HSP Research Papers and Other Publications, 1991-99

[as at 31 March 1999]

A double asterisk (**) indicates that the paper is still in draft, not yet finalized for distribution outside HSP.

The papers are listed in chronological order of their writing under the following headings:

Historical aspects of CBW

"Production and chemistry of mustard gas" by J P Perry Robinson and Ralf Trapp, in S J Lundin (editor), Verification of Dual-use Chemicals under the Chemical Weapons Convention: The Case of Thiodiglycol, Oxford University Press, 1991 (SIPRI Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies no 13) pp 4-23.

"Origins of the Chemical Weapons Convention" by J P Perry Robinson, in B Morel and K Olson (editors), Shadows and the Substance: The Chemical Convention, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993, pp 37-54.

"Seeing the future of the Chemical Weapons Convention in its past" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper presented at the 1st International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on the Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, Geneva, 8-9 May 1993, 18 pp.

"The former test and evaluation site on Pulao Tenggol" by J P Perry Robinson, in Chemical Weapons Convention Bulletin no 25 (September 1994) p 6.

"The day germ warfare came to Tooting Broadway" by Brian Balmer, in The Independent, 28 March 1995, p 21.

** "Chronology of the Biological Research Advisory Board 1946-64" by Brian Balmer: a rolling text HSP working paper, version of 4 September 1996, 84 pp.

** "Scientific and expert advice in defence research: the Biological Research Advisory Board" by Brian Balmer: unpublished paper presented at the DERA History Project symposium, Science Museum, London, 16-17 October 1996, 12 pp.

"Chemical and biological warfare history" by J P Perry Robinson: speaking notes for a presentation at session 10 of the HSP London CBW Seminar, held at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office on 1 May 1997, 2 pp.

** "BW defence policy in the UK -- chronology 1945-65", by Brian Balmer: an unpublished rolling text, version 13 June 1997, 47 pp.

** "British scientists and the Cold War: the DRPC and information networks, 1947-1963" by Jon Agar and Brian Balmer, September 1997, 39 pp, to be published in Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences.

"The drift of biological weapons policy in the UK 1945-1965" by Brian Balmer, in Journal of Strategic Studies vol 20 no 4 (December 1997) pp 115-45.

** "Making threats: expert advice on British biological weapons research" by Brian Balmer: an unpublished paper initially presented in the University College London Department of Science & Technology Studies on 27 October 1997, 15 pp.

** "Using the population body to protect the national body: germ warfare tests in the UK after WWII" by Brian Balmer: unpublished paper presented at the Wellcome Institute for History of Medicine Using Bodies conference, London, 3-4 September 1998, 23 pp.

"Chemical and biological weapons described from an historical standpoint with reference to present-day policy concerns" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished speaking notes for a University of Sussex CPES colloquium on chemical warfare, 28 January 1999, 16 pp.

Aspects of antichemical protection

"The role of chemical defense in chemical warfare, chemical deterrence, and chemical disarmament" by Matthew Meselson, the keynote address to the Sixth Annual Scientific Conference on Chemical Defense Research, US Army Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center, Edgewood, Maryland, 13-16 November 1990, adapted for Chemical Weapons Convention Bulletin, No 11, March 1991, pp 17-19.

"The myth of chemical superweapons" by Matthew Meselson, in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, April 1991, Vol 47, No 3, pp 12-15.

"The role of chemical defence in chemical warfare, chemical deterrence, and chemical disarmament" by Matthew Meselson, in HSP Occasional Paper no 2 (1993), pp 11-15.

"Introduction, overview and conclusions [on antichemical protection and the Chemical Weapons Convention]" by Matthew Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in HSP Occasional Paper no 2 (1993), pp 5-7.

Antichemical Protection and the Chemical Weapons Convention, eds. P Deshingkar, Matthew Meselson and J P Robinson, Washington, DC: Harvard Sussex Program on CBW Armament and Arms Limitation, 1993 [ISBN 1-884179-00-2], HSP Occasional Paper no 2.

Aspects of biological warfare

"Verification of biological and toxin weapons disarmament" by Matthew Meselson, Science and Global Security, Vol 2 (1991), pp 235-52.

"Implementing the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972" by Matthew Meselson, in UNIDIR Newsletter, June 1991, pp 10-13.

"Adherence to the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention", by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished speaking notes and tabulated data for the Quaker Residential Conference Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention, Chƒteau de Bossey, Switzerland, 31 May - 2 June 1991, 10 pp, revised 20 June 1991.

"The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 1979" by Matthew Meselson, Jeanne Guillemin, Martin Hugh-Jones, Alexander Langmuir, Ilona Popova, Alexis Shelokov and Olga Yampolskaya, in Science, 18 November 1994, Vol 266, pp 1202-1208.

"Note regarding source strength [in the 1979 Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak]" by Matthew Meselson, in ASA Newsletter no 48, 8 June 1995, pp 1 and 20-21.

