United States Patent |
4,889,526
|
Rauscher
,   et al.
|
December 26, 1989
|
Non-invasive method and apparatus for modulating brain signals through
an external magnetic or electric field to reduce pain
Abstract
This invention incorporates the discovery of new principles which utilize
magnetic and electric fields generated by time varying square wave
currents of precise repetition, width, shape and magnitude to move through
coils and cutaneously applied conductive electrodes in order to stimulate
the nervous system and reduce pain in humans. Timer means, adjustment
means, and means to deliver current to the coils and conductive electrodes
are described, as well as a theoretical model of the process. The
invention incorporates the concept of two cyclic expanding an collapsing
magnetic fields which generate precise wave forms in conjunction with each
other to create a beat frequency which in turn causes the ion flow in the
nervous system of the human body to be efficiency moved along the nerve
path where the locus of the pain exists to thereby reduce the pain. The
wave forms are create either in one or more coils, one or more pairs of
electrodes, or a combination of the two.
Inventors:
|
Rauscher; Elizabeth A. (San Leandro, CA);
Van Bise; William L. (San Leandro, CA)
|
Assignee:
|
Magtech Laboratories, Inc. (Reno, NV)
|
Appl. No.:
|
120914 |
Filed:
|
November 13, 1987 |
Current U.S. Class: |
600/14 |
Intern'l Class: |
A61N 001/42; A61N 001/36 |
Field of Search: |
128/419 R,420 A,421-422
600/9-10,13-14
|
References Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
4153061 | May., 1979 | Nemec | 128/420.
|
4401121 | Aug., 1983 | Rodler | 128/420.
|
4556051 | Dec., 1985 | Maurer | 600/14.
|
4654579 | Mar., 1987 | Thaler | 600/14.
|
4693238 | Sep., 1987 | Jenadek | 600/14.
|
Primary Examiner: Jaworski; Francis
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Rozsa; Thomas I.
Parent Case Text
This is a Divisional of Co-Pending application Ser. No. 775,100 Filed on
9/11/85 and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,723,536, which is a continuation-in-part
of application Ser. No. 644,148 filed on 8/27/84, now abandoned.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A process for reducing pain in a human being comprising:
a. subjecting an area of the human being's body relating to the locus of
the pain to a first cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field and a
second cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field;
b. said first cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field comprising,
and uncritically damped ringing square wave form to produce a Fourier
series of harmonics having a fundamental frequency between 7 Hertz and 8
Hertz, a duty cycle of from about 15% to about 65%, and a field strength
of at least 5.0 gauss;
c. said second cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field comprising,
an uncritically damped ringing square wave form having a frequency about
ten times the frequency of said first cyclic expanding and collapsing
magnetic field to also produce a Fourier series of harmonics, a duty cycle
of from about 15% to 50%, a field strength of at least 5.0 gauss, and
operating simultaneously with said first cyclic expanding and collapsing
magnetic field; and
d. matching said first cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field and
said second cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field to each other
so that a beat frequency is generated by the dynamic interaction of the
two generated frequencies;
e. whereby the beat frequency causes the ion flow in the nervous system of
the human body to be efficiently moved along the nerve path where the
locus of the pain exists to thereby reduce the pain.
2. The process in accordance with claim 1 wherein said beat frequency is
above 23 Hertz.
3. The process in accordance with claim 1 wherein said first cyclic
expanding and collapsing magnetic field is an externally produced magnetic
field and said second cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field is an
externally produced magnetic field.
4. The process in accordance with claim 1 further comprising generating
broad band random noise in conjunction with said first cyclic expanding
and collapsing magnetic field and in conjunction with said second cyclic
expanding and collapsing magnetic field to thereby enhance the pain
reduction process.
5. A process for reducing pain in a human being comprising:
a. subjecting an area of the human being's body relating to the locus of
the pain to a first cyclic expanding and collapsing electric field and a
second cyclic expanding and collapsing electric field;
b. said first cyclic expanding and collapsing electric field comprising, a
ringing square wave form to produce a Fourier series of harmonics having a
fundamental frequency between 7 Hertz and 8 Hertz, a duty cycle of from
about 15% to about 65%, and an RMS voltage of at least 5 to 24 volts and a
current at least between 45 to 500 microamperes;
c. said second cyclic expanding and collapsing electric field comprising, a
ringing square wave form having a frequency about ten times the frequency
of said first cyclic expanding and collapsing electric field to also
produce a Fourier series of harmonics, a duty cycle of from about 15% to
50%, and an RMS voltage of at least 5 to 24 volts and a current at least
between 45 to 500 microamperes; and
d. matching said first cyclic expanding and collapsing electric field and
said second cyclic expanding and collapsing electric field to each other
so that a beat frequency is generated by the dynamic interaction of the
two generated frequencies;
e. whereby the beat frequency causes the ion flow in the nervous system of
the human body to be efficiently moved along the nerve path where the
locus of the pain exists to thereby reduce the pain.
6. The process in accordance with claim 5 wherein said beat frequency is
above 23 Hertz.
7. The process in accordance with claim 5 wherein said first cyclic
expanding and collapsing electric field is an electric field which is
cutaneously applied to the human being and said second cyclic expanding
and collapsing electric field is an electric field which is cutaneously
applied to the human being.
8. A process for reducing pain in a human being comprising:
a. subjecting an area of the human being's body relating to the locus of
the pain to a first cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field and a
second cyclic expanding and collapsing electric field;
b. said first cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field comprising, an
uncritically damped ringing square wave form to produce a Fourier series
of harmonics, a fundamental frequency between 7 Hertz and 8 Hertz, a duty
cycle of from about 15% to about 65%, and a field strength of at least 5.0
gauss;
c. said second cyclic expanding and collapsing electric field comprising, a
ringing square wave form having a frequency about ten times the frequency
of said first cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field to also
produce a Fourier series of harmonics, a duty cycle of from about 15% to
50%, an RMS voltage of at least 5 to 24 volts and a current at least
between 45 to 500 microamperes, and operating simultaneously with said
first cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field; and
d. matching said first cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field and
said second cyclic expanding and collapsing electric field to each other
so that a beat frequency is generated by the dynamic interaction of the
two generated frequencies;
e. whereby the beat frequency causes the ion flow in the nervous system of
the human body to be efficiently moved along the nerve path where the
locus of the pain exists to thereby reduce the pain.
9. The process in accordance with claim 8 wherein said beat frequency is
about 23 Hertz.
10. The process in accordance with claim 8 wherein said first cyclic
expanding and collapsing magnetic field is an externally produced magnetic
field and said second cyclic expanding and collapsing electric field is an
electric field which is cutaneously applied to the human being.
11. The process in accordance with claim 8 further comprising generating
broad band random noise in conjunction with said first cyclic expanding
and collapsing magnetic field to thereby enhance the pain reduction
process.
12. A process for reducing pain in a human being comprising:
a subjecting an area of the human being's body relating to the locus of the
pain to a first cyclic expanding and collapsing electric field and a
second cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field;
b. said first cyclic expanding and collapsing electric field comprising, a
ringing square wave form to produce a Fourier series of harmonics having a
fundamental frequency between 7 Hertz and 8 Hertz, a duty cycle of from
about 15% to about 65%, and an RMS voltage of at least 5 to 24 volts and a
current at least between 45 to 500 microamperes;
c. said second cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field comprising,
an uncritically damped ringing square wave form having a frequency about
ten times the frequency of said first cyclic expanding and collapsing
electric field to also produce a Fourier series of harmonics, a duty cycle
of from about 15% to 50%, and RMS voltage of at least 5 to 24 volts and a
current at least between 45 to 500 microamperes, and operating
simultaneously with said first cyclic expanding and collapsing electric
field; and
d. matching said first cyclic expanding and collapsing electric field and
said second cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field to each other
so that a beat frequency is generated by the dynamic interaction of the
two generated frequencies;
e. whereby the beat frequency causes the ion flow in the nervous system of
the human body to be efficiently moved along the nerve path where the
locus of the pain exists to thereby reduce the pain.
13. The process in accordance with claim 12 wherein said beat frequency is
above 23 Hertz.
14. The process in accordance with claim 12 wherein said first cyclic
expanding and collapsing electric field is an electric field which is
cutaneously applied to the human being and said second cyclic expanding
and collapsing magnetic field is an externally produced magnetic field.
15. The process in accordance with claim 12 further comprising generating
broad band random noise in conjunction with said second cyclic expanding
and collapsing magnetic field to thereby enhance the pain reduction
process.
16. A device for reducing pain in a human being comprising:
a. a first conducting wire coil;
b. a first core positioned in said first conducting wire coil;
c. a second conducting wire coil in parallel with said first conducting
wire coil;
d. a second core positioned in said second conducting wire coil;
e. a first means to simultaneously produce a flow of electric current
through said first conducting wire coil and said second conducting wire
coil, said flow comprising, an uncritically damped ringing square wave
form to produce a series of Fourier harmonics having a fundamental
frequency of from about 7 Hertz to about 8 Hertz, a duty cycle of from
about 15% to about 65%, said current flow being sufficient to induce a
magnetic field having a strength of at least 5.0 gauss in said first core
and in a said second core;
f. a second means to simultaneously produce a flow of electric current
through said first conducting wire coil and said second conducting wire
coil, said flow comprising, an uncritically damped ringing square wave
form to produce a series of Fourier harmonics having a fundamental
frequency about ten times the frequency generated by said first means, a
duty cycle of from about 15% to about 50%, said current flow being
sufficient to induce a magnetic field having a strength of at least 5.0
gauss in said first core and in said second core;
g. the first means to produce a flow of electric current and the second
means to produce a flow of electric current being set to operate
simultaneously so that said first conducting wire coil and said second
conducting wire coil operate simultaneously; and
h. the first means to produce a flow of electric current and the second
means to produce a flow of electric current being tuned to each other so
that the resultant mix of Fourier harmonics produces a beat frequency
dynamic interaction of the two generated frequencies;
i. whereby when said device is focused on an area of a human body relating
to a locus of pain, the beat frequency causes the ion flow in the nervous
system of the human body to be efficiently moved along the nerve path
where the locus of the pain exists to thereby reduce the pain.
