All of the tasks came from either the Universal Joint Task List or Service tasks. The number of UJTLs and Service tasks totals 1457. These tasks are organized into a hierarchy of four levels: Strategic National (SN), Strategic Theater (ST), Operational (OP), and Tactical (TA). The Tactical-level tasks are the Army Tactical (ART), Air Force Tactical (AFT) and Naval Tactical (NTA) tasks.

A careful review of the tasks revealed eight categories:

Mobilize, deploy, move and maneuver
forces
Conduct Intelligence, Surveillance &
Reconnaissance (ISR)
Employ forces and fires
Sustain, support, and provide
logistics/CSS to forces
Provide direction, integration, and
command and control
Support force development and readiness
Promote multi-national and inter-agency
relations
Provide force protection

For this set of tasks, we examined every nonlethal technology against each task’s

requirements in a given operational context. For each task, we used criteria to determine

whether a given technology could fully, largely, partially, minimally, or could not

support task accomplishment. We examined the connection between tasks and operational

context, starting with a look at the potential applicability of non-lethals (and lethals) to

each individual task.

Methodology of Technology to Task Analysis:

The tasks are organized into four separate parts by levels of war as follows:

Strategic level-National military tasks
(prefix SN)
Strategic level-Theater tasks (prefix ST)
Operational level tasks (prefix OP)
Tactical level tasks (prefix TA) Service

Tactical tasks are listed below:
Naval Tactical tasks (prefix NTA)
Army Tactical tasks (prefix ART)
Air Force Tactical tasks (prefix AFT)

Each task is individually indexed to reflect its placement in the structure. This index

provides a standard reference system for users to address and report requirements,

capabilities, or issues. The excel spread sheet contain in this Annex lists the specific

type tasks, at every level, that the group found potential opportunities for the

application of non-lethal technologies across the spectrum of conflict and operations.

An effort to reduce the confusion created by numerous competing definitions and claims of

weapons effects, the study group used a taxonomy of Lon-lethal Weapons that

categorized existing Non-lethal Weapons as well as potential ones. The Taxonomy

categorizes Non-lethal Weapons based on the physical principle that produces the weapon’s

effect rather than the target. The technology suites were derived from the non-lethal

taxonomy provided by the Joint Non-lethal Weapons Directorate. The six major suites of

technologies found in the taxonomy are identified as follows:

Acoustics
Biotechnology
Chemical
Mechanical
Optical
Electro-Magnetic

The suites were further broken down into subcategories for detail examination and analysis

with regard to its utility and contribution in supporting the accomplishment of each

individual Joint or Service task. The subcategories are as follows:

Acoustics

Acoustic/Optical; Flash-bang, Stun Grenade Blast Wave; Explosive, Pulse Laser

High Intensity Sound; Curdler Unit, HPS-1 Sound System, Squawk Box

Infrasound

Bio-Technology

Behavior Modification; Calmatives, Gastrointestinal Convulsive, Malodorants, Biodegrading Microbes, Biomaterials

Chemical

Markers

Obscurants

Reactants; Combustion Alteration, Chemical

Compounds, Embrittlers

Riot Control Agents

Mechanical

Barriers; Coatings-Slippery, Rigid, Spikes, Batons

Electric; Baton, Sticky shocker, Stun gun and belt,

Entanglement; Cloggers, Nets, Spider fiber

Projectile-blunt; Bean bag, Liquid fill, Ring air foil grenade, Sting balls, Stun bags, Velocity adjusting launcher, Water cannon

Optical

Holograms

Lights; Dazzle, Flares, Illuminating grenades, Isotropic radiators

Stroboscopic devices

Electromagnetic

Radio; Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI), Non-nuclear Electro Magnetic Pulse (EMP), Radio Frequency (RF)

Microwave; High Powered Microwave (HPM), Microwave Amplification By Stimulated Emission of Radiation (MASER), Thermal Gun

Infrared; Tactical Lasers, Low Energy Lasers

Visible Lasers

Ultraviolet; Tactical Lasers, Pulsed Chemical Lasers

X-ray

Gamma Ray

Non-Lethal Technologies’ Characteristics

The below characteristics were used by the study group during the technology to task analysis to develop the potential capabilities versus task requirements.

Acoustics

Acoustics & Optical

Diversionary Device (Flash Bang) – This pyrotechnic device emits a loud sound and a dazzling light when ignited. It is intended to create a sensory overload that temporarily

causes confusion. These devices can be delivered by a number of means such as 37-40

mm launching devices and 12 gauge shotguns. Stun Grenade - An acoustical and optical

grenade, XM84, developed by the US Army for use by military police.