"Outline for an integrated approach to the problem of biological weapons" by M S Meselson and J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper presented at the 4th Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, Geneva, 2-3 December 1995, 4 pp.

"Some political aspects of the control of biological weapons" by J P Perry Robinson, in Science in Parliament vol 53 no 3 (May/June 1996) pp 6-11.

"Some lessons for the Biological Weapons Convention from preparations to implement the Chemical Weapons Convention" by J P Perry Robinson, in Oliver Thr„nert (ed), Enhancing the BWC, Bonn: Dietz, 1996, pp 86-113.

"Why do we have the Biological Weapons Convention?" by J P Perry Robinson: speaking notes for the Common Security Forum colloquium, Reasoning about Disarmament: A Spectrum of Approaches, Cambridge, England, 1 June 1996, 3 pp.

"Preventing proliferation of biological weapons" by Matthew Meselson: vugraphs for a private presentation, 3 December 1996, 21 pp.

"Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention: a negotiation simulation" conducted with the participation of Marie Chevrier at a NATO Advanced Studies Institute, Budapest, Hungary, July 1997.

"Towards a verification protocol" by Marie Chevrier, in Graham Pearson (editor), New Scientific and Technological Aspects of Verification of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, NATO ASI Series, Kluwer Academic Publishers, forthcoming.

"Doubts about confidence: the potential and limits of confidence-building measures for the Biological Weapons Convention" by Marie I Chevrier, in Amy Smithson (editor), Biological Weapons Proliferation: Reasons for Concern, Courses of Action, Washington DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center, Report no 24 (January 1998), pp 53-75.

"The threat that won't disperse: why biological weapons have taken center stage" by Marie Isabelle Chevrier, op-ed piece in Washington Post, 21 December 1997, p C1.

"Iraq's germ weapons" by J P Perry Robinson, in The Tablet, 14 February 1998, pp 192-4.

"The cost and structure of a BWC Organization" by Marie I Chevrier: a presentation at a briefing arranged by the Federation of American Scientists for participants in the BWC Ad Hoc Group, Geneva, Switzerland, 24 June 1998.

"Doubts about confidence: the potential and limits of confidence building measures for the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention" by Marie Isabelle Chevrier and Iris Hunger: an unpublished paper presented at the LNCV/ICGEB conference Peaceful Use of Biotechnology and the Convention on Biological Weapons, Trieste, 26-27 June 1998.

"Effective prohibition of biological weapons" by Graham Pearson and Marie Isabelle Chevrier, in Joshua Lederberg (editor), Biological Weapons: Limiting the Threat, CSIA Studies in International Security, MIT Press, forthcoming, 1999.

"Strengthening the biological weapons arms control regime" by Marie Chevrier, in Ray Zilinskas (editor), Biological Warfare and Defense in the Era of Molecular Biology, Lynne Rienner Press, forthcoming, 1999.

"Investigations of Sverdlovsk and Yellow Rain" by Matthew Meselson, Jeanne Guillemin and Julian Perry Robinson: abstract of a presentation by Matthew Meselson at a panel on Instances and Allegations of the Use of Biological Weapons during the 18th Annual Meeting of the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, Boston, MA, 3-6 September 1998.

"Airborne dispersal of biological agents: some elementary principles of atmospheric diffusion theory" by Matthew Meselson: an unpublished paper presented at the 10th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, The BWC Protocol Negotiation: Unresolved Issues (Geneva, Switzerland, 28-29 November 1998), 11 pp.

"Is the BWC Protocol Rolling Text dealing adequately with the problem of dual use?" by J P Perry Robinson: an unpublished paper presented at the 10th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, The BWC Protocol Negotiation: Unresolved Issues (Geneva, Switzerland, 28-29 November 1998), 7 pp.

"Building a BWC Organisation: some observations from the OPCW" by Daniel Feakes: an unpublished paper presented at the 10th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, The BWC Protocol Negotiation: Unresolved Issues (Geneva, Switzerland, 28-29 November 1998), 20 pp.

Disabling chemicals

"The chemical weapons of Desert Storm forces and the wider implications of tear gas and other incapacitants" by J P Perry Robinson, in J-P Zanders (ed), The 2nd Gulf War and the CBW Threat: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Conference on Chemical Warfare [Brussels, 29-30 November 1991], special issue of Vredesonderzoek [Brussels: VUB], November 1995, pp 83-95.

"Editorial: No Gas" by Matthew Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in Chemical Weapons Convention Bulletin no 14, December 1991, p 1.

"Incapacitants and the Chemical Weapons Convention" by M S Meselson and J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper presented at the 19th International Workshop of the Pugwash CBW Study Group, Geneva, 11-12 January 1992.

"Banning non-lethal chemical incapacitants in the Chemical Weapons Convention", A briefing discussion with Dr. Matthew Meselson, The Committee for National Security, Washington, DC, 20 February 1992, 15 pp.

"Questions regarding the US position seeking to exempt certain toxic chemicals from the Chemical Weapons Convention" by M S Meselson and J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper distributed privately 28 February 1992, 5 pp.