17. A device for reducing pain in a human being comprising:
a. at least one conducting wire coil;
b. a core positioned in said at least one conducting wire coil;
c. a first means to produce a flow of electric current through said at
least one conducting wire coil, said flow comprising, an uncritically
damped ringing square wave form to produce a series of Fourier harmonics
having a fundamental frequency of from about 7 Hertz to about 8 Hertz, a
duty cycle of from about 15% to about 65%, said current flow being
sufficient to induce a magnetic field having a strength of at least 5.0
gauss in said core;
d. a second means to simultaneously produce a flow of electric current
through said at least one conducting wire coil, said flow comprising, an
uncritically damped ringing square wave form to produce a series of
Fourier harmonics having a fundamental frequency about ten times the
frequency generated by said first means to produce a flow of electric
current, a duty cycle of from about 15% to about 50%, said current flow
being sufficient to induce a magnetic field having a strength of at least
5.0 gauss in said core;
e. the first means to produce a flow of electric current and the second
means to produce a flow of electric current being set to operate
simultaneously in said at least one conducting wire coil; and
f. said first means to produce a flow of electric current and said second
means to produce a flow of electric current being tuned to each other so
that the resultant mix of Fourier harmonics produces a beat frequency
dynamic interaction of the two generated frequencies.
g. whereby when said device is focused on an area of a human body relating
to a locus of pain, the beat frequency causes the ion flow in the nervous
system of the human body to be efficiently moved along the nerve path
where the locus of the pain exists to thereby reduce the pain.
18. A device for reducing pain in a human being comprising:
a first conducting pair of electrodes which form a complete current path;
b. a second conducting pair of electrodes which form a complete current
path;
c. a first means to simultaneously produce a flow of electric current
through said first conducting pair of electrodes and said second
conducting pair of electrodes, said flow comprising, a ringing square wave
form to produce a series of Fourier harmonics having a fundamental
frequency of from about 7 Hertz to about 8 Hertz, a duty cycle of from
about 15% to about 65%, said current flow being sufficient to induce an
RMS voltage of at least 5 to 24 volts and a current at least between 45 to
500 microamperes;
d. a second means to simultaneously produce a flow of electric current
through said first conducting pair of electrodes and said second
conducting pair of electrodes, said flow comprising, a ringing square wave
form to produce a series of Fourier harmonics having a fundamental
frequency about 10 times the frequency produced by said first means to
produce a flow of electric current, a duty cycle of from about 15% to
about 50%, said current flow being sufficient to induce an RMS voltage of
at least 5 to 24 volts and a current at least between 45 to 500
microamperes of current;
e. the first means to produce a flow of electric current and the second
means to produce a flow of electric current being set to operate
simultaneously; and
f. the first means to produce a flow of electric current and the second
means to produce a flow of electric current being tuned to each other so
that the resultant mix of Fourier harmonics produces a beat frequency
dynamic interaction of the two generated frequencies;
g. whereby when said device is focused on an area of a human body where
there is a locus of pain, the beat frequency causes the ion flow in the
nervous system of the human body to be efficiently moved along the nerve
path where the locus of the pain exists to thereby reduce the pain.
19. A device for reducing pain in a human being comprising:
a. at least one conducting pair of electrodes which form a complete current
path;
b. a first means to produce a flow of electric current through said at
least one conducting pair of electrodes, said flow comprising, a ringing
square wave form to produce a series of Fourier harmonics having a
fundamental frequency of from about 7 Hertz to about 8 Hertz, a duty cycle
of from about 15% to about 65%, said current flow being sufficient to
induce an RMS voltage of at least 5 to 24 volts and a current at least
between 45 to 500 microamperes of current;
c. a second means to simultaneously produce a flow of electric current
through said at least one conducting pair of electrodes, said flow
comprising, a ringing square wave form to produce a series of Fourier
harmonics having a fundamental frequency about 10 times the frequency
produces by said first means to produce a flow of electric current, a duty
cycle of from about 15% to about 50%, said current flow being sufficient
to induce an RMS voltage of at least 5 to 24 volts and a current at least
between 45 to 500 microamperes of current;
d. the first means to produce a flow of electric current and the second
means to produce a flow of electric current being set to operate
simultaneously; and
e. said first means to produce a flow of electric current and said second
means to produce a flow of electric current being tuned to each other so
that the resultant mix of Fourier harmonics produces a beat frequency
dynamic interaction of the two generated frequencies;
f. whereby when said device is focused on an area of a human body where
there is a locus of pain, the beat frequency causes the ion flow in the
nervous system of the human body to be efficiently moved along the nerve
path where the locus of the pain exists to thereby reduce the pain.
20. A device for reducing pain in a human being comprising:
a. at least one conducting wire coil;
b. a core positioned in said at least one conducting wire coil;
c. at least one conducting pair electrodes which form a complete current
path;
d. a first means to simultaneously produce a flow of electric current
through said at least one conducting wire coil and said at least one
conducting pair of electrodes, said flow comprising, an uncritically
damped ringing square wave form to produce a series of Fourier harmonics
having a fundamental frequency of from about 7 Hertz to about 8 Hertz, a
duty cycle of from about 15% to about 65%, said current flow being
sufficient to induce a magnetic field having a strength of at least 5.0
gauss in said core and an RMS voltage of at least 5 to 24 volts and a
current at least between 45 to 500 microamperes in said at least one
conducting pair of electrodes;
e. a second means to simultaneously produce a flow of electric current
through said at least one conducting wire coil and said at least one
conducting pair of electrodes, said flow comprising, an uncritically
damped ringing square wave form to produce a series of Fourier harmonics
having a fundamental frequency about 10 times the frequency produced by
said first means to produce a flow of electric current, a duty cycle of
from about 15% to about 50%, said current flow being sufficient to induce
a magnetic field having a strength of at least 5.0 gauss in said core and
an RMS voltage of at least 5 to 24 volts and a current at least between 45
to 500 microamperes in said at least one conducting pair of electrodes;
f. the first means to produce a flow of electric current and the second
means to produce a flow of electric current being set to operate
simultaneously; and
g. the first means to produce a flow of electric current and the second
means to produce a flow of electric current being tuned to each other so
that the resultant mix of Fourier harmonics produces a beat frequency
dynamic interaction of the two generated frequencies;
h. whereby when said device is focused on an area of a human body relating
to a locus of pain, the beat frequency causes the ion flow in the nervous
system of the human body to be efficiently moved along the nerve path
where the locus of the pain exists to thereby reduce the pain.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an electronic apparatus which is capable of
generating a magnetic field that is precisely tuned in order to interact
with the brain and the heart in order to pace the heart and also to
interact with the nervous system in order to counteract pain.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Arrhythmias and other cardiac problems are associated with abnormal pulse
rates. Abnormal heart rates are usually associated with heart blocks.
Severe heart blocks are treated with artificial pacemakers while
incomplete or partial heart blocks are usually treated with drugs or they
are just tolerated.
Artificial pacemakers include devices for timing electric impulses
delivered to the heart through electrodes that are implanted in the heart.
The timing device and the electrical impulses to the heart require a power
source. In almost all of these pacemakers the electrodes as well as the
timing means and the batteries are all surgically implanted beneath the
skin of the patient. Because of this, even if the device malfunctions or
if the batteries become spent, surgery is required to repair it.
Known artificial pacemakers stimulate the heart muscle directly with
electric impulses that cause heartbeats. The impulses are provided at
intervals that correspond to the heart muscle contraction rate. Artificial
pacemakers of this category are wanting in several respects, among which
are the discomfort and expense of surgery, that they put the user at risk
to uncontrollable circumstances such as batteries exploding internally,
malfunctions of the electronic impulses due to transmission sources such
as microwave ovens and airport security devices and malfunctions due to
faulty insulation in the lead wires. An implanted artificial pacemaker
could also preclude some users from undergoing magnetic resonance imaging
(NMR) as a diagnostic tool. Because of the very large fields and scan rate
of NMR devices, they can interact with and affect the function of an
internal artificial pacemaker, and conversely, an internal artificial
pacemaker can distort the NMR data.
No prior art devices to counteract pains through appropriate magnetic
signals are presently known in the prior art.
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
The inventors have discovered that the beginning of the normal cardiac
cycle and response to pain cycle originates in the mid brain and the
hypothalamus with excitation of the Purkinje cells and is oscillatorily
propagated to the heart or source of pain, respectively. In dealing with
the heart, the SA node in the heart is the site of the electric excitation
impulse which directly produces the contraction of the cardiac
musculature. The electric excitation is propagated within the heart by
specialized conductive tissues which include in addition to the
sinoauricular node, the AV node, the bundle of His with right and left
branches, the Purkinje cells and fibers.
