world pre-date the era of the Industrial Revolution by sometimes hundreds of years.
This is not to down play the importance of the Industrial Revolution, which in itself was a period of perhaps 200 years which saw science and technology leapfrog in terms of development, but merely to put things into perspective: that much of the knowledge sharing and ability which created that explosion of genius was only possible because of earlier developments.
Ancient Inventors
• Archimedes (287-212 BC) was a Classical Greek inventor who defined the principle of the lever and is credited with inventing the compound pulley. During his stay in Egypt, he invented the hydraulic screw for raising water from a lower to a higher level. He is best known for discovering the law of hydrostatics, often called Archimedes' principle, which states that a body immersed in fluid loses weight equal to the weight of the amount of fluid it displaces. He also invented the catapult and the first "laser beam" - a system of mirrors he developed for the kingdom of Syracuse which focused the suns' rays on invaders' boats and set them on fire - the basic principle behind a magnifying glass.
• Ctesibius (3rd century BC) was a Classical Greek inventor who won fame for his invention of a number of devices using the pressure created by air and water. He used water weights, or containers made heavy by filling them with water, and compressed air, to construct an air-powered catapult. His most famous invention was the great improvement he made to the ancient Egyptian clepsydra, or water clock, in which water dripping into a container at a steady rate raised a float that carried a pointer to mark the hours. He equipped the float with a rack that turned a toothed wheel and made the clock work a number of adornments: whistling birds, moving puppets, ringing bells, and other gadgets. The accuracy of Ctesibius's water clock was only eventually surpassed in 1657 by the pendulum clock of Dutch inventor Christiaan Huygens, but the spirit of Ctesibius's clock still survives in the cuckoo clock.
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was not only a great artist but also a stunningly advanced inventor whose surviving documents and manuscripts are filled with designs for many of the machines regarded as 19th or 20th century inventions, but were in fact modeled in his 16th century plans. These designs included: portable bridges; cannons; armored vehicles; a submarine; an underwater diving suit; and models for aircraft.
Computers
The history of the development of an item regarded as on the cutting edge of modern technology - the computer - serves as another excellent example of how the development of modern technology predates the era of the Industrial Revolution.
• The first computer - a machine which could do mathematical equations - was built as early as 1623 by the German scientist Wilhelm Schikard. He built a machine that used 11 complete and 6 incomplete sprocketed wheels that could add and, with the aid of logarithm tables, multiply and divide.
• In 1642, the Frenchman Blaise Pascal, invented a machine that added and subtracted, automatically carrying and borrowing digits from column to column. The 17th century German mathematician, Gottfried Leibniz, designed a special gearing system to enable Pascal's machine to do multiplication as well.
• The first programmable computer was developed in 1804 when the Frenchman, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, invented a spinning loom which used punched cards to program preselected patterns. Jacquard was rewarded by Napoleon Bonaparte for his work, but was forced to flee Lyon when he was attacked by weavers who saw themselves being replaced by his invention. His looms are however still used today, especially in the manufacture of fine furniture fabrics.
• The British mathematician and inventor, Charles Babbage, started building, but never completed, two astonishing computers called the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine. The latter became the basis upon which all modern computers were developed. Babbage never managed to finish building his machines - although all the plans were completed - because of financial constraints. Many of the ideas surrounding Babbage's computers were recorded by his friend, Augusta Ada Byron, the daughter of the famous poet Lord Byron. Ada's conceptual programs for the Engine led to the naming of a programming language (Ada) in her honor. Although the Analytical Engine was never built, its key concepts, such as the capacity to store instructions, the use of punched cards as a primitive memory, and the ability to print, were taken by others and can be found in many modern computers.
• The German American, Herman Hollerith, developed a device which could electronically create and read the punched cards developed by Jacquard. Hollerith's tabulator was used for the 1890 US census, cutting the counting time to a quarter of the previous census time. Hollerith's Tabulating Machine Company eventually merged with other companies in 1924 to become the world famous IBM company.
• The precursor to the modern digital computer came in 1936, when the British mathematician Alan Turing developed the Turing Machine - a device looking like a typewriter that could process equations without human direction. From this machine the idea of buttons and keyboard for a computer was developed.
• In the 1930s, the American mathematician, Howard Aiken, developed the Mark I calculating machine, which was built by Hollerith's IBM. This electronic calculating machine used relays and electromagnetic components to replace mechanical components. Aiken also introduced computers to universities by establishing the first computer science program at Harvard University.
• During the Second World War, computer technology leapfrogged, with the British developing a massive analog computer in secret to be able to read the encrypted German field signals.
• The first successful digital computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC), was invented by the American, John Mauchly, at the University of Pennsylvania in 1945. Many of ENIAC's first tasks were for military purposes, such as calculating ballistic firing tables and designing atomic weapons. Mauchly and a partner formed their own company, and produced the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC), which was used for a broader variety of commercial applications.
• In 1948, at Bell Telephone Laboratories, American physicists Walter Houser Brattain, John Bardeen, and William Bradford Shockley developed the transistor, a device that can act as an electric switch. The transistor had a tremendous impact on computer design, replacing costly, energy-inefficient, and unreliable vacuum tubes.
• From then on the science has leapfrogged: the development of integrated circuits in America in the late 1960s by a number of scientists enabled the miniaturization of the computer and led ultimately to the modern word processor and personal computer so common today.
The Industrial Revolution
Britain has the distinction of being the mother of the first modern Industrial Revolution, which started at the end of the 18th century. Because British scientific and technical genius provided the impetus, that country became known as the workshop of the world, with its technological wonders being exported to all corners of the earth.
European Inventors and their Inventions
• John Napier (1550-1617) was a Scottish mathematician who invented the first system of logarithms, described in his book Canonis Descriptio (1614). He also invented mechanical systems for performing arithmetical computations, described in his book Rabdologia (1617).