"What policy for disabling chemicals?" by M S Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in Chemical Weapons Convention Bulletin no 15 (March 1992) pp 4-5.

Statement of Professor Matthew S Meselson at a hearing on Chemical Weapons Ban Negotiation Issues before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 1 May 1992, S.Hrg. 102-719, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office [ISBN 0-16-039032-X], pp 23-29 and 42-43.

"New technologies and the loophole in the Convention" by Matthew Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in Chemical Weapons Convention Bulletin no 23, March 1994, pp 1-2.

"Disabling chemical weapons: some technical and historical aspects" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper presented at the 2nd International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, Den Haag/Noordwijk, Netherlands, 27-29 May 1994, 58 pp.

"Developments in `non-lethal weapons' involving chemicals" by J P Perry Robinson, in International Committee of the Red Cross, Expert Meeting on Certain Weapon Systems and on Implementation Mechanism in International Law, Geneva, 30 May - 1 June: Report, Geneva: ICRC, July 1994, pp 92-97.

Statement of Matthew Meselson at hearing on the Chemical Weapons Convention before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 9 June 1994, in S.Hrg 103-869, Chemical Weapons Convention (Treaty Doc. 103-21), US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994 [ISBN 0-16-046378-5], pp 96-102.

"Proposed guidelines on the status of riot control agents and other toxic chemicals under the Chemical Weapons Convention" by Abram Chayes, Matthew Meselson and R Justin Smith: a paper submitted to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 9 June 1994, subsequently published in S.Hrg 104-668, Convention on Chemical Weapons (Treaty Doc. 103-21), Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 13, 21 and 28 March 1996, Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office [ISBN 0-16-053800-9], January 1997, pp 178-85.

**"Analysis of the proposed revisions to Executive Order 11850" by R Justin Smith, unpublished paper dated 29 July 1994.

**"Implications of a US declaration of certain munitions filled with incapacitating toxic chemicals as chemical weapons under the CWC" by R Justin Smith, unpublished paper dated 12 September 1994.

**"The United States CS weaponry stockpile: technical characteristics, procurement levels, procurement sources, likely remaining stocks, and suitability for disassembly or destruction" by R Justin Smith, unpublished paper dated 20 October 1994.

**"The United States's understanding of the definition of a `combatant' in international law" by R Justin Smith, unpublished paper dated 9 February 1995.

**"Interpreting the CWC to require the declaration of chemicals held for law enforcement purposes" by R Justin Smith, unpublished paper dated 26 April 1995.

"Some consequences of the General Purpose Criterion having been used to define the scope of the Chemical Weapons Convention" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper presented at the 3rd International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, Noordwijk, Netherlands, 19-21 May 1995, revised 21 June 1995, 9 pp.

CBW and the Middle East

"War with Iraq could unleash chemical and biological weapons, but one US expert sees no cause for panic", interview with Matthew Meselson in People Magazine, 21 January 1991, Vol 35 no 2, pp 53-4.

"Chemical and biological weapons: developments in the Kuwait crisis and in arms control" by Matthew Meselson, Elisa Harris and W Seth Carus, in Critical Choices, eds. Eric H Arnett, Elizabeth J Kirk and W Thomas Wander, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, 1991 [ISBN 0-87168-395-4], pp 129-49.

"Iraqi CBW armament and the UN Special Commission" by Matthew Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in Chemical Weapons Convention Bulletin no 13, September 1991, pp 21-22.

"Chemical-weapons proliferation in the Middle East" by J P Perry Robinson, in E Karsh, M S Navias & P Sabin (editors), Non-Conventional Weapons Proliferation in the Middle East: Tackling the Spread of Nuclear, Chemical and Biological Capabilities, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993, pp 69-98.

"An update on the United Nations inspection of Iraqi chemical and biological weapons" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished speaking notes and vugraphs for presentation at the Kurdish Scientific and Medical Association Halabja Memorial Conference, London, 14 March 1992, 12 pp.

The Australia Group and trade controls under the CBW conventions

"The problem of chemical-weapon proliferation in the 1990s: issues and perspectives" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished contract report, 10 June 1991, 143 pp.

"Supply-side control of the spread of chemical weapons" by J P Perry Robinson, in J-F Roux (editor), Limiting the Proliferation of Weapons: The Role of Supply-Side Strategies, Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1992, pp 57-73.

"The Australia Group: a description and assessment" by J P Perry Robinson, in H-G Brauch, H J van der Graaf, J Grin and W Smit (editors), Controlling Military Research & Development and Exports of Dual Use Technologies as a Problem of Disarmament and Arms Control Policy in the 1990s, Amsterdam: VU University Press, and New York: St Martin's Press, 1992, pp 157-176.

"The Australia Group and the Chemical Weapons Convention" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper presented at the 19th International Workshop of the Pugwash CBW Study Group, Geneva, 11-12 January 1992, 23 pp.