One embodiment of this invention is an external, magnetic field generating
device that regulates cardiac rhythm and character as well as a process
for employing the device. The device may be worn near the heart, for
example suspended from the neck or worn in the pocket of a user. It may be
used only when needed, and it may be externally regulated. The device also
is effective to regulate cardiac activity when worn near the occiput.
The device may be repaired or have its batteries or other energy sources
changed without surgery and, particularly for persons with only partial
blocks, the device of this invention may be worn only when the rhythm or
character of the heart must be adjusted. The device of this invention is
not affected by extraneous emissions from electronic devices.
The device of this invention includes means to produce an expanding and
collapsing magnetic field the shape of which, when plotted against time,
is in the form of a square wave. For an adult human the frequency is from
about 7.15 to about 7.78 Hertz. The magnetic field produced by the device
has a minimum strength at its poles of about 0.5 gauss. The square wave
magnetic field must have a duty cycle of between 15% and 65%. The maximum
strength of the magnetic field is limited only to avoid affecting others
in the vicinity of the person wearing the device; it is not limited to any
maximum value functionally. Affecting others can also be avoided by
providing magnetic shielding or patterning the field with two or more
coils so that the fields are directed toward the heart. Such shielding is
available in the form of Mumetal, a trademark alloy having high magnetic
permeability and low hysteresis and comprising iron, nickel, copper,
chromium and manganese.
The term "square wave" is used herein as it is understood in the art,
namely, a wave that is essentially in the form of an abrupt rise in value
from a zero level followed by a period maintained at some maximum value
followed by an abrupt decrease in value to the zero level. When plotting
value against time, variations in the value produces a wave form made
essentially of vertical and horizontal lines. Departures from absolutely
vertical and horizontal lines through all portions of the wave are
acceptable as long as the wave form of the magnetic field has an
essentially square or rectangular form as understood by those skilled in
the art.
An expanding and collapsing magnetic field at a frequency between 7.15 and
7.78 Hertz, preferably 7.6 Hertz, in the form of a square wave with a duty
cycle between 15% and 65% will trigger responses in a human cardiac
control system that cause a normal PQRSTU wave form in an
electrocardiogram trace. The PQRSTU wave is the characteristic form of an
electro-cardiogram trace and is referred to as a PQRSTU curve by those
skilled in the art. It will be discussed in greater detail herein.
Additionally, the magnetic square wave in the above mentioned frequency
range will trigger those responses regularly and at normal intervals. In
the device of this invention there is no need to produce a magnetic field
wave form in the shape of a normal PQRSTU wave nor is there any need to
pulse the square wave impulses in a sequence that duplicates the pulse
rate of the person being treated. Rather, it has been found that
continuous exposure to the square wave magnetic field having a frequency
between 7.15 and 7.78 Hertz causes the human user's heart to beat in a
normal PQRSTU wave and at normal intervals.
The frequency of the square wave magnetic impulses of 7.15 through 7.78
Hertz is effective for adult human beings. These frequencies may be varied
for different mammals or for humans with large or small hearts and with
characteristically different heart rates. The frequency should be about
6.18 times the normal pulse (in seconds of the user).
In the second embodiment of the present invention designed to treat pain,
the magnetic field impulses generated by the device will be at two
frequencies differing from each other by a factor of about ten. The
frequencies are mixed to counteract pain. For an adult, a frequency of
about 76 Hertz is superimposed on a square wave field having a pacemaking
frequency of about 7.6 Hertz. The higher frequency impulses are only used
during the duty portion of the lower frequency impulses. In addition, the
higher frequency impulses have been found to cause a malfunctioning heart
to stabilize to a normal heart rate more rapidly than if the lower
frequency impulses are used alone.
The magnetic field impulses generated by the devices of the present
invention do not completely override the normal physiologic mechanisms,
but rather augment them. Under physical stress the pulse rate of one using
this device will increase and while sleeping, the pulse rate will
decrease, even though the device operates at a constant frequency. In
general, when the device operates at lower frequencies, in the range from
about 7.2 and 7.5 Hertz, it will cause a user to have a faster heart rate
and when the device operates at higher frequencies, it will cause a user
to have a slower heart rate.
The inventors have discovered that an expanding and collapsing magnetic
field of precise shape and form influences the Purkinje cells and
cardiovascular hemodynamics. One cluster of Purkinje cells is found in the
AV node of the cardiac muscle and another in the cerebellum at the
hypothalamic-pituitary axis. These regions of the body are known to be
involved with pacing the human heart. However, until use of one embodiment
of the device of the present invention, it was not known the Purkinje
cells are apparently influenced by magnetic impulses of the character
described herein. However, whether Purkinje cells or cardiovascular
hemodynamics are involved in the operation of the device of this
invention, it has been found, as will be demonstrated, that this invention
is effective to regulate the pace and character of cardiac activity.
The device described herein reinforces this electrical activation and
conduction system because by the time the impulses from the device reach
the cardiac muscle, their frequencies match very well with the known
propagation rate of the aforementioned excitable tissues. Thereafter, the
imposed magnetic impulses reinforce and normalize the electrical
conduction system.
DRAWING SUMMARY
Referring to the drawings for the purpose of illustration and not
limitation, there is illustrated:
FIG. 1 is a typical PQRSTU wave produced by a normal human heart.
FIG. 2 is an electrocardiogram trace of a person with a defective heart
function showing the trace before use of the device of this invention and
after use of the device of this invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration partly in cross section of a device
embodying this invention.
FIG. 4 is a plot of magnetic field strength vs. time illustrating the
preferred wave form of this invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic cross section view of another device embodying this
invention.
FIG. 6 is a wave diagram of a square wave pulse showing ringing.
FIG. 7 is a wave diagram of a 7.34 Hertz square wave from a coil of a 100
kilohm input impedance displayed on an oscilloscope set at a trace speed
of 10 milliseconds per division scale and resembling the PQRSTU type form
of an EKG with a V-2 lead configuration.
FIG. 8 is a representation of a modulating sine wave, a carrier wave, a
frequency modulated wave and a phase modulated wave.
FIG. 9 represents a typical spectrum of an FM signal, where F is the
carrier frequency and f is the modulating frequency. The example is given
for the cardiac system.
FIG. 10 is representation of a human heart ECG in the frequency domain
showing a bandwidth of 30.4 Hertz with the dominant power at 7.6 Hertz.
FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram of the embodiment of the present invention
used to pace the human heart.
FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram of the embodiment of the present invention
used to counteract pain.
FIG. 13 is a circuit diagram of the embodiment of the present invention
used to both pace the human heart and also used to counteract pain.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
1. Introduction: Description of Invention and its Application
This invention incorporates the discovery of new principles involving both
linear and non-linear properties of biologic materials and inorganic
semiconductor systems. By generating certain energies at a distance from
as well as in the proximity of these materials or systems and at the same
time optimally detecting their changes and emissions, unique new
characteristics can be elicited and observed. Biologic as well as
inorganic systems, when excited by external energies of specific, mixed or
varying in a narrow range of frequencies, polarizations, wave forms and
intensities, will have their own characteristics changed and in turn will
change the characteristic of the energies impinging upon the system. Thus
a characteristic transmitted energy impinging upon or traveling through a
given self resonant system will stimulate the system to respond with a
transmission of its own which is different from its transmission
characteristic when undisturbed by the impinging energy. These two
separate characteristic energies will interact synergistically producing
not only greater effects at the disturbed local material sites but also
will produce non local effects at other sites. The interaction of emitted
energies from artificial sources and biological systems, if both are
characteristically self resonant at some compatible fundamental or
harmonic frequency results in the formation of an informational channel
between the source and system. The informational channel in turn has a
characteristic resonance compatible with the source and system. The
channel frequency is able to modulate the interacting systems with
diode-like forward-reverse voltage fluctuation. The channel is therefore a
system frequency modulator.
Transverse and longitudinal wave and impulse energy interactions with in
vivo and/or in vitro biologic material require precise tuning, magnitudes,
wave shapes, mixtures, polarizations and durations in order to produce
significant effects.
Living biologic systems exist and function through a series of
physical-chemical-electro magnetic interactions. The physical and chemical
interactions are fairly well understood by traditional science but a
significant number of potentially beneficial advances in the medical arts
have been ignored or considered of minor importance because of a lack of
understanding of the non-linear interaction that take place between
biologic material and electromagnetic energies. The areas of medical
research which have been concerned with the electric or magnetic
properties of living systems for the most part are based on the
Hodgkin-Huxley model of the Giant Squid Axon and the sodium-potassium
pump. This model predicts that biological material must interact with
electric and magnetic energies in a linear manner, even though much
research exists demonstrating non-linear effects do take place in biologic
material as a result of electromagnetic interactions. The cardiovascular
system is a notable example of a system that in some respects is highly
linear, and in others behaves highly non-linearly.
The present invention is based on research and experimental evidence which
indicates that at least three major components of a living system operate
primarily on very non-linear far from equilibrium principles while yet
retaining and utilizing their inherent linear qualities. The three
components are the brain, the cardiovascular, and the nervous systems.