• Sir Christopher Wren (1632-1723) was an English architect, scientist, and mathematician, who apart from many great buildings, designed and invented a weather clock, the forerunner of the barometer; and undertook pioneering work in the development of blood transfusion.
• Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1726) was an English scientist who worked out an all-encompassing mechanical explanation of the universe resting upon the law of universal gravitation. His work was so far reaching that it was still used in the 20th century when space exploration was planned.
• Samuel Crompton (1753-1827) was an Englishman who invented the spinning mule, a machine that was able to spin cotton into thread finer and faster than was possible with hand spinning. Foolishly he sold the design for the machine for a mere 60 pounds. While it became the most important machine in the British textile industry, Crompton lived in dreadful poverty until the British Parliament voted him 5000 pounds in 1812, in recognition of his innovation.
• John Kay (1704 - 1764) was an Englishman who invented the Flying Shuttle in 1733. The flying shuttle greatly increased the speed of weaving and permitted picking to be performed by one person. He also invented an improved combing, or carding, device. Attacked by weavers who saw his invention as taking away their jobs, Kay fled to France where he died in poverty.
• Sir Richard Arkwright (1732-92) was a British inventor who designed a spinning frame in which cotton fiber was spun into thread in 1769.
• Edmund Cartwright (1743-1823) was an Englishman who invented the power loom in 1785 - an automated hand loom which provoked violent reaction from manual laborers. Cartwright also invented a wool-combing machine (1789) and a steam engine fueled by alcohol (1797). He was awarded 10,000 pounds by the British Parliament in recognition of his innovations - the power loom made the British Industrial Revolution possible.
• James Hargreaves (1720- 1778) was an Englishman who, in 1764, invented the Spinning Jenny (named after his daughter) which made possible the automatic production of cotton thread.
James Hargreaves' original Spinning Jenny.
• James Watt (1736-1819) was a Scottish inventor who won renown for his development of the first viable steam engine, a device which had originally been invented by the English engineers Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen. The first steam engines were thundering devices which were used to pump water from mines. Watt's first patent, in 1769, greatly improved the mechanical flaws of the first steam engines and provided for a host of innovations such as steam-jacketing, oil lubrication, and the insulation of the steam generating cylinder. Watt also invented the rotary engine for driving various types of machinery; the double-action engine, in which steam is admitted alternately into both ends of the cylinder; the steam indicator, which records the steam pressure in the engine; the centrifugal or flyball governor which automatically regulated the speed of an engine; and an attachment that adapted telescopes for use as land surveying equipment - a device still in use today. The electrical unit, the watt, was named in his honor.
• Edward Jenner (1749-1823) was an English physicist who pioneered the use of vaccines, most notably against smallpox.
• Louis Jacques Daguerre (1789-1851) was a Frenchman who invented the daguerreotype method of photography which used metal plates, which was, until the development of roll film, the most common form of photography.
• Joseph Niepce (1765-1833) was a Frenchman who invented the first process for capturing permanent photographic images. In 1826, he successfully made the first surviving permanent photograph, of the courtyard of his house, using a bitumen-coated pewter plate.
• Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811-99) was a German chemist who invented the spectroscope and discovered spectrum analysis which led to the discovery of the elements cesium and rubidium. Bunsen also discovered (1834) the antidote that is still used today for arsenic poisoning. Although his name was given to the Bunsen burner, he did not develop that device. He did however invent a number of other devices, including: the ice calorimeter; the filter pump; and the zinc-carbon electric cell.
• Ernst Werner von Siemens (1816-92) was one of a family of German engineers who founded the firm bearing his name. He invented a number of devices of his own accord, including the electric dynamo and the use of gutta-percha, an elastic, rubberlike substance, for insulating cables. He also built the world's first electric train and tram in Berlin in 1879.
• Michael Faraday (1791 - 1867) was a British physicist who developed the gas burner used in scientific laboratories which later became known as the Bunsen burner. His other great inventions include: benzene; electromagnetic induction; and the laws of electrolysis which bear his name.
• Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-1898) was the British inventor of a revolutionary process for the manufacture of steel, patented in 1856.
• Richard Trevithick (1771-1833) was a British mechanical engineer and inventor who is regarded as the father of railway travel. In 1796, he developed the first mobile steam engines, vastly improving James Watt's steam engines, and by 1801, had transported the first passengers on one of his steam engines. By 1804, his steam engines were running on tracks and the age of rail travel had arrived.
As shown in this illustration of the London and Greenwich railway line in 1833, the first railway carriages were shaped like horse carriages: the train also transported real carriages on flat bed cars.
• In 1829, a new locomotive designed to carry both passengers and cargo was designed by the British engineer George Stephenson. This engine, known as the Rocket, stimulated the building of other locomotives and the extension of railway lines even further. The same year the first locomotive engine was sent to North America from England.
• Alfred Nobel (1833-96) was a Swedish inventor who devised military weapons such as mines, torpedoes, and dynamite.
• Gugielmo Marchese Marconi (1874-1937) was an Italian electrical engineer who won fame as the inventor of the first practical radio-signaling system. In 1897, he formed Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company, Ltd., in London and in 1899, established radio communication across the English Channel between England and France; in 1901, he first sent signals across the Atlantic Ocean between England and North America. During World War I, he was in charge of the Italian wireless service and developed short-wave transmission as a means of secret communication.
• Vlademar Poulsen was a Danish inventor who developed the first tape recorder in 1898, using a magnetized steel tape in what he called the telegraphone. The magnetic tape common today in tape recorders was developed in Germany during the Second World War.
• Louis Pasteur (1882 - 1895) was a French scientist who is best remembered for the development of the process of pasteurization, the sterilization of milk and other substances. He also founded the science of microbiology and developed vaccines for a wide number of diseases including anthrax and rabies.
Louis Pasteur, the French microbiologist who discovered vaccines for cholera, anthrax and rabies.