"Editorial: The Australia Group and the Chemical Weapons Convention" by Matthew Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in Chemical Weapons Convention Bulletin no 21, September 1993, p 5.

"Chemical and biological weapons proliferation and control" by J P Perry Robinson, in E Clegg, P Eavis and J Thurlow (editors), Proliferation and Export Controls, London: Deltac & Saferworld, 1995, pp 29-53.

**"Content and negotiating history of the CWC's trade-related provisions" by R Justin Smith, unpublished paper dated 23 March 1995.

"Trade in unscheduled chemicals under the Chemical Weapons Convention" by R Justin Smith: unpublished paper presented at the 3rd International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, Noordwijk, Netherlands, 19-21 May 1995.

"Trade, the Australia Group, and the Chemical Weapons Convention" by R Justin Smith: an unpublished paper presented at the SSF Group conference Effective Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (Bad Homburg, Germany, 8-10 September 1995), 20 pp.

"Trade in chemical weapon precursors and production equipment under the Chemical Weapons Convention" by R Justin Smith, in T Kurzidem, Y von Lersner, P Radler, T Stock and R G Sutherland (eds), Effective Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention: Proceedings of a Conference held at Bad Homburg, Germany, 8-10 September 1995, Frankfurt: SSF Group, 1995, pp 217-218.

Technological change and the CBW Conventions

"Regulating the diffusion of military technology: the control of chemical and biological weaponry", by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished speaking notes for presentation at the 25th Anniversary Conference of the Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, 2-4 July 1991, 8 pp.

"The chemical industry and disarmament: issues and perspectives" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper presented at the Swiss Federal Government international symposium, The Chemical Industry and Disarmament, Basel, 24-27 January 1992.

"Controlling technological change by international treaty: the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished write-up of presentation at a University of Sussex seminar (SPRU, 9 February 1996), 11 February 1996, 18 pp.

"International governance of `dual use' technology through the Chemical Weapons Convention and its national implementing legislation" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper presented at an international workshop of the Forum Ost-West, Berne, Switzerland, 18-19 November 1996, 17 pp.

"Assessment of dual-use technologies in the context of European security and defence", final report by Jordi Molas-Gallart and Julian Perry Robinson for the European Parliament Scientific and Technological Options Assessment, September 1997, 58 pp.

"Controlling dual-use biotechnology: the crucial role of National Measures" by J P Perry Robinson, in Pugwash Newsletter vol 35 no 1 (April 1998), pp 33-36, a paper originally presented at the 8th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention (Geneva, Switzerland, 20-21 September 1997).

"Controlling dual use technologies: the Harvard Sussex Program" by J P Perry Robinson: speaking notes and overheads for a University of Sussex Science Policy Research Unit lecture the series SPRU Research: An Introduction on 30 October 1997, 9 pp.

"Protecting biotechnology from biological weapons" by J P Perry Robinson, in The IPTS Report [European Commission, Joint Research Centre: Institute for Prospective Technological Studies] no 26, July 1998, pp 6-11.

"The Chemical Weapons Convention verification regime: implications for biotechnology" by J P Perry Robinson: a paper presented at the European Federation of Biotechnology conference, A Strengthened Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention: Potential implications for Biotechnology (Institute of Applied Microbiology, Vienna, 28-29 May 1998) and published in the conference proceedings, pp 15-28.

"How the Convention on Chemical Weapons seeks to protect biotechnology from abuse and promote its peaceful application" by J P Perry Robinson: an unpublished paper presented at the LNCV/ICGEB conference Peaceful Use of Biotechnology and the Convention on Biological Weapons, Trieste, 26-27 June 1998, 9 pp.

"The CWC verification regime: implications for the biotechnological and pharmaceutical industry", by J P Perry Robinson: Briefing Paper no 11 in the series Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention' (University of Bradford Department of Peace Studies), July 1998, 15 pp.

Pugwash work on CBW

"Report [on the 16th International Workshop of the Pugwash Chemical Warfare Study Group, Geneva, 26-27 January 1991]" by J P Perry Robinson and Nicolai Plate, in Pugwash Newsletter, vol 28 no 4 (April 1991) pp 244-247.

"Report [on the joint HSP/Pugwash workshop, Antichemical Protection, its Potential and its Relation to the Spread of Chemical Weapons and their Elimination, El Escorial, Spain, 5-7 August 1991]" by M S Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in Pugwash Newsletter, vol 29 no 2 (October 1991) pp 43-44.

"Report [on the 19th International Workshop of the Pugwash Chemical Warfare Study Group, Geneva, 11-12 January 1992]" by J P Perry Robinson and Ralf Trapp, in Pugwash Newsletter, vol 29 no 3 (January 1992) pp 156-8.

"A possible way forward for the new Pugwash CBW Study Group" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper presented at the 1st International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on the Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, Geneva, 8-9 May 1993, 10 pp.

"Report [on the 1st International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on the Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, Geneva, 8-9 May 1993]" by M S Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in Pugwash Newsletter vol 31 no 1 (July 1993) pp 21-24.