This invention is based on research and test of devices which meet the
criteria of a mathematical model which applies to a multi-system
interaction and hence involves the description applicable to very
non-linear systems. For example, we consider in detail here the neuronal
FM information channel and the communications between the AM
muscle-mechanical component for the cardiovascular system. The information
channel interactions of a multi-system such as the cardiovascular system
operate in an extremely non-linear self organizing manner. We can treat
biological processes as linear only if we consider a small region of
activity such as single, neuron firings within a small cross section of a
limited area of the tissues. These limited regions of functional
activities are able to be successfully described by the Hodgkin-Huxley,
sodium-potassium pump model.
The inventors have developed and tested the herein described devices
according to our mathematical model and these results and our model match
very well. In order to clarify some of the physical-electric concepts
involved with our invention, some of the key issues are described. It is
well known that certain materials such as quartz, rochelle salt, and
barium titanate exhibit piezoelectric qualities. That is if a mechanical
stress such as a sharp impact or impulse is applied to a piezoelectric
material such as quartz, a substantial electric potential impulse develops
across two of the crystal faces of the material as a result of distortion
of the lattice structure of the material. Conversely, if a fluctuating
electric charge is placed across the two active crystal faces the
piezoelectric material will mechanically oscillate at its characteristic
vibratory rate which is determined by the size and cut of the crystal. The
mechanical-electrical reciprocity makes this type of material useful as a
timing device.
It is less well known that bone and collagenous material in biologic
systems are not only piezoelectric but may, under the proper
electrical-mechanical conditions function as semi-conductors and also as
light-emitting diodes. The apatite crystal substance of bone is P type
semi-conductor material, and the collagen fiber is N type semi-conductor
material. The areas where these two co-exist is a PN junction diode which
if forward biased with a voltage or induced current can emit an
electromagnetic energy usually in the infrared region of the optical
spectrum. With this information in mind, envision precisely formed
magnetic impulses with shapes of varying phases and wave front envelopes
emitted from an artificial source at precisely timed intervals penetrating
and interacting with biologic material that has among other properties,
piezoelectric qualities.
As is well known, magnetic fields will induce currents in conductors, and
if we consider the field effects of the above described magnetic impulses
on the capacitive, inductive, and resistive as well as the piezoelectric
and semi-conductor properties of biologic material, it will immediately
become apparent that the artificially emitted field will not only induce a
reciprocity of field emission from the biologic material it is acting
upon, but will also intermix with the re-emitted signal. The interaction
of the emission-remission apparently behaves as an informational channel.
The informational channel appears to be a frequency or phase shift
modulated magnetically coupled system.
The information channel band widths are narrow with high "Q"s. The
informational channel of the human cardiovascular system apparently has a
band width of approximately 30.4 Hertz with a frequency swing of plus or
minus 15.2 Hertz, and the second Bessel null is at about 7.6 Hertz. The
human nervous system apparently has an informational band width of about
304 Hertz with a frequency swing of plus or minus 152 Hertz and the first
Bessel component around 23 Hertz which represents the mix of the 7.6 and
76 Hertz generated signals. The human brain informational channel band
width is approximately 3040 Hertz with a frequency swing of plus or minus
1520 Hertz, and a more complex mix of frequencies peaking between 70 and
123 Hertz.
It can be seen from the above that the informational channel of the human
nervous system is about 10 times the band width of the informational
channel of the cardiovascular system. The human brain informational
channel band width in turn appears to be at least some 10 times the
informational channel band width of the human nervous system where
magnetic field impulses are concerned.
It is a well known engineering fact that in order for signals of given
frequencies to be faithfully detected and reproduced that the receiving
channel must have a band width at least 10 times the frequency of the
highest emitted frequency which must be processed. Informational channels
of biologic systems seem to need just the optimum band widths for high
"Q"s at specific resonant frequencies and at the same time possess the
inherent capability to be as free as possible from outside interference or
"static". Narrow band FM is therefore the logical choice which nature
evidently selected.
Although many higher frequencies than described herein can be utilized to
produce various significant biological effects the present invention
relates to non-invasive devices which emit magnetic pulses that can
penetrate through and interact with biologic materials and potentially all
systems of the body in what is known as the ELF/VLF frequency range. These
devices operate at low intensities and except for the noted exceptions,
without direct contact with the material affected. Through this effect,
the present invention can enhance the ability of biologic systems toward a
state of improved function in many areas of organic dysfunction.
The present invention is concentrated on improving functional effects upon
cardiac tissues, excitable tissues, and neurological systems. Each organ
of the body has a given electrical or electromagnetic characteristic with
which a given wave form will resonate and affect the function of that
organ. The key principles involved are as follows: magnetic fields
generated at specific frequencies, and the harmonics of those frequencies,
wave shapes, polarizations, or electric currents from cutaneously attached
electrodes, will penetrate the system and stimulate specific and general
nerves, and other parts of a biologic system either electrically,
piezoelectrically, paramagnetically or chemically, or all in concert when
certain biologic material resonant conditions are met. There are also
variable and mixed frequency ranges and intensities of magnetic impulses
and electric current impulses which can affect specific and general areas
of biologic tissues.
The mechanism of pacing the heart with magnetic impulses is involved with
oscillation of the Purkinje cell network in the right and left bundle
branches of the bundle of His which then stimulate the fibers in the AV
node up into the SA node and back to the cardiac muscle. The stimulation
of the cells and corpuscles of Purkinje at the hind brain and medullan
center dendrites of Purkinje cells can also be stimulated to produce
pacing of the heart. Since the wave shape, frequency, pulse width, and
rise-fall time of the magnetic field matches the QRS Complex of the human
heart rate when the square wave impulses are transmitted through the chest
wall but at a higher Fourier Bessel function of the muscle contraction
frequency of the system, the Purkinje pacemaker cells are magnetically
stimulated to initiate electrically the proper QRS interval. It has been
discovered that the cardiovascular system specifically and the central
nervous system in general behave as narrow band FM informational channels
with AM components. The AM component of the cardiovascular system, for
example, is the sinoatrial node excitation waves which produce the cardiac
muscle contractions at normal heart rates. The SA node excitation waves
are believed by traditional medical principles to be the origin of the
pacemaking of the heart.
Specifically, the present invention eliminates the need to watch for the
critical T-wave interval of the heart and eliminates the need to avoid
applying the device at that time, as is necessary with all prior art
pacemakers. This is because the magnetic field impulses stimulate the
natural pacemaker cells and tissue at their natural higher frequency
excitable rates. These higher rates then frequency divide down stepwise to
the appropriate tissue excitation to the normal contractile rate of the
whole muscle mass. Pacing the heart in this manner precludes the
possibility of triggering the critical T-wave interval improperly. The
cardiovascular system interprets this superimposed pacemaker impulse field
as its own field and not a foreign field.
Other important factors involved in the pacing of the human heart with
magnetic impulses are that material in the blood heme is paramagnetic and
the vascular system is acoustically resonant at approximately the same
frequency which can magnetically stimulate the Purkinje cells and other
pacemaker cells. A paramagnetic substance is one in which the molecules
tend to align themselves parallel to a magnetic field.
The magnetic 7.6 pulses per second field can be utilized to pace the heart
system either at the chest wall or in some cases through the cranium so as
to stimulate the hypothalamic and Purkinje processes two way feedback
system to also provide a stable normal heartbeat.
It has also been discovered and substantiated by several tests conducted by
the inventors that arrhythmias, tachycardias, bradycardias and atrial
fibrillations can be corrected with local field intensities as low as 0.2
Gauss.
While it is known that the non-myelinated fibers involved in afferent human
autonomic nervous system pathways concerned with blood pressure and heart
rate control arise from the carotid sinus and the aorta, it has been
discovered that the Purkinje cells behave as biological diodes (one way
signal gate). The activated signals travel from the Purkinje cells in the
heart via the vagus nerve through the medulla oblongata and pons Varolli
up to the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. From here the tendril fibers
of the Purkinje cells (in the brain) relay "rectified" signals from the
Purkinje process in the aorta. At the same time the efferent (traveling
from the brain) myelinated fibers arise from cells located in the inter
mediolateral columns of the spinal cord and the appropriate cranial nerves
and route opposite "diodelike" (one way) signals into the medulla
oblongata to the hypothalamus and finally the cortex via the limbic system
from the corpuscles and cells of Purkinje. The cells and corpuscles when
magnetically stimulated act as semiconductors with the "electronic gate"
consisting of the junction of the molecular and granular layers of the
cerebellum. The Purkinje cells and fibers are part of the biological
material stimulated by magnetic field impulses.
The carotid artery in particular and the rest of the cardiovascular system
in general have a common group of electrical and fluid dynamical
characteristics based on the dimensions, materials and structures of the
whole arterial system which yield a set of parameters suggesting that an
ideal resonant frequency within the system is around 7 Hertz. The ejection
of blood from the left Ventricle into the aorta causes a pressure pulse
which travels upwards into the aortic arch then descends within the thorax
on the left side of the vertebral column, passes through the aortic
opening in the diaphragm finally dividing into the left and right common
iliac arteries and thence divides into all the other vessels and systems
involved with arterial blood distribution in these areas. The ejection of
blood into the aorta thus causes a pressure pulse which travels in a
forward direction until it reaches the first or iliac bifurcation where
part of the pulse rebounds back toward the aorta. These two oppositely
moving pulses can interact as in and out of phase waves. When these waves
are in phase with each other, a standing wave is formed and investigation
has shown that standing waves exist in the arterial system. The bounding
pulse characteristic of most people with high blood pressure is an example
of a distally located standing wave phenomenon of the arterial system.