• Gregor Mendel (1822 -1884) was a German monk who discovered the laws of genetics through research with garden peas. Mendel described the patterns of inheritance in terms of seven pairs of contrasting traits that appeared in different pea-plant varieties. He observed that the traits were inherited as separate units, each of which was inherited independently of the others. He found that each parent has pairs of units but contributes only one unit from each pair to its offspring. The units that Mendel described were later given the name genes. He published his findings in 1866, and they became known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance.
• Louis Lumiere (1864-1948) was a French pioneer of motion photography who, with his brother Auguste, invented an early motion picture system and made the first proper film in 1895, showing it to the public in that same year: the first cinema show in the world.
North American Inventors and their Inventions
• Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790). Apart from his contributions to the American War of Independence and the writing of the American constitution, Franklin also won fame for devising the first anti-pollution measures with devices to control smoking chimneys and in 1744, invented the Franklin stove, which furnished greater heat with a reduced consumption of fuel. His most famous discovery came in 1747, when he proved that lighting was an electrical phenomena. He also invented the lightning rod.
• John Fitch (1743-98) developed the first American steamboat in 1787. Fitch's craft, for which he patented in America and France in 1791, made up the first regularly scheduled steamboat line.
• Eli Whitney (1765-1825) is best known for his 1793 invention of the cotton gin, a machine that would separate the seeds from the fibers of the short-staple cotton plant - work previously done laboriously by hand.
• David Bushnell (1742-1824) built the first submarine in 1775. Called the Turtle, the one-passenger craft was a tarred, oaken sphere banded with iron and powered by hand-operated propellers and pumps. Designed for military use, its armament was an outside gunpowder bomb with a time fuse.
• George Henry Corliss (1817-1888) invented the Corliss valve in 1849, which regulates the flow of steam into an engine cylinder. The concept was then used in all valve operated engine systems.
• Gail Borden (1801-1874) invented the process for condensing milk and conserving foods.
• John Ericsson (1803-1889). Swedish born, Ericsson was the co-designer of the steam locomotive, the Novelty, which was the main competition to George Stephenson's Rocket. Although Ericsson's design failed mechanically during a race between the Rocket and the Novelty, it was the first locomotive to travel a mile in under a minute. Ericsson's other great inventions include the screw propeller for ships (until then all ships had used oars or paddlewheels), with the first screw driven ship, the Francis B. Ogden, being launched in 1837. In 1870 Ericsson patented the first solar powered engine which used sunlight to boil water and create steam which could drive machinery.
• Charles Goodyear (1800-1860) who in 1839, discovered (allegorically by accident) that when rubber and sulfur are heated together at a high temperature, a rubber with desirable properties results. This process, called vulcanization, is still the basis of the rubber-manufacturing industry.
• Elisha Gray (1835-1901), who became one of the more tragic inventors in American history when he literally handed in his patent for the telephone a few hours after Alexander Graham Bell handed in his: the credit for the telephone went to Bell, although Gray's device had been developed simultaneously. In 1888, Gray patented a facsimile telegraph system; and he founded the Western Electric Company.
• John Moses Browning (1855-1926) invented some of the most widely used weapons in the history of firearms and developed several important improvements for guns, including breech-loading, automatic-loading, and repeating rifles and shotguns.
• Edwin Howard Armstrong (1890-1954) developed several electronic circuits and systems that were crucial to the development of radio, including the regenerative circuit (1912) and the frequency modulation (FM) radio broadcasting system. The regenerative circuit amplified weak radio signals and revolutionized the range of radio broadcasting. The FM broadcasting system is in common use today.
• Lee De Forest (1873-1961) designed a number of the earliest wireless radio and telegraph transmitters. His most important invention, however, was a type of vacuum tube that De Forest called the audion, and which today is known as the triode. The triode was the key component of all radio, radar, television and computer systems until its replacement by the transistor in the early 1950s.
• John Deere (1804-86) designed the steel ploughshare in the 1830s, replacing the cast iron version. The company he formed in Illinois became famous for the manufacture of all farming implements.
• Charles Edgar Duyera (1861-1938), who with his brother, James Frank Duyera, built the first successful petrol powered automobile in America in 1894.
• George Eastman (1854-1932) who in 1884 patented the first film in roll form to prove practicable; in 1888 he perfected the Kodak camera; in 1889, Eastman invented flexible transparent film, which allowed the development of the motion picture industry.
• Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931). His inventions include: the practical electric light bulb; an electric generating system; the phonograph, a sound recording device using a round cylinder - he would later adapt it to record on a flat disc - the record player; and the motion picture projector or Kinetoscope. By synchronizing his phonograph and Kinetoscope, he produced, in 1913, the first talking moving pictures. In 1882, he developed and installed the world's first large central electric-power station, located in New York City. He also developed a commercial version of the battery; the mimeograph, the microtasimeter (used for the detection of minute changes in temperature), and a wireless telegraphic method for communicating with moving trains. Altogether, Edison patented more than 1000 inventions.
• Sherman Mills Fairchild (1896-1971) invented several cameras and was the first to come up with the idea to have enclosed cockpits on aircraft. He also invented the radio compass and hydraulic brakes and hydraulic landing gears for aircraft. He founded the company, Fairchild Industries, in New York.
• Richard Jordan Gatling (1818-1903) won renown as the inventor of the Gatling gun, the first repeat firing machine gun which proved instrumental in American and later world history.
• Elias Howe (1819-67) who won fame when, in 1837, he designed, and, over the next nine years, built the sewing machine, for which he took out a patent in 1846. He then went to England, returning a few years later to find that the a man by the name of Isaac Singer had stolen his patent and had started mass manufacture of the sewing machine under the Singer trade name. Howe pursued Singer in court, during the course of which unfounded charges of anti-Semitism were made against Howe by Singer, who was Jewish. After several years, Howe won: Singer was ordered to pay the inventor royalties on all Singer sewing machines ever produced, and Howe retired a wealthy man.