"Report [on the 2nd International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on the Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions (27-29 May 1994, The Hague and Noordwijk, Netherlands)]" by M S Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, Pugwash Newsletter vol 32 no 1 (July 1994) pp 3-7.

"Report [on the 3rd International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on the Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions (19-21 May 1995, Noordwijk, Netherlands)]" by M S Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in Pugwash Newsletter, vol 33 nos 1/2 (July/October 1995) pp 3-7.

"Report [on the 4th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on the Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention (19-21 May 1995, Noordwijk, Netherlands)]" by M S Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in Pugwash Newsletter, vol 33 no 3 (January 1996) pp 192-95.

"Report [on the 5th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention (Geneva, Switzerland, 21-22 September 1996)]" by Treasa Dunworth, Matthew Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in Pugwash Newsletter vol 33 no 6 (December 1996) pp 429-33.

"Report [on the 6th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, The Chemical Weapons Convention in its North-South Context (Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 11-13 October 1996)] by Treasa Dunworth and J P Perry Robinson, in Pugwash Newsletter vol 33 no 6 (December 1996) pp 445-49.

"Report [on the 7th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, The Chemical Weapons Convention at Entry into Force (Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 6-8 June 1997)] by Treasa Dunworth, M S Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in Pugwash Newsletter vol 34 no 3+4 (November 1997) pp 200-202.

"Report [on the 8th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention (Geneva, Switzerland, 20-21 September 1997)]" by Daniel Feakes, in Pugwash Newsletter vol 35 no 1 (April 1998) pp 10-13.

"Pugwash and the international treaties on chemical and biological warfare", by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper presented at a New York Academy of Sciences conference, Scientific Cooperation and Conflict Resolution (New York, 28-30 January 1998) and, in successively revised versions, at the 9th and 10th International Workshops of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions (Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 15-17 May 1998, and Geneva, Switzerland, 28-29 November 1998), 66 pp.

"Report [on the 9th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, CWC Implementation: Balancing Transparency and Confidentiality (Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 15-17 May 1998)]" by Daniel Feakes, Pugwash Newsletter, November 1998, pp 15-24.

"Report [on the 10th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, The BWC Protocol Negotiations: Unresolved Issues (Geneva, Switzerland, 28-29 November 1998)]" by Daniel Feakes, in Pugwash Newsletter, forthcoming.

National implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention

"Comment: Getting the treaty right" by J P Perry Robinson, in Chemistry and Industry, 6 July 1992, p 508.

"The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention" by J P Perry Robinson, in Bulletin of Arms Control (London: Centre for Defence Studies) no 9 (February 1993) pp 2-6.

"Prospects for the OPCW Preparatory Commission" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished speaking notes for presentation at a session the HSP London CBW Seminar, 26 February 1993, 5 pp.

"UK obligations under the Chemical Weapons Convention" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper for the HSP London CBW Seminar, 1 July 1993, 8 pp.

"Practical national implementation measures for entry into force of the CWC" by J P Perry Robinson: paper for the regional seminar organized by the Polish government and the OPCW Provisional Technical Secretariat, National Authority and National Implementation Measures for the Chemical Weapons Convention, Warsaw, 7-8 December 1993, since printed in OPCW/PTS Occasional Papers no 3, pp 41-55.

"Implementation and pre-implementation measures: an overview" by J P Perry Robinson: paper for the OPCW Provisional Technical Secretariat Seminar on National Implementation, The Hague, 18 December 1993, since printed in OPCW/PTS Occasional Papers no 2, pp 55-69.

"CBW weapons proliferation and control" by J P Perry Robinson, memorandum prepared for the House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, in UK Policy on Weapons Proliferation and Control in the Post-Cold War Era: Minutes of Evidence, 19 October 1994, HC Papers (Session 1993-94) 579-ii, pp 72-88, and in Second Report [Session 1994-95]: UK Policy on Weapons Proliferation and Control in the Post-Cold War Era, volume II: Minutes of Evidence and Appendices, HC Papers (Session 1994-95), 30 March 1995, pp 72-88.

"What is the UK doing about chemical and biological weapons?" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper for HSP London CBW Seminar, 26 June 1994, 15 pp.

"Dr Mirzayanov and the UK National Authority" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper distributed privately, 11 July 1994, 7 pp.

"A preliminary survey of the status of national preparations to ratify and implement the Chemical Weapons Convention" by R Justin Smith: paper for the OPCW Provisional Technical Secretariat Seminar on National Implementation, The Hague, 30 September 1994, since printed in OPCW/PTS Occasional Papers no 6, pp 12-25.

**"A review of the constitutionality of the United States' implementing legislation for the CWC under the Fourth Amendment" by R Justin Smith, unpublished undated [early Spring 1995] paper, 4 pp.

"The Chemical Weapons Convention: progress, and the prospects for UK ratification" by J P Perry Robinson, in Bulletin of Arms Control (London: Council for Arms Control in association with the Centre for Defence Studies, King's College London) no 18 (June 1995) pp 8-12.