Resonant frequency is determined by size, structure, shape, and material in
analogy to the hydrodynamics of an acoustic system. Since the heme of the
blood contains paramagnetic material, this material will tend to align
parallel to and oscillate with the predominant magnetic polarity and
frequency of external magnetic impulses which match the resonant frequency
of the system. The inventors have found that the characteristic resonant
frequency is near 7.6 Hertz. The Purkinje cell network propagating
impulses at 400 cm/sec acting as a semiconductor diode-like electrical
device with a switching rate around 7.6 Hertz senses the resonant
frequency of the heme-blood vessels-magnetic field system condition and
initiates the appropriate impulse-feedback system to drive the cardiac
system smoothly. The stimulation of the Purkinje cells network in the
right and left bundle branches appears to stimulate the atrioventricular
node which in turn feeds back informational pulses into the right
sinoatrial node. The pacemaker focus in the SA node now has informational
entrainment as regular pulses which initiates finally the electrical
spread of excitation waves to the entire muscle mass in an orderly manner.
We therefore have found that the commonly held theory that the sequence of
the muscle contraction process is the sequence of electrical stimulation
dynamics is incorrect, and in fact, the electrical-dynamical process
appears to occur in exact opposite steps to the muscle contraction process
as outlined above.
The production of the magnetic field form that represent the QRST Complex
and activates the proper cardiac firing of the same also involves
expanding and collapsed fields emitted from a coil electrically energized
by square wave pulses. Sharp expanding impulses and collapsing impulses
are produced so that an uncritically damped mode after the PQ portion
results. This output looks like the RST form in the magnetic field
emission from the cardiac pacemaker but at rates which match the value of
the second Bessel function, i.e. approximately 7.6 Hertz. The band width
of the cardiovascular system is approximately 30.2 Hertz and the second
Bessel function is at 7.6 Hertz. These emissions are transduced and
rectified by the capacitive, resistive, piezoelectric elements of bone
collagen, protein bound water, excitable muscle and nervous tissue in the
intervening chest or cranial tissues that activates the myocardium through
the action of the two sets of Purkinje cells. These tissues act
electrically as a low pass filter when external magnetic impulses pass
through them.
The above written description is illustrated in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7.
2. Scientific Principles and Equations Supporting Invention and
Experimental Verification Therefor
This invention utilizes the theoretical constructs that involve the
description of a nonlinear, non-equilibrium information system that is a
coherent, resonant locked and a system of an infinite series of Bessel
functions from an FM constant energy signal process.
Neuronal processes in the CNS, heart and brain are theoretically
describable as a coherent "self focusing" informational channel which is
composed of a series of harmonics represented as Bessel functions which
are locked together at proper resonance when healthy pathways occur. The
piezoelectric properties of bone and collagen as well as the neuronal
pathways operate in concert to produce normal informational signals.
The inventors can definitely formulate nonlinear, dispersive properties in
terms of pulse type eigenfunctions or soliton solutions. Soliton waves are
said to be orthogonal in the sense that two or more crossing each other's
path, essentially do not interact and hence do not distort or disperse.
The phase velocity is obtained proportional to the square of the amplitude
of such a system. The key to the soliton type phenomena is that soliton
configurations arise so that the non-linear form balances the dispersive
type mode in a "meta stable" or critically stable mode.
Certain parts of the biological-electrical system can be treated as a
semi-conducting electrical system. Certain coherent collective
electromagnetic phenomena are describable by a set of non-linear equations
yielding solutions of energy propagation in which dispersion is balanced
by re-coherence yielding solitary wave solutions. Such a model of
neuronal/electrical activity can describe longitudinal neuronal
information transmission which is characterized by the self-organizing
properties described by Prigogine thermodynamics.
We apply this thermodynamical picture to describe systems that when a diode
or diode array is properly connected to elements such as an antenna and a
capacitor and the system placed so as to be exposed to random broad band
noise, the noise can be rectified and stored in the capacitor as a
unidirectional energy reserve. This comprises an example of a
self-organizing system. Biological systems as well as this device employ
these principles. For example, the actual electrically stimulated
collective, coherent, solitary wave modes which proceed from a
semiconductor substrate and diode-like array which are represented by the
Purkinje cells and corpuscles as well as other neuronal cells, act in
concert with nerve, bone and blood systems.
Low frequency radiations affect biological material and act as a systems
narrow band FM informational system which utilizes almost constant energy
input but contains very large informational channel capacity. These
systems are examples of systems describable by the Prigogine far from
equilibrium thermodynamics. The system described herein is an open, far
from equilibrium one, which operates with a continuous energy flux. The
energy flux in this case is both electro-magneto-dynamic as well as
hydrodynamic and in its normal mode of operation is a system which loses
very little energy. These systems are nonlinear and self organizing in
that a small flux field perturbation can produce a large change of the
system's state properties. The inventors have demonstrated that the
Fourier Bessel equation which described the FM system describes an
informational channel which is frequency modulated within the lossless
channel of the soliton wave solutions to a set of
magneto-electro-hydrodynamic equations. The waves going into and out of
the heart must impedance match each other so that the system is relatively
lossless between the present invention and the physical person.
In the conventional theory the wavelength of an electromagnetic signal of
around 7.6 Hertz is inordinately large and hence would be seen as a wave
so slowly changing in time as to not interact significantly with matter.
Therefore, in general, electric field effects are minimal in the ELF
(extremely low frequency--from less than 1 Hertz to 300 Hertz) region. On
the other hand, magnetic impulses at ELF frequencies act as perturbations
in the earth's steady state magnetic field and are "seen" by matter as
impulse perturbations of this field. With the exceptions of portions of
the visual, tactile and auditory systems, living organisms primarily
utilize and generate frequencies in the ELF region. The intensities of
these radiations are however significantly below threshold for thermal
effects upon or in biological tissue. The reason such low intensities of
pulsatile magnetic fields generated by external sources produce such
dramatic effects on biological tissue and their processes is that they can
be made to match the internal processing mechanisms of the biological
tissue. This matching of externally generated imposed fields to those
utilized by the biological systems occur when proper impedance matching
conditions exist.
In accord with the inventor's model, high intensity external signals may
not impedance match well enough to produce phase shifting or soliton
dispersion but may produce thermal agitation or noise and at extreme
intensities, molecular bonds can be broken. The inventors can choose
specific low frequency pulsed electric or magnetic signals which will
induce magnetic pulsations that recohere and reinforce normal, biologic
system functioning when these field forms are such as to be able to
produce the normal signal modes in the desired tissue areas. In their
clinical experience, the inventors have found a remarkably narrow range of
frequencies in different individuals and in the same individual at
different times in regard to the apparent characteristic pulsed emissions
of given organ systems. That is the given pulsed wave signals which induce
a given desired healthy biological function response on one person seems
to be able to elicit the same response in other people. The inventors'
formalism describes a structure of both the externally generated fields
and the internally generated biological fields. The longitudinal (phonon)
like modes composed of the Fourier Bessel series fine structured
components comprise the soliton model.
The soliton model of biological signaling becomes useful in describing the
various conditions of bioelectro-magnetic processing. Tissue
nonlinearities determine the dispersion and/or coherence of the various
signal systems in the biological system or human body. Disruption or
enhancement occurs because external signals transduced by the
nonlinearities of the tissues form into Soliton like waves. These waves,
then can modify and recohere processes which are too dispersive and hence
reinforce normal neuronal or other signal paths. On the other hand these
waves, at other frequencies, wave forms and intensities can increase
dispersion and hence introduce disruption and biological damage in the
system. The reason that pure magnetic impulses are useful in the
application of modifying biologic tissue is because frequencies in the ELF
range have their electric and or electromagnetic component modified by the
biological tissue during the signal's excursion through the tissue so that
it becomes a pure magnetic signal. Essentially, in the soliton model,
tissue acts as a transducer device and longitudinal wave rectifier so that
they transform waves which carry horizontal components into longitudinal
wave components. Losses occur when impedance mismatching exists and other
kinds of losses may also occur such as eddy current and hysteresis losses.
Biological tissue is "transparent" to some ELF frequencies, therefore,
frequency wave form and pulse repetition rate specificity is extremely
critical to producing an effect within or on the biologic system under
consideration. The effect of pulsed magnetic fields that interact with
biologic material is extremely similar across a species. In the case of
humans, the system's own informational channels react to the proper pulse
fields as its own pulse field. Therefore, the reason biological matter can
utilize square wave forms more efficiently is because of the ringing that
occurs in these wave forms which produce a unique set of Fourier
components. These components supply the complexity of structure of its
electromagnetic field necessary to carry the needed bit rate in a biologic
informational channel. Thus theoretically, the special ringing of biologic
material is produced primarily by the piezoelectric qualities of bone and
collageneous matter. FIG. 6 is a drawing of a square wave pulse showing
the uncritically damped sinusoid ringing trails. When a pulse with a
square wave form passes into biologic material which contains
piezoelectric qualities, the square wave form induces a complex secondary
delayed pulse in this material. The external square wave pulse and the
induced complex delayed pulse together produce a wave form which appears
very similar to the QRS complex wave. FIG. 7 shows the output of a 7.3
Hertz square wave modified by a simulation of piezoelectric biological
material properties and it can be seen that the form resembles the PQRST
complex.
These systems involve dynamic coherence and dissipation which gives their
structure and energy constitution; all soliton phenomena is "dissipative".