• Charles Franklin Kettering (1876-1958). Kettering invented some of the most recognizable items of modern life. They include: the electric automatic starter which he built specifically for automobiles, but later used for many other applications; the first electronic cash register, developed while he was working for the National Cash Register (NCR) company; the first engine powered electricity generator, today widely used where ever mains electricity is not available; quick drying automobile paint; high octane and leaded petrol; a nonpoisonous coolant for refrigerators; and the first practical engine for diesel locomotives.
• Herbert Edwin Land (1909-91), who won fame through his work in polarized light: he developed a new kind of polarizer, which he called Polaroid, by aligning and embedding crystals in a plastic sheet. Starting his own laboratory at the age of 19, he started the Polaroid Corporation in 1937, which developed infrared filters, dark adaptation goggles and target finders. In the late 1940s, the corporation produced the first self-developing Polaroid Land camera.
• Hiram Percy Maxim (1869-1936) was one of a family of inventors: his father invented the Maxim machine gun and cordite. Other Maxim inventions included an electric automobile in 1897; and silencer devices for rifles and air compressors.
• Cyrus Hall McCormick (1809-1884) invented the first successful reaping machine in 1831. The technical innovations in this machine contributed greatly to the development of modern agriculture and have been included in every successful reaper manufactured since. The garden lawnmower is based on his original invention.
• Samuel Morse (1791-1872) won fame for his inventions of the electric telegraph and the Morse code. In 1843 the U.S. Congress appropriated $30,000 for Morse to construct an experimental telegraph line between Washington, DC, and Baltimore, Maryland. The line was successfully installed, and on May 24, 1844, Morse sent the first message: "What hath God wrought!".
• Graves Otis (1811-1861) pioneered the construction and manufacture of steam-powered elevators. He founded the Otis Elevator Company.
• George Mortimer Pullman (1831-97) designed the first railway sleeping coach. His factory developed into its own town, Pullman in Illinois.
• Christopher Sholes (1819-1890) invented the first practical typewriter in 1867, perfecting a design which had first been attempted in 1714, by Henry Mill in England. The development of the machine was incredibly difficult: no less than 76 attempts had been made between the time of Mill and Sholes' successful design. In 1873, Sholes signed a contract with the Remington Arms Company, a gun manufacturer, to build and market the typewriter. Sholes developed the "QWERTY" keyboard still in use in modern English language computers to overcome the problem of typewriter keys sticking at the point of contact with the ribbon: the keys for the letters that most often appear in combination in the English language are located far apart.
• Elmer Ambrose Sperry (1860-1930), patented more than 400 inventions including: the electric-arc light; electric streetcars; improvements to electric motors; the gyrocompass; the gyropilot for steering ships; the automatic gyropilot for stabilizing aircraft; and electrically sustained gyros that control submarine and aerial torpedoes.
• Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) was a Croatian born American electrical engineer who in 1888, designed the first practical system of generating and transmitting alternating current for electric power. In 1895, Tesla's alternating-current motors were installed at the Niagara Falls power project.
• George Westinghouse (1846-1914) who won fame for inventing the railway frog, a device permitting trains to cross from one track to another. In 1868, he invented the device for which he became most famous, the airbrake.
• Chester F. Carlson (1906-1968) invented xerography, an electronic dry-copying process for the reproduction of images or documents, now called photocopying.
• Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) was a Scottish born American inventor who won fame for inventing the telephone; his other great invention which was just as important but for which he is not widely know, is the aileron, used in every aircraft. He founded the Bell Telephone Company and his descendants founded the National Geographic magazine.
The Scottish American Alexander Graham Bell demonstrates his most famous invention, the telephone.
Paper
Often the allegation is heard that paper was invented in China or Egypt. In neither of these two civilizations was paper used: in China a textile based parchment was used, and in Egypt bound reeds - papyrus - was made into parchment. The very earliest documents in Europe were also captured on material parchment - but there is no evidence that this development was transmitted from the East to Europe.
In Europe, the process to make a textile thin enough to be comfortably used, meant a laborious process of pulping thicker scraps of textiles by hand. This process was revolutionized in 1798 by the French scientist Nicholas Louis Robert, who invented the first mechanical paper pulping machine. The raw material was still crude textile. Robert's machine was improved by the British stationers and brothers Henry Fourdrinier and Sealy Fourdrinier, who in 1803, produced the first of the machines that bear their name.
Only in 1840, was the process of producing paper from groundwood developed in Europe, and the idea of adding chemicals only took place in 1850, creating the modern paper making process which has lasted to this day.
Printing
As with paper, the allegation is often heard that printing was invented in China. This is also untrue: in China a simple system of pattern inking had been developed in which a strip of material was lain against a water based painted picture. This only worked for very basic patterns and was consequently was not widespread. There is also no evidence that this technique was ever exported anywhere as it had virtually no applications.
In Europe, printing was developed entirely independently after long thought on how to speed up the process of book copying: Johann Gutenberg, of the German city of Mainz, invented the technical aspects of printing in 1450. Basing the design of his machine on a wine press, Gutenburg developed the use of raised and movable type and from the start used oil based paints.
The invention of the printing press revolutionized the spread of knowledge: a printing press was built in Venice in 1469, and the city had 417 printers by 1500. In 1476, a printing press was developed in England by William Caxton; in 1539, the Spaniard Juan Pablos set up an imported press in Mexico City, Mexico. Stephen Day built the first printing press in North America at Massachusetts Bay in 1628, and helped establish the Cambridge Press.
By the end of the 1400's, 1,000 new books were being published per year by Europe's book printers. By 1815, the number had climbed to 20,000 per year.