"A commentary on the legislation needed to implement the Chemical Weapons Convention in the United Kingdom" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper for HSP London CBW Seminar, session 8 (London, 27 September 1995), 14 September 1995, 13 pp.

"Defining chemical weapons the way the treaty does" by M S Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in Chemical Weapons Convention Bulletin no 29 (September 1995) p 1.

"Comment [on the imminent UK Chemical Weapons Bill]" by J P Perry Robinson, in Chemistry in Britain (London: Royal Society of Chemistry) vol 31 no 11 (November 1995) p 843.

"Implementing the Chemical Weapons Convention", in International Affairs (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs), vol 72 (1996) no 1, pp 73-89.

"The Chemical Weapons Bill: what more is needed?" by J P Perry Robinson: a paper distributed by the UK Royal Society of Chemistry as its background briefing paper for the Bill's Second Reading in the House of Commons, 20 November 1995, 16 pp.

"Aspects of the Chemical Weapons Bill" by J P Perry Robinson, in N A Sims and J P Robinson, "Aspects of the Chemical Weapons Bill", ISIS Briefing [London: International Security Information Service] no 48, 28 November 1995, 18 pp.

"Aspects of the Chemical Weapons Bill now before the Lords" by J P Perry Robinson: a paper distributed by the UK Royal Society of Chemistry as its background briefing paper for the Bill's Second Reading in the House of Lords, 23 January 1996, 30 pp.

"Chemical Weapons Bill marks New Zealand's commitment to international security" by Treasa Dunworth, Law Talk [newsletter of the New Zealand Law Society] no 456, 27 May 1996, pp 7-8.

"A concept for UK implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention in regard to `dual use'" by J P Perry Robinson: a discussion paper for private distribution, 18 July 1996, 18 pp.

"`Dual use', transparency, and the Chemical Weapons Convention: approaches used in the UK implementing legislation" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper presented at the 6th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, The Chemical Weapons Convention in its North-South Context (Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 11-13 October 1996), 16 pp.

"National implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention: some recommended safeguards" by Treasa Dunworth: a presentation at the Seminar on National Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention, Budapest, 2-4 April 1997.

"How much of the UK CWC-compliance effort are we actually seeing?" by J P Perry Robinson: a discussion paper for the UK CWC National Authority Advisory Committee, 6 March 1998 10 pp.

Destruction of chemical weapons

"US and foreign experience with chemical weapons destruction" by Matthew Meselson with other contributions to [US] National Research Council, Alternative Technologies for the Destruction of Chemical Agents and Munitions, Washington DC: National Research Council, 1993, pp 54-74.

"Foreign assistance for Russian chemdemil" by J P Perry Robinson: an unpublished paper presented at the 7th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, The Chemical Weapons Convention at Entry into Force (Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 6-8 June 1997), 7 pp.

"West-European assistance for Russian chemical disarmament" by J P Perry Robinson: a paper prepared for the Monterey-Moscow Study Group on Russian Chemical Disarmament, 27 October 1997, 24 pp, and subsequently published in Russian translation in the final report of the study group edited by Alexander Pikaev and Jonathan Tucker (Moscow, 1998), pp 79-92.

Other aspects of the Chemical Weapons Convention

"The emerging Chemical Weapons Convention" by J P Perry Robinson, in HSP Occasional Paper no 2 (1993), pp 8-10.

"The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention: a summary" by J P Perry Robinson, in Chemical Weapons Convention Bulletin no 18 (December 1992) pp 1-4, also published in ISIS Briefing (London: International Security Information Service) no 32, January 1993;and in House of Commons Library Research Paper no 95/116 (21 Nov 95) pp 10-16.

"The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention: a summary" by Matthew Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in 1993 Science and International Security Anthology, Trends and Implications for Arms Control, Proliferation and International Security in the Changing Global Environment, eds. Elizabeth J Kirk, W Thomas Wander and Brian D Smith, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, 1993, pp 11-15.

"The Chemical Weapons Convention: the success of chemical disarmament negotiations" by J P Perry Robinson, T Stock and R G Sutherland, in SIPRI Yearbook 1993: World Armaments and Disarmament, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp 705-34.

"The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished background paper for the HSP London CBW Seminar, 10 January 1993, 23 pp.

"International organization for chemical disarmament begins" by P Herby and J P Perry Robinson, Chemical Weapons Convention Bulletin no 19 (March 1993) pp 1-4.

"Negotiations leading to the CWC" by J P Perry Robinson: unpublished speaking notes, vugraphs and handouts for a part of the UK Pilot Foundation Course, Training Scheme for Inspectors and Other OPCW Employees, 14 November - 22 December 1993, Cranfield University, 32 pp.

"The CWC -- One Year Later" by J P Perry Robinson, in ASA Newsletter no 40 (10 Feb 1994), pp 1 & 14.