Blast Wave Projector

Explosive/Pyrotechnic

Pulsed laser - A pulsed laser creates hot, high-pressure plasma in front of a target.

The plasma creates a flash and acoustic wave that have variable effects on troops and

hardware. The JNLWP Technology Investment Program is currently funding research.

High Intensity Sound

Curdler Unit - Connected to a powerful amplification unit, like the HPS-1, this

device produces a shrill shrieking, blasting noise at a decibel level just below danger to

the human ear.

HPS-1 Sound System - A 350 watt sound system with an audible voice range of 2.5 miles.

Squawk Box - This device emits two ultrasound frequencies; when mixed in the human ear, this combination of frequencies becomes intolerable. It purportedly produces giddiness, nausea or fainting. The beam is small enough to aim at individuals.

Infra Sound

Very low frequency sound purportedly travels long distances and easily penetrates most

buildings and vehicles. Also purported were biophysical effects: nausea, disorientation, vomiting, potential internal organ damage or even death. Extensive research sponsored by the JNLWD failed to produce devices that could generate the frequency and intensity desired nor did laboratory tests demonstrate any significant effects on subjects. The JNLW program has discontinued infrasound acoustic work and is now considering work in the audible acoustic range.

Biotechnical

Behavior Altering Drugs

Calmatives - Agents include sedatives or sleep-inducing drugs. Many can be applied by mixing the agent with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which promotes absorption through the skin for quick results.

Gastrointestinal Convulsive - These include agents specifically developed to affect the gastrointestinal tract by creating convulsions, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Malodorants

Studies are under way to determine if malodorants, including foul-smelling gases and sprays such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or NaS8, consistently produce desired human responses and in what dosages. Malodorants could be deployed by a variety of munitions, perhaps in encapsulated form to control triggering. Effects are subject to weather, and effects on clothing and some structures may be difficult to reverse.

Biodegrading Microbes

Biodegrading microbes produce acids or enzymes, which can be tailored to degrade substances like metals, fuels, and concrete.

Biomaterials - Was not defined.

Chemical

Markers

Agents can mark individuals or groups for later identification. Agents include dyes, paints, or powders possibly mixed with smoke. Some marking agents could be invisible until made to fluoresce with ultraviolet or laser light. Markers could be deployed by any number of devices providing the capability to mark a single individual as well as a large crowd. Typically markers wash or eventually wear off the skin, but clothing may be permanently stained.

Obscurants

Obscurants reduce visibility. This category includes smokes as well as agents that harden and cover vision ports or optics in vehicles. Deployment can be achieved in a variety of quantities by numerous ground devices or air platforms. Effect and duration could be limited by weather. Smokes will generally dissipate by themselves but some coating obscurants may require considerable cleaning and may cause permanent damage to delicate optics.

Reactants

Combustion Alteration - Chemical agents that contaminate or change fuel characteristics can

degrade engine performance or inhibit combustion altogether. They may be applied

through an airborn vapor (delivered by any number of means), directly mixed during refueling, or applied directly at the fuel source. Combustion would be altered as long as the agent is present.

Chemical Compounds - Powerful chemical compounds could dissolve noble metals (such as gold or platinum) and organic compounds. Also known as supercaustics, superacids, supercorrosive bases, and C+, these compounds could be delivered in binary form to attack

structures, vehicles, roads, rooftops, or tires. Effects aren’t easily reversible and employment would require consideration of human effects.

Embritlers - These agents operate by altering the molecular structure of base metals or alloys. They are typically clear and have little or no perceptible residue. They could significantly interfere with aircraft operations, degrade bridge structures, or affect vehicles’ treads. Embrittlement effects aren’t usually reversible, and there are potential human effects due to the agents themselves or to failure of affected vehicles/structures.

Riot Control Agents - Various agents temporarily produce some or all of the following: eye irritation and tearing, sensitivity to light, irritation of the upper respiratory passages, and a burning sensation on the skin. Examples include Mace, CR, CS and its variants. Oleoresin Capsicum (OC), derived from chili peppers, when mixed with an emulsifier can be sprayed by a variety of dispensers. They can typically be dispersed in liquid, fog or powder form by a number of devices and munitions. Duration of effects typically lasts between 3 and 30 minutes.

Mechanical

Barriers

Coatings-Slippery - Teflon-type lubricants create slippery surfaces because of their chemical properties. They reduce friction to inhibit free movement in the target area. They are typically applied as a dry powder then wetted down to activate them. They are usually inexpensive, non-toxic, non-corrosive and can be cleaned up with water or peeled off after they dry.