The Nonwhite world's wealthiest city, Constantinople, under the Ottoman Turks, did not acquire its first printing press until the year 1726, and by 1815, the grand total of all the books published in Constantinople in the preceding 89 years, was only 63 titles.
Gunpowder
The first written reference to gunpowder - and how to make it - appears in the writings of the 13th century English monk Roger Bacon, belying the oft held theory that it was developed in China and exported to Europe.
A 14th century German monk, Berthold Schwarz, was the first person to use gunpowder to fire a projectile, and can rightly be given the title of inventor of the firearm. Gunpowder factories had been established in England and Germany in 1334 and 1340 respectively.
The Automobile
The first self propelled vehicle, a three wheeled steam-powered engine designed to move artillery pieces, was developed in 1769, by the French Army officer Captain Nicolas Joseph Cugnot. The next steam engines were developed in England but soon were running on tracks, as with Richard Trevithick's successful engines.
Steam cars became popular in America during the very early 20th century, with the most famous vehicle being the Stanley Steamer, built by American twin brothers Freelan and Francis Stanley. A Stanley Steamer established a world land speed record in 1906 of 205.44 km/h (121.573 mph). Manufacturers produced about 125 models of steam-powered automobiles, including the Stanley, until 1932.
Internal Combustion Engines
The German engineer Nikolaus Otto (1832-1891) invented the first four stroke internal combustion engine in 1876, which rapidly replaced the steam engine as the primary source of power in virtually all applications, and paving the way for the development of the automobile. Jean Joseph Lenoir (1822-1900) was a Belgian-born French inventor famous for producing the first one cylinder internal combustion engine powered by kerosene in 1859, and the first internal-combustion-powered car.
Gottlieb Daimler (1834-1900) was a German engineer and inventor who assisted in the development of the Otto gasoline engine. In 1887, he patented the Daimler engine, a high-speed internal-combustion engine that was an important step in the development of the automobile. Daimler and German inventor, Wilhelm Maybach, mounted a gasoline-powered engine onto a bicycle, creating a motorcycle, in 1885. In 1887, they manufactured their first car, which included a steering lever and a four-speed gearbox. Another German engineer, Karl Benz, produced his first gasoline car in 1886. In 1926, Daimler, Maybach and Benz were to join together to form the Mercedes Benz brand name.
Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913) was yet another German engineer who designed and invented the diesel engine in 1897, which is a heavy oil engine used most commonly in ships, although its applications later spread to all manner of vehicles.
Tarred Roads
Modern tarred roads were the result of the work of two British engineers, Thomas Telford and John Loudon McAdam. Telford designed the system of raising the foundation of the road in the center to act as a drain for water: eventually this design became the norm for all roads everywhere.
The highway, or freeway, was conceptualized by the leader of Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler, and the first such Autobahns were built during the 1930s in Germany. The Autobahn system was copied everywhere in the world.
Oil Wells
The first commercial exploitation of natural oil, known originally as "rock oil", came in 1852, when the Canadian-German physician and geologist, Abraham Gessner, obtained a patent for producing kerosene from crude oil.
The first proper oil wells were dug in Germany in 1857, but the first successful oil well dig was carried out by Edwin Drake at Oil Creek, Pennsylvania, in North America in 1859. Drake's success marked the beginning of the rapid growth of the modern petroleum industry, with the scientist, George Kettering, finally distilling high octane fuel from the crude oil product.
Electricity
Electricity has been the harnessing power upon which almost every other advance has been based: there is now not a place on earth that this invention has not reached.
• The English scientist, William Gilbert, coined the word "electricity" in 1600, when he used the Greek word for "amber" to describe the phenomena in a book on the subject;
• The German scientist, Otto von Guericke, invented the first machine for producing an electric charge in 1672; while the contemporary French scientist Charles Du Fay was the first to distinguish between positive and negative charges in electricity;
• The British scientist, Joseph Priestly, in 1766, proved the law that the force between electric charges varies inversely with the square of the distance between the charges;
• The Italian physicist, Alessandro Volta, developed the precursor to the modern electrical battery in 1880, a breakthrough for which the unit of electricity, the Volt, was named after him;
• The Danish scientist, Hans Christian Oersted, discovered in 1819 that a magnetic field exists around an electric current flow;
• The British scientist, Michael Faraday, proved in 1831 that a current flowing in a coil of wire can induce electromagnetically a current in a nearby coil;
• In 1840, the British scientist, James Prescott Joule, and the German scientist, Hermann von Helmholtz, demonstrated that electric circuits obey the law of the conservation of energy and that electricity is a form of energy. The unit of energy, the Joule, is named after the Englishman;
• The British inventor, James Clerk Maxwell, investigated the properties of electromagnetic waves and light and developed the theory that the two are identical. Maxwell's work also provided the basis for the Italian engineer, Guglielmo Marconi, who in 1896, harnessed these waves to produce the first practical radio;
• The Dutch physicist, Hendrik Lorentz, developed the electron theory, which is the basis of modern electrical theory, in 1892;
• The American scientist, Robert Millikan, was the first to measure the charge on an electron in 1909;
• The widespread use of electricity as a source of power is largely due to the work of such pioneering American engineers and inventors as Thomas Alva Edison and Nikola Tesla;
• The transistor was developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories by the American physicists Walter Houser Brattain, John Bardeen, and William Bradford Shockley. For this achievement, the three shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in physics. Shockley is noted as the initiator and director of the research program in semiconducting materials that led to the discovery of this group of devices; his associates, Brattain and Bardeen, are credited with the invention of an important type of transistor. (Shockley then devoted the rest of his life to a speaking tour which took him up and down America, in which he advocated the belief that Blacks and Whites have different Intelligence Quotas caused by their genes).
Television
• The concept of television was pioneered by the Scotsman, James Clerk Maxwell, who in 1873, predicted the existence of the electromagnetic waves that would enable pictures and sound to be sent by air instead of along wire as was then currently the case.