Statement by Matthew Meselson at hearing on the Chemical Weapons Convention before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 9 June 1994, in Chemical Weapons Convention (Treaty Doc. 103-21), US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994 [ISBN 0-16-046378-5], pp 96-102.

"[Review of] A Commentary on the Chemical Weapons Convention by Walter Krutzsch and Ralf Trapp" by R Justin Smith, in American Journal of International Law, vol 89 no 1 (January 1995), pp 247-49.

"The verification system for the Chemical Weapons Convention" by J P Perry Robinson, in D Bardonnet (ed), The Convention on the Prohibition and Elimination of Chemical Weapons: A Breakthrough in Multilateral Disarmament [proceedings of a colloquium convened by The Hague Academy of International Law, 24-26 November 1994], Dordrecht: Nijhoff, 1995, pp 489-507.

"The Chemical Weapons Convention and the destruction or conversion of Chemical Weapons Production Facilities" by Matthew Meselson and R Justin Smith: unpublished paper presented at the 3rd International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, Noordwijk, Netherlands, 19-21 May 1995.

"Where is the Chemical Weapons Convention now?" by J P Perry Robinson, in The ASA Newsletter no 50 (11 October 1995) pp 1 & 20.

"The structure of the OPCW" by J P Perry Robinson: vugraphs for presentation in the UK's Inspection for the OPCW: Course for National Authorities (RMCS Shrivenham, 6-17 November 1995), 13 November 1995, 10 pp.

"Over the impasse" by M S Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in Chemical Weapons Convention Bulletin no 30 (December 1995) p 1.

"The Chemical Weapons Convention" by J P Perry Robinson, in Robin Ranger (ed), "The Devil's Brew I: Chemical and Biological Weapons and Their Delivery Systems", Bailrigg Memorandum [Lancaster University: Centre for Defence and International Security Studies] 16, 1996, pp 33-35.

"Dissemination of information on the Chemical Weapons Convention" by Treasa Dunworth: a presentation in the Course for Personnel of National Authorities, Ypenburg, the Netherlands, 13-31 May 1996.

"The impact on the Chemical Weapons Convention of delayed accession by the Russian Federation and the United States: rethinking some basic assumptions" by Treasa Dunworth: unpublished paper presented at the 6th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, The Chemical Weapons Convention in its North-South Context (Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 11-13 October 1996), 4 pp.

"Degree in mathematics not required: some speculations about the Chemical Weapons Convention on the eve of entry into force" by Serguei Batsanov and Treasa Dunworth: unpublished paper presented at the 6th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, The Chemical Weapons Convention in its North-South Context (Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 11-13 October 1996), 5 pp.

"The US Senate's ratification of the Chemical Weapons Convention and its consequences for implementation, with special attention to Article XI" by Justin Smith: an unpublished paper presented at the 7th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, The Chemical Weapons Convention at Entry into Force (Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 6-8 June 1997), 8 pp.

"Article XI of the Chemical Weapons Convention and the work of the Preparatory Commission for the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons February 1993 - April 1997" by Treasa Dunworth: an unpublished paper presented at the 7th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, The Chemical Weapons Convention at Entry into Force (Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 6-8 June 1997), 7 pp.

"The status of chemical weapons" by J P Perry Robinson: an unpublished paper commissioned for the 47th Annual Pugwash Conference, Lillehammer, Norway, 1-7 August 1997, 12 pp.

"Transparency-confidentiality conflicts in the Chemical Weapons Convention" by J P Perry Robinson: an unpublished paper presented at the 9th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, CWC Implementation: Balancing Transparency and Confidentiality (Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 15-17 May 1998), 3 pp.

"Different aspects of transparency in the Chemical Weapons Convention" by Daniel Feakes: an unpublished paper presented at the 9th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, CWC Implementation: Balancing Transparency and Confidentiality (Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 15-17 May 1998), 12 pp.

"Fact sheet for the chemical industry on decisions of the OPCW Conference of the States Parties 1997-98" by Daniel Feakes, distributed by the OPCW External Relations Division, Government Relations & Political Affairs Branch, November 1998, 5 pp.

CBW and Africa

"Progress and constraints on the ratification and implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention in African signatory states" by Mitslal Kifleyesus, a paper presented at the Regional Seminar on National Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention, 8-11 May 1995, Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire, since printed in OPCW/PTS Occasional Papers no 11, pp 78-95.

"Why African states should join the Chemical Weapons Convention" by Mitslal Kifleyesus: unpublished paper presented at the Regional Seminar on National Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention, 27-29 November 1995, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11 pp.

"Afrique: pourquoi ratifier la Convention sur les armes chimiques?" by Mitslal Kifleyesus, in D‚fis-Sud, June 1996, pp 37-39.

"The Chemical Weapons Convention and Africa" by Mitslal Kifleyesus: unpublished paper presented at the 6th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, The Chemical Weapons Convention in its North-South Context (Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 11-13 October 1996), 24 pp.