Processes can involve either static or dynamic stability and/or
equilibrium. Non equilibrium states are maintained to create the
conditions for no dissipative "loss less" conditions so that information
is not disturbed or disrupted. The high bit rate is maintained because the
FM process creates and utilizes an infinite number of locked resonant
harmonics in the asymptotic limit. One needs to consider the Bessel
equation rather than the Fourier equation since in the application to the
human body, the inventors are considering that most organs and systems are
best defined as spherical radiators. The skull and the heart can act as a
spherical receiver/transmitter antenna. For example the Fourier equation
can be applied to moving waves in a plane whether mechanical, acoustic, or
electromagnetic, whereas the Bessel equation can be applied to processes
which have approximately spherical symmetry and hence is more applicable
to wave phenomena in organs. In some cases, as in local biological
functioning, a plane or approximately flat surface excitation can be
considered. Essentially, the Fourier equation represents a simpler form
than the Bessel equation. One will find that in certain applications the
Fourier equation will suffice for a formalism but in general the inventors
will be dealing with the Bessel equation and its solutions. These
solutions are of a specific form which are termed Bessel functions. In
some cases we can express Bessel functions in terms of gamma functions. In
the case of the Fourier equation the solutions are usually in terms of
trigonometric functions such as sines, cosines, and in some cases
hyperbolic functions.
It appears that the electrical and electromagnetic and magnetic human body
functioning involves a complexity of wave function solutions that in
general are not describable in terms of simple trigonometric functions but
involve relatively complex series of waves. In fact no simple sine wave or
other simple wave form will effectively interact with biologic tissue to
produce either a functional enhancement or diminution. The inventors have
utilized an uncritically damped square wave in which ringing and wave
distortion by the local impedance of the material considered can be
expressed as a complex series of trigonometric functions. Essentially, the
Bessel formalism can be utilized to describe the wave envelope and
amplitude modulated components with the envelope in which dispersive
losses due to damping occur. Insulator blockage due to a material of high
dielectric constant would produce such observable generated fields where
frequency and wave forms were not optimum.
In a normally functioning biologic process a steady electric and magnetic
process proceeds which is modified by sensorial, and motor glandular
modification for different activities. In general, the electric, magnetic
and electromagnetic processes operate in such a manner as to produce a
steady state condition. This is accomplished when the damping or
dispersive losses are balanced by recoherence produced by the
nonlinearities of the system.
Biological systems and processes are highly nonlinear. This allows them to
utilize highly complex and dispersive wave forms which have many
Fourier/Bessel components. The only manner in which processes can function
in a coherent and continuous manner is to be structured nonlinearly in
their processing of energy such as electrical energy so that dispersive
losses are overcome or recohered.
A demonstration has been achieved that the Korteweg-de Vries equation and
the Bessel and Fourier equation are derived from a fundamental wave
equation. The Korteweg-de Vries equation defines extremely well, the
manner in which a non-linear term defines the "balances" or recoherence of
a dispersive term. The solutions to this equation are well defined and are
termed solitary waves or solitons. Although the original application for
the Korteweg-de Vries equation was to hydro-dynamics systems, and many
other systems involving wave phenomena, the inventors have demonstrated
that they can formulate an analogous equation with equal success to
electro-magnetic and magneto-dynamic phenomenon.
In fact, the biological "signal" and "communication process" involves
electrical, magnetic, and electromagnetic energy which utilizes the
complexity of the Fourier-Bessel wave components and the coherent
resonances of the soliton wave form. Essentially, we can picture the
biological system as a communication network which utilizes square wave
like impulses (analogous in a sense to an on/off mode) to activate,
diminish and utilize electro-chemical, biochemical and energy potential
processes to produce and regulate a variety of biologic functions. These
functions are performed in specific organs, cells, nervous tissue, etc.
The form slope, size, structure and composition of such systems determine
the manner in which information is processed, cohered, dispersed, etc. by
their nonlinear mechanical, biological or electrochemical energy forms.
The wave equation for a series of single closely approximate sine wave
impulses is given by the equation:
##EQU1##
where c.sub.o is the velocity of the wave and the amplitude, U, is a
function of space and time. The general solution to this equation is of
the form
##EQU2##
for a series of amplitude constants, A.sub.j. The dispersion relation for
the systems described by this wave equation are k=v/c.sub.o where k is the
wave number given in terms of the wave length of k=1/.lambda. and .nu. is
the frequency.
In proceeding to demonstrate the relationship of this wave equation to more
complex wave equations which describe impulse waves, square waves,
coherent soliton waves, etc., one will have different dispersion
relations. Systems which exhibit dispersion (such as in the Korteweg-de
Vries equation or other Soliton equation), d.sup.2 .omega./dk.sup.2
.noteq.0, for .nu.=.omega./2.zeta.. If both diffusion and dispersion
predominate in a linear or highly nonlinear system, then we can write a
complex form so that .omega.(k)=.omega..sub.1 (k)+i.PHI..sub.2 (k). For
phase velocity we can write
##EQU3##
In order to examine the fundamental relation of the Korteweg-de Vries
equation and the Fourier-Bessel equation, we utilize a general dispersion
relation. The inventors derived the Korteweg-de Vries classical soliton
equation to the classical wave equation and have also derived the
Fourier-Bessel equation from the classical equation. The inventors
demonstrated the manner in which these equations are related to each other
in a fundamental manner. These equations allow the inventors to describe
the manner in which a complex electromagnetic signal can remain coherent
in space and time as a soliton or instanton wave. The inventors solve both
the classical and semi-classical equations which are applicable to the
biological system. The key is that the Fourier equation applies to
rectilinear plane membrane surfaces and is useful when the inventors
consider an approximately small area of tissue and can approximate this
surface as a flat plane. More applicable to the inventor's biological case
is the Bessel equation which applies to circular or curvalinear membrane
surfaces or radius or curvature a.sub.x and a.sub.y. Hence we proceed from
polar coordinates (r,.theta.,.phi., t). Let us now define a dependent
functional variable as z(r,.theta.,.phi.t). Then we have
##EQU4##
Let us consider the case where the symmetry of z will make z independent
of .theta. and we have the boundary conditions on z as z(a,t).ident.0;
z(r,.theta.)=f(r); and We term f(r) the deformation function. Let
z=T(t)R(r) where R(r) becomes the spatial variation function. We have:
##EQU5##
and letting B=0 for our second initial condition we determine R by setting
u=.mu.r which yields the form
##EQU6##
This is Bessel's equation and we have the first solution for this form as
R=CJ.sub.o (u)=cJ.sub.0 (.mu.r).
Since the Bessel equation is a second order equation, there is another
solution which has a singularity at the origin and hence we rule it out.
The boundary conditions require that J.sub.o (.mu.a)=0 and U=.alpha..sub.n
/a where .alpha..sub.n is a root of the Bessel function J.sub.o. We also
have
##EQU7##
We can examine the system in terms of FM (frequency modulation). In an FM
system, no change in output power amplitude occurs and frequency is
modulated and detected as a voltage. Fourier-Bessel functions encode
amplitude in addition to the frequency encoding. Frequency is displayed
into the time domain and can be converted into the frequency domain. Both
modes are then able to be detected and analyzed. As body electrical
functions communicate by neuronal functioning, a full Fourier spectrum is
representative of amplitude. Therefore the biologic neuronal system can
guarantee an FM signal containing a rich array of Fourier-Bessel
components which transmit the necessary signal array to be detected and
analyzed by other neuronal systems. Hence, we have a method to analyze CNS
and organ signals which are information transmitters and receivers.
If maximum deviation and frequency variations are suppressed, inhibited, or
magnified, then body function should be modified toward a diseased state.
Some Fourier components would be seen as missing when abnormal ECG or
neuronal activity is measured. The present invention is utilized to
re-establish missing components and cancel unwanted components which may
represent a "shorted" circuit creating chronic pain. A system with chronic
pain may also be able to transmit useable and necessary components.
Thus when a set of neuronal and other impulses do not exist, i.e.
amplitudes and frequency are not present as represented by their Fourier
components, then non-optimum information transmission results and we may
term this condition a diseased or injury condition. Receptor filter
detectors and analyzers of the body cannot read these signals in such a
manner as to function normally and efficiently.
The soliton model of biological signalling becomes useful in describing the
various conditions of bioelectricmagnetic processing. Tissue
nonlinearities determine the dispersion and/or coherence of the various
signal systems in the biological system of the human body. Disruption or
enhancement occurs because the external signal transduced by the
non-linearities of the tissue form into soliton like waves. These waves,
then can modify and recohere processes which are too dispersive and hence
reinforce normal neuronal or other signal paths. On the other hand these
waves, at other frequencies, wave forms and intensities can increase
dispersion and hence introduce disruption and biological damage in the
system.
The information transmission capacity is proportional to the band width
which is "chosen" to match the needed Fourier components. FM systems
require very little power expenditures in relaying information as
frequency modulations. FM systems also are highly resistant to static or
external energies of large magnitude which would normally interfere with
an amplitude modulated system and is therefore optimum for biologic
information transfer to linear muscle, tissue or organ components that
respond to amplitude and intergenerate modulations.
Frequency modulation is a constant power process and the power of the
modulated wave does not change as the degree of modulation changes. The
frequency-domain representation of an FM wave consists of a carrier and
sidebands spaced in frequency around the carrier. The spacing between
frequency components is equal to the modulating frequency f.sub.n.