• In 1873, the English scientist, Willoughby Smith, and his assistant, Joseph May, discovered photoconductivity after observing that the electrical conductivity of the element selenium changes when light falls on it. This characteristic was used in the vidicon television camera tube.
• Photoemission, the effect that certain substances emit electrons when exposed to light, was discovered in 1888, by the German physicist, Wilhelm Hallwachs. This effect was applied to the image-orthicon television camera tube.
• In 1906, the American, Lee De Forest, patented the triode vacuum tube. By 1920, the tube had been improved to the point where it could be used to amplify electric currents for television.
• The German engineer, Paul Nipkow, designed the first true television system in 1884, which consisted of a punched hole disk scanning in an image piece by piece into a camera with the image so scanned being transmitted to a receiver which used another spinning disk to project the image once again.
• Nipkow's mechanical scanner was used from 1923 to 1925 in experimental television systems developed in the United States by Charles F. Jenkins, and in England by the Scotsman and inventor, John Logie Baird, the latter developing the Nipkow disk system to the point where he is generally credited with the development of modern television.
• The first electronic method of scanning an image for use in conjunction with Baird's development was developed by an Englishman, A. A. Campbell-Swinton, in 1908.
• This was followed in the 1920s, by the American engineer, Philo Taylor Farnsworth, who devised the television camera, which converted the image captured, into an electrical signal, an image dissector.
• Cathode rays, or beams of electrons in vacuumised glass tubes, were first noted by the British chemist and physicist, Sir William Crookes, in 1878. By 1908, Campbell-Swinton and a Russian, Boris Rosing, had independently suggested that a cathode-ray tube (CRT) be used to reproduce the television picture on a phosphor-coated screen. The CRT was developed for use in television during the 1930s by the American electrical engineer, Allen B. DuMont. DuMont's method of picture reproduction is essentially the same as the one used today.
• The first public broadcasts of television were carried out in 1928 in New York, with the receivers being built by Alexander Graham Bell's company, General Electric, while the first public broadcasting of television programs took place in London in 1936.
• Color television was conceptualized and demonstrated by John Logie Baird in 1928, by using a Nipkow disk containing the three primary colors of light, red green and blue. The system of using the primary colors was perfected in 1953, and color television was introduced in that year.
Flight
The first lighter than air flights were undertaken in 1783, by two French brothers, Jacques and Joseph Montgolfier, using heated air in balloons. That same year the French physicist, Jean Francois de Rozier, made the first manned balloon flights near Paris. In 1785, the French aeronaut Jean Pierre Blanchard, accompanied by John Jeffries, an American, made the first balloon crossing of the English Channel.
Sir George Cayley
Sir George Cayley (1773-1857) was an English inventor who developed the concept of the modern airplane, and is considered to be the founder of the science of aerodynamics. The essential form of the modern airplane, a rigid-wing structure driven by a then yet to be invented engine, was designed by Cayley in 1799.
In 1808, Cayley had persuaded his coachman to man a glider he had built which was then launched: it carried the protesting employee some 275 meters (900 feet) before crashing: the first recorded flight by any person in an aircraft. Cayley then published his findings in a paper, On Aerial Navigation (1810) which earned him the title of the Father of Aviation. In this paper he laid out the basic ground rules for aviation which are still in use to this day: inclined rigid wings; rudder steering control and streamlining.
Samuel Langley
The first heavier than air self propelled aircraft was built in 1896, by the American inventor, Samuel Pierpont Langley. His aircraft, which he called the Aerodrome, was launched by catapult on the Potomac river in Virginia, was unmanned, but still won renown for being able to fly under its own power.
Wright Brothers
The first powered manned aircraft flight was undertaken by the two American brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright. Starting with self built gliders, the Wright brothers built their first propeller in 1903 and on 17 December 1903, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA, they made the first powered airplane flights in history. Orville Wright, who was manned the first powered flight, also invented the first wind tunnel in 1901 as part of the brothers' experimentation to find the correct wing shape. From then on, the design of aircraft improved by leaps and bounds, spurred on by two world wars, both of which saw the aircraft being turned to military applications with massive design improvements.
Lying flat in his aircraft, Orville Wright becomes the first man to fly at Kittyhawk, North Carolina, 1903.
Long Distance Flight
In 1909, a French aviator, Louis Bleriot, crossed the English channel in an aircraft, laying the basis for the development of intercontinental flight. In 1910, the American pilot Eugene Ely took off from and landed on warships. In 1911 the US Army used a Wright brothers' biplane to make the first live bombing test from an airplane. In 1911, the American inventor and aviator Glenn Curtiss introduced the first practical seaplane.
1913 saw the first truly long distance flight from France to Egypt and the first non-stop flight across the Mediterranean Sea from France to Tunisia. Commercial aviation began in January of 1914, just 10 years after the Wrights' first flight, with the first regularly scheduled passenger line in the world operating between Saint Petersburg and Tampa, Florida.
The Jet Aircraft
The first jet engine was designed and built by the British engineer Sir Frank Whittle in 1937. His invention was not well received in Britain, and in less than two years the German aeronautical engineer, Willie Messerschmidt, head of the Messerschmidt aircraft company, had produced a German jet engine. In 1939 Messerschmidt produced the first aircraft to accompany the jet engine - with the first jet flight in the world taking place in Nazi Germany that year.
The Nazis thereafter maintained their lead in jet engine propulsion right through the Second World War, putting the Messerschmidt Me 262, the world's first jet fighter, into operational use in November 1944.
Messerschmidt's factory also produced the unstable Me 163 Komet, which was the world's first rocket powered interceptor aircraft, which launched vertically and would then swoop down on enemy bombers at a fantastic speed.