Foams-Aqueous & Sticky - A thicker derivative of aircraft fire fighting foam, this technology employs a safe, biodegradable form of suds that can be piled four feet high. When applied over obstacles like fences, concertina wire, and ditches seeded with caltrops it impedes vehicles and makes it more difficult to defeat barriers. Foam is easily cleaned up.

Spikes & Spike Strips - Spikes are typically ½-inch diameter, angle-cut metal rods, which

protrude about 3 inches from an unsurfaced road. Spikes are blunt enough so as not to

penetrate shoe soles under a person’s weight, however, a heavy vehicle will drive them

through a tire. Spike Strips are flat strips resembling a fire hose with retractable hollow

spikes designed to flatten the tires of a target vehicle. When the strip is activated, the hollow spikes extend vertically and puncture the tire as a vehicle rolls over the strip.

Batons

Expandable baton - These batons measure from 6 to 7 inches closed, but the three telescopic

sections rapidly flick open to extend to 16 to 18 inches.

Electrical Contact

Baton - When powered by flashlight batteries, this standard-dimension baton can deliver a low voltage electric shock.

Sticky Shocker

Stun Gun & Belt - This handheld electrical discharge weapon can cause muscle tetanation by disturbing nerve paths. A standoff variant operates at ranges of about 20 feet by firing small, barbed electrical contactors connected to small trailing wires which snare the target clothing. The subject is typically subdued in 3-4 seconds. The stun belt is a commandactivated device worn by the subject; it delivers a mild electrical shock.

Entanglements

Cloggers - Cloggers include polymer agents and sticky, soft foams. They can be dispensed by burst munitions or controlled encapsulants to clog intakes or other cavities of engines, cooling systems, etc.

Cords, Lines, Rope, Nets - These devices can entangle personnel and materiel such as vehicle axles, aircraft propellers and ships’ screws.

Spider Fiber-Was not defined.

Projectile-Blunt Impact

Bean Bags - Fabric bags filled with lead shot (usually No. 9) weighing from 40 to 150 grams can be fired from a 12 gauge shotgun or 37mm launchers. The bags conform to the shape of the subject upon impact distributing the energy over the contact area and producing less damage than a rigid projectile. Liquid Filled Projectiles - Hollow rubber projectiles filled with a liquid enables the deformation of the projectile to reduce damage but also provides the mass to maintain the momentum of the impact. Typically, rounds are 12-gauge shotgun size and filled with liquid dye to mark the subject as well as dispersing the blunt impact.

Ring Air Foil Grenades - Rubberized donut shapes with airfoil cross-section, they are launched spinning (typically from the M16A1 M203 adapter). In some variants, cavities in the projectile body contain packets of CS powder which is deployed on impact. The 40mm sponge grenade has replaced these.

Rubber (Sting) Balls - These are 3/8-inch or 5/8-inch rubber balls fired from a 12-gauge shotgun, or in large numbers from a Claymoretype device. Velocity and injury potential vary with deployment mechanism. Considerable potential for injury exists if smaller projectiles strike the eye.

Stun Bags - A bag round composed of a 5-¼ ounce canvas pouch filled with metal buckshot, stun bags spread into a 3-in diameter pancake in flight. They may have potential to cause

serious injury. Velocity Adjusting Launcher - With a typical payload of rubber or PVC bullets, this weapon adjusts muzzle velocity to control the payload’s velocity as a function of the target’s range.

Water (Cannon) Stream - A mobile unit can project a continuous stream of water for riot

control purposes.

Optical

Holograms

Soldier and Forces - A projection of soldierforce images may make and opponent think more

allied forces exist than actually do. This technology currently requires deployment of

optical chambers, screens or perhaps smoke. Currently required preparations and equipment complexity make this impractical for all but a few small-scale deployments where the environment is well controlled.

Lights

Dazzle - Optical weapons that operate in the visible spectrum could emit extremely bright light, causing temporary blindness.

Flares - Devices generating light in the visible spectrum directionally or omnidirectionally could obscure the surrounding environment by saturating vision at night.

Illuminating Grenades - Launched by an M203, an illuminating grenade can produce 55,000

candlepower for approximately 25 seconds and produce the same effect as a flare.

Isotropic Radiators - Special munitions that illuminate or bloom with laser-bright intensity can cause the same retinal effects as low energy lasers. The energy is generated by an explosive burst which superheats a gaseous plasma surrounding, causing a bright flash.

Stroboscopic Devices (Bucha Effect) – High intensity strobe lights which flash at a frequency near that of the human brain can cause vertigo, disorientation, and vomiting .