Theoretically, the FM waves contain an infinite number of sidebands. The
sideband energy, however, falls off very rapidly outside the peak
frequency deviation where the deviation is measured with respect to the
carrier frequency. The amplitudes of the various frequency components,
including the carrier component, change as the deviation changes. This is
a consequence of the requirement that the total power remain constant
regardless of the deviation.
The relative amplitudes of the frequency components are in the same
relationship as the relative amplitudes of Bessel functions of the first
kind. Bessel functions of the first kind are designated as J.sub.o or
J.sub.n for n=1,2, . . . . The complete characterization of the frequency
component amplitudes is
##EQU8##
where n is called the order and represents the frequency component number
(p=0 for the carrier, n=1 for the first sideband, etc.) and
.DELTA.F/f.sub.n is called the argument and represents the modulation
index. The modulation index, denoted as .beta., is defined as the ratio:
peak frequency deviation .DELTA.F divided by the modulating frequency f.
Bessel functions are the solution to Bessel's differential equation, just
as the standard trigonometric functions, sine, cosine, etc., are the
solution to differential equations.
The information of interest in FM is: the carrier frequency (F), the
modulating frequency (f), and the deviation (.DELTA.F). The carrier
frequency F is obtained by reading the spectrum-analyzer center-frequency
dial and the modulating frequency f is obtained by calculating the
frequency spacing between two adjacent components by use of the calibrated
dispersion. The deviation (.DELTA.F) can, however, not be determinable
directly. First, one obtains the modulation index from which the deviation
is then calculated.
Transmission and reception of biologic signals require the proper band
width about the carrier frequency to faithfully produce and detect the
signal. To be a faithful transmitter or receiver the bandwidth needs to be
at least ten times greater than the band of frequencies carrying the
information to be transmitted or received. The power spectrum of Bessel
nulls and Fourier components thus defines the sensitivity of the organism.
In FIG. 8 we represent various wave forms in the time domain. The top wave
form represents an unmodulated sin x or cos x wave that can act as a
modulator of a carrier wave, which is represented second from the top. The
third wave form represents a frequency-modulated FM wave. We also
represent a phase modulated PM wave. Full use of the Fourier power occurs
at the second Bessel function for the cardiac system. We treat the
informational channels of the biologic system in our model of this
invention as describable in terms of frequency and phase modulations
(FM/PM). The 1/t term is incorporated as the simultaneous but inverse
function of the argument which is the modulation index. Biological
informational channels therefore employ FM/PM as multi-tone FM with the
muscle contraction AM "pilot" component at about 1.23 Hertz. This allows
the downward stepwise frequency oscillation divisions at 7.6 Hertz to
occur as sum and difference sideband frequencies.
In FIG. 9 we represent the frequency domain. In FIG. 10 we represent a
typical spectrum of an FM signal, where F is the carrier frequency and f
is the modulating frequency. The example is given for the cardiac system.
We deduce that the body information signal utilizes FM and relates to the
piezoelectric effect of bone and muscle material. The hydroxyapatite-like
piezoelectric impulses interacting with the CNS make up the FM
informational signals which are the Bessel functions of the modulating
frequencies. The mechanical oscillator-transmitter in biologic systems
would be vibrations and stresses in the bone and collagen resulting from
motions within and without the system. These stresses and vibrations in
turn generate electrical impulses and waves which radiate within and
without the system. The biologic receiver system primarily operates as a
feedback detection system with the CNS and, particularly that the Purkinje
cells in the mid brain area serve as efferent diodelike detectors with
specific switching rates.
We can write the Bessel function of zero order, denoted by J.sub.o (x), and
is given the power series
##EQU9##
which is valid for all "k" and even can be valid when "k" is not an
integer and k! is the factorial k. This is for the Bessel equation initial
conditions of Y=1, dY/dX=0 when x=0. We can utilize this form provided the
series converges. The rate of convergence determines the number of terms
we consider. We can term this series a "harmonic" series.
We can also write the Bessel integral in a bounded region
##EQU10##
and for the asymptotic condition x.fwdarw..infin. we can write
##EQU11##
where
##EQU12##
represents "of the order of" for .vertline.arg x.vertline.<.pi.. We can
see that there is a relation between the J(x)'s and the trigonometric
functions.
In general we can write the expression for the p'.sup.th order of the
Bessel function,
##EQU13##
For the Bessel function of the first kind of zero order,
##EQU14##
Also we can write p'.sup.th order Bessel function as
##EQU15##
for .vertline.argX.vertline.<.pi.. This form uses Sommerfeld's integral
representation and the method of steepest descent for a fixed "p" and
asymptotic approximation for .vertline.x.vertline..fwdarw..infin.. We use
"p" as a positive integer for our present consideration and hence do not
need to generalize to the appropriate definition of p! for arbitrary "p".
If we need to use the Bessel expansion for arbitrary "p", we can use the
expression for p! -in terms of the gamma function as
##EQU16##
for p.gtoreq.0 which can we solve and Bessel functions and the circular
trigonometric functions are related. For large "x" then we can neglect
the
##EQU17##
term. That is, for the larger argument, the closer the Bessel function
resembles a decaying circular function. We can also write the
trigonometric functions in the terms of the Bessel function as,
cos x=J.sub.o (x)-2[J.sub.2 (x)-J.sub.4 (x)+J.sub.6 (x) . . . ]
and
sin x2[J.sub.1 (x)-J.sub.3 (x)+J.sub.5 (x) . . . ]
so that a sinusoidal function can be expanded in terms of a series of
Bessel functions. Bessel functions are orthogonal.
We can write trigonometric functions in terms of exponentials. This kind of
form is sometimes useful for expansion formulas. We can write cos x+i sin
x=e and use expansion formulas of the type
##EQU18##
We can write an expression for the FM spectrum wave as
##EQU19##
where "a" is the Bessel coefficient, F is the carrier frequency, "f" is
the modulating frequency, A is the carrier amplitude, .DELTA.F is the peak
deviation, and .DELTA.F/f is defined as the modular index. We expand this
expression in terms of a set of discrete sinusoids which appear at the
carrier frequency, F, and sidebands or on either side of the carrier and
are spaced at the modulation frequency, f, apart from each other.
Theoretically there is no limit to the number of sidebands for an infinite
frequency distribution. The amplitude of the carrier and the various
sidebands are determined by the product of the original carrier amplitude,
A, and the value of the appropriate Bessel function. The order of the
Bessel function corresponds to the sideband number denoting the carrier
component as number zero. The argument of the Bessel function is the
modulation index .DELTA.F/f.
The amplitude of the carrier component is modified for the FM process by
the factor
##EQU20##
the carrier component of the modulated wave is smaller than the amplitude
of the unmodulated carrier. In some cases, the carrier component can go to
zero, and this is called a null carrier and occurs when
##EQU21##
The Bessel zeros are used to determine the frequency deviation. The reason
the FM process is a constant energy process is because energy is removed
from the carrier and supplied to its sidebands, so that the energy of an
FM wave is constant regardless of the degree of modulation. This is in
contrast to AM where the carrier amplitude is constant and the modulation
process adds further energy to the carrier wave. The process of body
metabolism could not supply the rapidly varying energy component to
utilize AM information processes. It is a fact that FM is a constant
energy process that makes it feasible for the body to utilize such a
system for its informational carrying capacity.
We can write an expansion for an infinite series of sinusoids with Bessel
coefficients as
##EQU22##
We derived the values for the Bessel functions used in this patent from a
plot of the first 8 orders of Bessel functions as shown in FIGS. 4-4a on
page 85 of the text Spectrum Analyzer Theory and Applications--by Morris
Engelson and Fred Telewski. A plot for each J.sub.p (t) where "t" is an
arbitrary index for the Bessel function and can be given as .DELTA.F/f.
The neuronal pathways and their specific biologic material utilize a
relatively narrow band FM spectrum. The FM spectrum sideband spacing can
be determined, for example, in the case where the carrier component goes
to zero. This is called a carrier null and happens when J.sub.0
(.DELTA.F/f)=0. The first carrier null occurs at a modulation index of
2.4, where the zero crossing of J(t) occurs.
For our pain treatment invention, narrow band FM modulation leads to a
series determined in detail by two coupled Fourier Bessel equations with a
time varying coupling "constant". The carrier frequency, F, has been
determined experimentally to be about 70 Hertz and .DELTA.F=150 Hertz.
Experimentally, the modulating frequency, f, which results from a dual
frequency beat frequency, is about 23 Hertz and therefore the approximate
Bessel function argument is 2. The Bessel functions for n=1,2,3, . . . are
J.sub.o (2).about.0.2, J.sub.1 (2).about.0.58, J.sub.2 (2).about.0.36, and
J.sub.3 (2).about.0.14, and the higher order Bessel functions are all
approximately zero.
Now we determine the FM spectrum for the cardiovascular system as follows:
the carrier frequency f, or f=15.2 Hertz, where the peak frequency of the
Fourier spectrum of the ECG output is 7.60 Hertz for an average heart beat
of 1.23 Hertz. The effective narrow band FM is .DELTA.F=30.4 then the
Bessel function argument or index of modulation is t=.DELTA.F/f=2 where f
is the modulation frequency f=15.2 Hertz.