After the war, Messerschmidt's jet engine was studied with renewed interest, and turned to peaceful applications, with the first jet passenger aircraft entering service in the early 1950s. However it was only with the introduction of the Boeing 707 jet liner in 1958, that jet passenger aircraft finally assumed the direction by which it is known today. The 707 changed passenger flight overnight: the flying time from New York City to London, England, dropped to less than eight hours, halving the time taken by propeller driven aircraft.
The Helicopter
The first recorded design of a helicopter - which was never built - was by Leonardo da Vinci around the year 1500. Although Da Vinci never saw his idea take practical form, the basic idea he conceptualized formed the basis of the development of the helicopter. Many inventors tried their hand at perfecting the original Da Vinci design, but the first successful helicopter was a twin-rotor machine designed by the German engineer Heinrich Focke, which was flown in 1936 in Nazi Germany.
This was followed in 1939, by the Russian-American Igor Sikorsky's single rotor helicopter which made its first flight in Ohio. After the Second World War the helicopter was refined and became highly used in both military and civilian applications.
Atomic Power
The British chemist John Dalton (1766-1844) is regarded as the father of atomic theory. He believed that the particles or atoms of different elements were distinguished from one another by their weights, and in 1803, published the first table of comparative atomic weights, inaugurating the quantitative atomic theory.
The next great step in atomic research came in 1895, when the German scientist, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, invented the technology known as X rays, with its indispensable medical uses.
The French scientist, Pierre Curie, and his Polish wife, Marie, then made a number of breakthroughs in the study and research of nuclear energy, discovering the elements polonium and radium. Marie became the first scientist to isolate the pure metal radium.
The British physicist, Ernest Rutherford, discovered the alpha, beta and gamma rays of radiation given off by uranium, allowing scientists to further penetrate the secrets of the atom. Rutherford established that the mass of the atom is concentrated in its nucleus and that electrons circle the nucleus, each with different electrical charges.
Particle Accelerator
In 1930, the American physicist, Ernest Lawrence, developed the first particle accelerator, called a cyclotron. This machine generates electrical attractive and repulsive forces that accelerate atomic particles while they are spun round in a vacuum by the electromagnetic force of a very big magnet.
Nuclear Reactions
In 1932, two British scientists, Sir John D. Cockcroft and Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton, were the first to use artificially accelerated particles to successfully disintegrate the nucleus of an atom. They produced a beam of protons (positive particles) which were boosted to high speed by means of a high-voltage device called a voltage multiplier. These particles were then used to bombard a lithium target to produce the desired result.
Applications
It became inevitable that the advent of the Second World War would see nuclear research turned to military purposes: in both Germany and America, scientists worked feverishly to build an atom bomb. The Germans were the first to start with nuclear fission experiments - fission being the igniter for a nuclear reaction - but their efforts were seriously hampered by the large scale bombing of their country.
In America, the Italian-American scientist, Enrico Fermi, perfected nuclear fission and a team was set up to develop the atom bomb in great secrecy under the code name the Manhattan Project. The practicalities of fitting Fermi's fission device into a bomb which could be delivered by air were completed by mid 1945, and the atom bomb was used against Japan, ending the Second World War in a mushroom cloud.
Electrical Power
After the war, nuclear research remained primarily devoted to military weapons, but also started to have civilian applications: by the late 1950s and early 1960s, nuclear power plants had started to appear in Western Europe, America and the Soviet Union, all manufacturing electrical power for consumer consumption but also producing dangerous used fuel effluent which will remain active and dangerous for thousands of years.
Space Exploration
Almost all theory of space flight was worked out by three brilliant men over a period of nearly three centuries - from 1600 to 1900.
Robert Goddard
The American scientist, Dr. Robert H. Goddard, is considered to be the father of practical modern rocketry. His experiments with solid and liquid fueled rockets formed much of the basis of the development of ballistic missiles, earth-orbiting satellites, and interplanetary exploration. His first rocket launch was in 1926, in Massachusetts, and although it only flew for 2.5 seconds, it proved that rockets could work. In 1930, he launched a new rocket that reached 2,000 feet and a speed of 500 miles per hour: the first truly successful rocket.
Nazi Rockets Led the Space Race
The German rocket scientist, Hermann Oberth, is known as the Father of Space Travel for his ground breaking book in the 1920s called 'The Rocket into Planetary Space'. Oberth's ideas were well received by Adolf Hitler, and funding was made available to Oberth to assemble a rocket research and development team. One of the scientists that Oberth recruited was Wernher von Braun (1912-1977), later to become famous in his own right.
The first product of the German research program was the V-1 rocket, or doodlebug, as it was known, a flying bomb powered by a jet engine. Then Von Braun, still working under Oberth, developed the first intercontinental ballistic missile in the world: the German V2 rocket which was used to bombard Britain in the closing months of the Second World War.
At the end of the Second World War, the Soviets and Americans each grabbed as many of the Nazi rocket scientists as they could find. Von Braun had however arranged for the removal of 500 of his top staff and their work - 100 remaining V2 rockets - to the west, to await capture by the Americans. His gamble paid off, and he and most of his colleagues were whisked off to America to work for that country's military and later space rocket programs.
The Soviets did however manage to capture some stragglers: they in turn were taken back to Russia and put to work for the Communists, producing the first long range Soviet missiles, known as Scuds, and the first Soviet space rockets (which even kept the distinctive V2 shape).
The first Soviet Satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched in 1957, followed in 1961 by the first manned spaceflight, that of Yuri Gagarin. In both cases it was a derivation of the V2 rocket which put the Soviets into space.
Von Braun in America
Meanwhile, in America, about two thirds of the original V2 team had been re-assembled at the White Sands Proving Grounds, New Mexico. Led by Von Braun and Oberth, the team continued their work and in 1950, Von Braun was transferred to Huntsville, Alabama, where for ten years he headed the Redstone missile program, becoming a naturalized US citizen in 1955.