"Article XI: the driving force for African CWC ratification" by Mitslal Kifleyesus: an unpublished paper presented at the 7th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, The Chemical Weapons Convention at Entry into Force (Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 6-8 June 1997), 11 pp.

Chemical/biological terrorism

"Chemical terrorism and the Chemical Weapons Convention" by R Justin Smith: unpublished paper presented at the 3rd International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, Noordwijk, Netherlands, 19-21 May 1995.

"The Chemical Weapons Convention as a tool for combating chemical terrorism" by R Justin Smith, in Medicine & Global Survival vol 2 no 3 (September 1995) pp 176-78.

"The Chemical Weapons Convention and its relevance to chemical terrorism" by M S Meselson: unpublished paper presented by Paul Doty at the 8th Amaldi Conference, Overcoming Obstacles to Peace in the Post Cold War Era (Piacenza, Italy, 5-7 October 1995), 1 October 1995, 4 pp.

"Ratify the chemical weapons treaty as a force against terrorism" by Matthew S Meselson, op-ed piece in Los Angeles Times, 11 September 1996, p B9.

"Criminalize the traffic in terror weapons" by Philip Heymann, Matthew Meselson and Richard Zeckhauser, an op-ed piece in Washington Post, 15 April 1998, p A19

Prohibition of CBW armament under international criminal law

"Criminalizing BW" by M S Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in Chemical Weapons Convention Bulletin no 31 (March 1996) p 1.

"Draft Convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of developing, producing, acquiring, stockpiling, retaining, transferring or using biological or chemical weapons" by M S Meselson and J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper presented at, and revised after, a special Harvard Sussex Program workshop, Cambridge, Mass., 13-14 January 1997, 9 pp. Further revised versions are presented at the 7th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions (Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 6-8 June 1997), and at the 47th Annual Pugwash Conference, Lillehammer, Norway, 1-7 August 1997.

"Strengthening the BWC and criminalizing biological weapons under international law" by M S Meselson: an unpublished paper commissioned for the 47th Annual Pugwash Conference, Lillehammer, Norway, 1-7 August 1997, 17 pp.

"International criminalization of biological weapons" by M S Meselson: unpublished paper presented at the LNCV conference on Possible Consequences of the Misuse of Biological Sciences, UNESCO International School of Science for Peace, Como, Italy, 3-6 December 1997.

"International criminalization of chemical and biological weapons" by M S Meselson and J P Perry Robinson: unpublished paper presented at the 11th Amaldi Conference, Problems of Global Security (Moscow, 18-20 November 1998), and at the 10th International Workshop of the Pugwash Study Group on Implementation of the CBW Conventions, The BWC Protocol Negotiation: Unresolved Issues (Geneva, Switzerland, 28-29 November 1998), 14 pp.

"A draft convention to prohibit biological and chemical weapons under international criminal law", by M S Meselson and J P Perry Robinson, in The CBW Conventions Bulletin no 42, December 1998, pp 1-2.

Other publications

"The science and politics of chemical warfare", interview with Matthew Meselson in Harvard/Radcliffe Science Review, Winter 1991, pp 8-14.

"Chemical, biological weapons are quickly becoming anachronisms of war", interview with Matthew Meselson in Harvard University Gazette, 8 March 1991, Vol LXXXVI, pp 5-6.

"What can Britain do to prevent the spread of chemical and biological weapons?" by J P Perry Robinson, in J Gittings and I Davis (editors), Britain in the 21st Century: Rethinking Defence and Foreign Policy, Nottingham: Spokesman, 1996, pp 67-80.

Review by J P Perry Robinson of: Leonard A Cole, The Eleventh Plague: The Politics of Biological and Chemical Warfare, Freeman, 1996, for The Economist, 15 October 1996, 2 pp.

"Eradicating chemical and biological weapons: environmental and political problems" by J P Perry Robinson: speaking notes and vugraphs for a public lecture in the University of Sussex Issues in Environmental Science series on 28 January 1997, 11 pp.

"The role of NGOs in arms control -- chemical and biological weapons" by Marie Chevrier: a conference presentation at the Women In International Security Conference for graduate students, chaired by Jo Husbands, US National Academy of Sciences, June 1998.

Review by Marie I Chevrier of The Chemical Weapons Taboo by Richard M Price, American Political Science Review, forthcoming.

** "The role of non-governmental organizations" by Daniel Feakes: slides for a presentation to the UN Disarmament Fellowship Programme during a visit of fellows to OPCW Headquarters, The Hague, 1 October 1998.

"Can university-based research promote international cooperation against the spread of chemical and biological weapons?" by J P Perry Robinson: speaking notes for a session of the University of Sussex International Relations research-in-progress seminar, 12 October 1998, 8pp.

"Building the international regime against chemical and biological weapons" by Daniel Feakes, Atlantisch Perspectief, vol 22 (1998) no 8, pp 21-26.

"The challenge of biological and chemical weapons" by Matthew Meselson, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol 77 (1999) no 2, pp 102-3.

Date of last revision: 31 March 1999 (RG)
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