Electromagnetic

Radio

EMI - Electro-Magnetic Interference is a broad term denoting interference caused by

electromagnetic devices mainly in the region from 3 Kilohertz to approximately 100 Gigahertz. Typically these devices are high power transmitters that can interfere (jam) with radio or television signals or cause malfunctions in other electronic devices like aircraft navigation systems. Typically at these power levels, effects are temporary, although consequences may be serious. Non-Nuclear EMP - A short duration, high amplitude burst of microwave energy can disable electronic circuitry, especially modern semi-conductor based devices. The source is typically an explosion whose energy in converted to the electromagnetic region and then applied to a target at some range. Effects are generally permanent depending on the power level and range.

Radio Frequency Weapons - RF weapons transmit short, high power pulses of lectromagnetic

radiation over significant distances. These devices could upset delicate electronic systems, like computer and communication systems.

Microwave

High Powered Microwave - HPM devices generate high-energy microwaves (in the region of 100 Mhz to 10 Ghz) through electromagnetic equipment, like radar transmitters, or through the conversion of energy released by an explosion. Usually, the energy is focused in a narrow band to take maximum advantage of a target system’s vulnerabilities. HPM devices can also have physiological effects on living beings. Focusing HPM or RF systems is difficult, requiring complex and often large antenna systems. Recent advances in electrically steered antennas for airborne RF systems haven’t been applied to HPM systems because of their high power. The development of sources has historically been a challenge although there have been some advances recently. RF systems have the advantage of being operable in nearly all weather conditions.

Maser - A maser is a microwave generating device using the same basic principles of lasers, except in the microwave frequency range instead of the ‘‘light’’ frequency range. They typically are not very efficient and seldom seen outside laboratories or very special applications.

Thermal Gun - This is a microwave device that delivers directed energy, generally in the same frequency band as microwave ovens. It produces a heating effect through the transfer of energy to water molecules.

Infrared

The infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum is subdivided into the sub millimetre wave, the far infrared, the mid infrared, and the near infrared. IR wavelengths range from about 1 mm to about 0.7 µm. Radiation at these wavelengths is not visible to the human eye. Lasers can be made to operate throughout the IR region with varying degrees of efficiency.

Tactical Lasers - Tactical lasers are generally considered high-energy lasers (HELs) in the multi Kilowatt range of power. The primary advantage of lasers is their ability to produce tightly focused, coherent, monochromatic light at very long ranges. A disadvantage is that they are not impervious to weather, although this varies with the wavelength. Currently the leading laser contender in the IR region is the Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser (COIL) emitting at 1.315 µm. This type of system is already in use in industry in metal cutting. It has the additional advantage that it couples very well at high power through fiber optics. This is

the baseline laser type for the Air Force’s ABL program. The system is expected to yield

output power in the multiple Megawatt range for application in the boost phase intercept portion of the theater ballistic missile defense mission. Concurrently, another COILbased

system, the Airborne Tactical Laser (ATL) is being developed in the 300 Kilowatt output range for tactical applications. HELs have applications primarily in the countermateriel NL mission and can provide ultra precision strike capabilities. Scaling down the size of this HEL system continues to be the main challenge of designers who have achieved significant breakthroughs in the past ten years.

Low Energy Lasers - Low energy IR lasers are available and have the potential for counterpersonnel applications. It is possible, for example, to focus a LEL to produce a heating

effect on a subject. Since IR isn’t visible, psychological effects are reduced.

Visible lasers

Lasers have their greatest potential in the visible spectrum. They can be made to produce

physiological as well as psychological effects. Dazzlers that temporarily obscure vision can be made in a variety of colors. The eye is most sensitive to the color green. A laser of this type can produce the perception of a wall of green light through which the subject cannot see. Additionally, using low power, eye-safe laser designators to focus on individuals can cause significant apprehension and cause subjects to flee. This was shown in Somalia. Lasers do have to overcome significant public perception problems, which are based largely on misinformation.

Ultraviolet

Tactical Lasers - There are currently no practical UV HEL systems in development. They would have generally the same characteristics as IR systems. Low power UV Eximer lasers

have been proposed in the NL arena to create an ionized air conduit between the weapon and

the subject through which an electrical charge could be transmitted to stun a subject. This would, in effect, be a long range (1-2 Km) wireless taser.

Pulsed Chemical Lasers - PCLs produce a high power but short duration pulse of energy.

They have been suggested as devices to produce a plasma flash at the target, which also results in the generation of a mechanical wave that then propagates through the body. The

incapacitation effects of the internally propagating wave are being studied.

X-Ray

Use of X-rays has been proposed and demonstrated to have reversible upsetting effects against electronic devices. Effects on humans have not been thoroughly studied.

Gamma Rays

Gamma rays, particle beam systems, and x-rays have the advantage of penetrability, but

development of practical sources and the ability to control beam direction are significant problems. Also, human effects are not well understood.