In 1958, the first American satellite was launched, using a V2 derivative rocket as its launch vehicle. After Oberth retired, Von Braun was in 1960 appointed director of development operations at the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (NASA) in Huntsville. There the original V2 rocket was redeveloped and finally became the main American space vehicle, the Gemini rocket, used to put Alan Shepard, the first American into space in 1962.
So it came to be that rockets originally developed under the Nazis were responsible for the first manned flight in space and the basis of both America and the Soviet Union's space programs.
Von Braun's last great contribution to space exploration was his design and building of the first and second stages of the mighty Saturn V rocket, which took the manned Apollo missions to the moon. The Saturn V rocket gained distinction in one more way; it became the only series of rockets ever developed to have worked perfectly on every launch, a record which has never been equaled before or since.
Moon Walk
During the next three decades, thousands of spacecraft of all varieties were launched, mostly in earth orbit. Soon space flight then became almost routine until the first manned mission to the moon took place in 1969.
Two Americans, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin were the first of earth's inhabitants to walk on another planet - they were followed by other missions, each one more remarkable than the last. All told, twelve men walked on the moon's surface and returned to earth.
The emphasis was then moved to building orbiting space stations, and in 1973, the famous space station, Skylab, was launched. The Soviet Union also put up the Soyuz space stations, some of which have been used to establish long distance endurance records in space.
Unmanned craft were sent out to the far corners of the universe, with some penetrating out into the open vastness of space carrying messages of greetings from earth.
The next technological breakthrough was the development of a reusable space craft, and the American Space Shuttle, was born: powered by two disposable fuel tanks, the shuttle entered earth's orbit to deploy or catch orbiting satellites, and then returned to earth using its aerodynamic design to glide onto a landing strip.
Political Correctness
It was during the era of the development of the Space Shuttle that it dawned upon the purveyors of political correctness that the entire space program - from scientists to astronauts - had been an exclusively White affair.
Objections were raised, first at the presence of some of Von Braun's original team who were still alive (one was stripped of his American citizenship and deported back to Germany, nearly 40 years after he had been invited to America by the US government), and then against the fact that there were no Nonwhite astronauts. Giving in to political pressure, NASA then hunted down suitable Nonwhite astronauts to fill a politically demanded affirmative action program.
Who?
In addition to the famous inventors, there are a host of others who are virtually unknown but whose contributions to modern society are no less important.
• James King was an American, who in 1851, patented the first washing machine to use a drum. The first electric-powered washing machines was introduced in 1908, by the Hurley Machine Company of Chicago, Illinois.
• Rowland Hill, a schoolmaster in England, invented the postage stamp in 1837, an act for which he was knighted. Through his efforts the first stamp in the world was issued in England in 1840.
• Jesse W. Reno was an American who patented the first inclined conveyor belt - or escalator - in 1891. This was followed in short order by the American inventor, Charles D. Seeberger, who added steps to the conveyor belt, creating the modern escalator.
• Charles Hanson Greville, an English scientist, first identified the chemical properties in natural rubber (1860), opening the way for others to start working on the development of synthetic rubbers. Finally, after research by teams of scientists in Germany and the United States, the first viable synthetic rubbers were produced in America after the Second World War.
• Robert W. Thompson was a Scottish inventor who, in 1845, developed the first pneumatic tire.
• John Wesley Hyatt was an American who developed modern plastics in 1870, after entering a competition held by a billiard ball manufacturer looking for an alternative to ivory. Hyatt developed a method of pressure-working pyroxylin, a cellulose nitrate of low nitration that had been plasticized with camphor and an alcohol solvent. The substance, patented under the trademark Celluloid, was the first plastic, using the same principles numerous other types of plastics were then created.
• Leo Hendrik Baekland, a Belgian American chemist, invented Bakelite in 1906, using Hyatt's basic principle of plastics manufacture. In 1920, a breakthrough in the understanding of the nature of the molecular nature of plastics by the German chemist, Hermann Staudinger, saw the development of all modern plastics in laboratories in Germany and America shortly thereafter.
• Johan Vaaler was a Norwegian who invented the paper clip in 1899.
• Percy Spencer was an American who invented the microwave oven in the late 1950s after experiments with a magnetron, a device designed to produce short radio waves for a radar system.
• Claude Chappe was a Frenchman who invented the mechanical semaphore system for ships in 1792.
• William Murdock was an Englishman who invented practical industrial scale gas lighting - later extended to streets in 1802.
• Jean Jacques Dony was a Belgian who was the first person to produce an extract of zinc in 1805.
• Friedriech Woehler was a German who in 1827 was the first to produce an extract of aluminum from clay.
• Nicolas Appert was a Frenchman who developed the technique for the sterilization of tinned food in 1809.
• Benjamin Delessert was a Frenchman to extract sugar from beet sugar in 1812.
• Arsitide Berges was a Frenchman who installed the first hydro-electric station in the world in France in 1870.
• Henri Sainte-Claire was a Frenchman who started the first industrial aluminum production in 1854.
• Ernest Solvay was a Belgian who started the first industrial soda production in 1861.
• Hilaire de Charbonnet was a Frenchman who invented artificial silk in 1884.
• Charles Tellier was a Frenchman who invented the modern fridge in 1867.
• Percy Gilchrist and Sidney Thomas were two Englishmen who jointly extracted the first phosphorus from iron in 1875.
• PLT Heroult in France and CM Hall in America, independently produced aluminum by electrolysis in 1866.
• Eugene Turpin was a Frenchman who invented Melinite in 1892.
• Herman Dresser was a German chemist who invented Aspirin in 1893.
• Frederick Hopkins was an Englishman who discovered the existence of vitamins in 1912.
Racial Implications
As the reader can see, it is no exaggeration to say that there is almost nothing in any modern society which has not been invented by a member of the White race at some stage in history. It is truly no exaggeration to say that White technological know how has physically shaped the very earth itself - this despite the Whites being an absolute minority of the globe's population.
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