From FIG. 10, with argument t=.DELTA.F/f=2 we determine the values of the
Bessel function J.sub.n argument 2 or J.sub.n (2). Then we have the values
for J.sub.0 (2) etc. as J.sub.0 (2)=0.2, J.sub.1 (2)=0.58, J.sub.2
(2)=0.36, J.sub.3 (2()=0.14, J.sub.4 (2)=0.04 and J.sub.5 (2)=0. and all
the additional components of J.sub.n (2) for n.gtoreq.5 are zero. The
largest Bessel function component for t=2 accrues for J (2) or the second
Bessel function for a Bessel function of the first kind.
Note that the carrier null or zero occurs for J.sub.0 (.DELTA.F/f)=0, for
an index of modulations of .DELTA.F/f=2.4, that is J.sub.0 (t)=0 for
t=2.4. The index of modulation, t is a frequency ratio. The second Bessel
null where J.sub.1 (t)=0 is at t=3.8, the 3rd for J.sub.2 (t)=0 is at
t=5.1 and J.sub.3 (t)=0 at t=6.4. Note that 2.4.about.2 for the value of
t. The carrier frequency, F, can vary its frequency in a linear manner for
F-.DELTA.F to F+.DELTA.F where .DELTA.F is normally called the peak
deviation. This process is repeated every T seconds for f=1/T, where f is
the modulation frequency.
The inventors have demonstrated the derivation of the Fourier-Bessel
equation from the classical wave equation and have been able to derive to
Korteweg-de Vries equation from the classical wave equation and the
generalized dispersion relation. The inventors have found the soliton type
solutions and related these in a fundamental manner to the Bessel series
harmonics which represent information and operate in a near "lossless"
manner. This formalism describes an informationally stable system of
equations in which predominate dispersive losses are recohered. The FM
informational process occurs in such a manner in the human body so that
solitary wave pulses are monitored in a normal healthy system. The
inventors will now outline the mathematical formalism for such a system in
term of solitary wave physics. They proceed from three different but
related formulations.
First, starting with Maxwell's equations and the continuity equation,
second from the generalized dispersion relation, and third, from Laplace's
equation or the classical wave equation. The inventors present this latter
derivation and relate it to the second method, since they can demonstrate
the most direct relationship between the solitary wave coherent process
and the complexity of the Fourier-Bessel FM signal channel process. They
consider either steady state or space-time variational conditions.
Proceeding from the Maxwell equations and the continuity equation also
lead to equations having soliton solutions. Solitons have solitary wave
forms described coherent states which are collective such as phonon like
acoustic modes and/or longitudinal collective modes. The inventors proceed
from Laplace's equation which has been related to the classical wave
equation earlier in this document. The inventors demonstrate the
relationship between the classical wave equation and the Korteweg-de Vries
equation. It should be noted that the Laplace form has many general
applications, such as thermodynamic, electromagnetic, and gravitational
phenomena.
The three-dimensional Laplace equation is written as:
##EQU23##
where U represents a general wave amplitude as a function of the
independent variables x, y and z.
The two dimensional form is:
##EQU24##
where U is now considered a function of x and y. The inventors can now
define y.sup.2 =-c.sub.0.sup.2 t.sup.2 for y=ic.sub.0 t which can
represent a temporal component for wave velocity, c.sub.0. Upon
substitution, the above equation becomes
##EQU25##
which is the one-spatial-dimensional and time-dependent classical wave
equation which has solutions of the form U.about.e.sup.i(kx-.omega.). The
point we make here is that we can consider these equation forms to
represent waves.
Now let us return to the wave equation we proceeded from before. We have
wave function U(x,t) in three dimensions as U(x,y,z,t) as
##EQU26##
for the simple case of .omega..sub.0.sup.2 =c.sub.0.sup.2 k.sup.2 and the
temporal component is ic.sub.0 t for c.sub.0 the velocity of wave
propagation. Note that Laplace's equation is a subset of this equation
where we have two components of space x,y and no temporal component. If we
consider three spatial dimensions we can formulate the dispersion relation
for k.sup.2 =k.sub.x.sup.2 +k.sub.y.sup.2 +k.sub.z .sup.2. The standing
wave solution in the one dimension is then
A e.sup.i(kx-.omega.t)
for the incident wave
A e.sup.-i(kx-.omega.)
for the transmitted wave.
The inventors use as a general dispersion relation
##EQU27##
where that frequency .omega.(k)=c.sub.0 k+D(k). The general wave equation
for this general dispersion relation is the integral-differential equation
##EQU28##
We will now proceed and consider one spatial dimension only. The first two
terms are the usual classical wave equation, the group velocity, V.sub.g
=2.omega./2k. The inventors consider a finite amplitude wave propagation
in a media where the nonlinearity of propagation is characterized by an
amplitude dependence of the phase velocity. The inventors expand the phase
velocity, v.sub..phi., as
v.sub..phi. =c.sub.0 (1+.beta..sub.2 U+.beta..sub.3 U+. . . ).
Then we have the kinematic equation of the form
##EQU29##
where higher order nonlinear terms are neglected so that we use
.beta..sub.2 and .beta..sub.3 respectively to represent quadratic and
cubic nonlinearities. The presence of a quadratic nonlinearity for
.beta..sub.2 .noteq.0 and .beta..sub.3 =0 yields the one spatial dimension
Korteweg-de Vries equation
##EQU30##
where in simplest analytic dispersion relation W(k)=c.sub.0 k+D(k)=c.sub.0
k-c.sub.0 .beta..sub.2 k.sup.2 -.gamma.k.sup.3 defines .gamma. where the
analytic dispersive relation W(k)=c.sub.0 k+D(k) for D(k)=c.sub.0
.beta..sub.2 k=.gamma.k.sup.3 the amount of dispersive losses
.gamma.2.sup.3 U/2x.sup.3 are balanced and recohered by the quadratic
nonlinearity term C.sub.0 .beta..sub.2 2U/2x and hence the values of
.gamma. and .beta..sub.2 are determined to be such that losses are
minimized in the FM channel. The value of .beta..sub.2 is such that the
solution to the wave equation is simply a solitary wave.
In the nondispersive case, .omega.=c.sub.0 k, and for quadratic
nonlinearity, where dispersive processes exist, these are self-focused by
the recoherence of the wave due to the nonlinear processes in the system.
The solution to the above equation is a sinusoidal pulse in a nonlinear
medium characterized by amplitude-dependent phase velocity of the form
.omega./k=v.sub..phi. =c.sub.0 (1+.beta..sub.2 U) where .beta..sub.2 >0
for a pulse of wave amplitude U traveling at greater than or less than the
velocity c.sub.0 with phase velocity, v.sub..phi.. The reference time is
t.sub.n =t-x/c.sub.0. If the initial sinusoidal wave pulses occur and
reach the discontinuity distance of x.sub.n =x=c.sub.0
.alpha..omega..beta..sub.2 then we have
##EQU31##
for U.beta..sub.2 <<1. If we do not have a discontinuity then we have the
lossless Korteweg-de Vries condition for a longitudinally stable
stationary solution,
##EQU32##
for .beta..sub.2 >0 and for velocity v>c.sub.0 if .gamma.>0 and
.mu.<c.sub.0 if .gamma.<0.
The above solution for the first case .gamma.>0 is the conventional soliton
solution. The velocity difference v-c.sub.0 is proportional to the
amplitude of the soliton pulse. The product of the wave amplitude and wave
width is proportional to .vertline..gamma..vertline./c.sub.0 .beta..sub.2
for small dispersive losses and the spatial width of the pulse is
proportional to 3.pi..vertline..gamma..vertline./c.sub.0 .beta..sub.2. The
Korteweg-de Vries solution represents a periodic nonlinear stationary
solution which has an infinite number of harmonics locked in phase and
velocity. These sinusoidal pulses lock together at resonance and form a
synoidal wave form.
The fact that there is an infinite number of harmonics allows the
informational capacity of the system to be extremely large for a small
amount of constant energy input in the wave. The synoidal (not restricted
to sine wave forms exclusively) wave phenomena allow for extreme stability
of the system when the infinite number of harmonics is locked into
resonance moving at a reduced velocity, where v<c.sub.0. Solitary waves or
soliton-soliton interactions do not disrupt the synoidal process and hence
neuronal processing utilizing a system like this in CNS processing does
not, under normal conditions, disrupt or interfere with other
informational carrying processes of the human body. That is, perturbations
in informational processing between neuronal branches can occur producing
small phase shifts but the general wave form and shape are not changed.
The Soliton wave amplitude variation occurring at a frequency, .nu..sub.s,
acts as a modulation frequency varying as a slow wave amplitude variation.
Essentially that soliton wave acts as a pulse train which acts like an AM
modulation of the FM signal. No actual system can be a pure FM system,
produced by voltage changes, but has some AM components, which is produced
by current changes. Then .nu..sub.s <<F, the FM modulation frequency and
.nu..sub.s is set by the optimally functioning system so that dispersive
losses are balanced by the recoherence by the nonlinearities of the system
so as if to hold dispersive losses to a minimum.
For the cardiac system, F is the modulation of 15.2 Hertz and the frequency
.nu..sub.s may be associated with the 1.23 Hertz muscle contraction node
or beat frequency of the human heart. Another manner to picture this
situation is that the frequency .nu..sub.s is the amplitude envelope
frequency of the FM informational channel which has a higher set of
frequency harmonics than .nu..sub.s which is at the low end of the FM band
and controls mechanical functioning of the system.
The soliton mode of AM like modulation does require some power need
variation but is relatively constant as the frequency .nu..sub.s is
relatively large and constant. The FM informational channel involves rapid
variation of frequencies to produce a high bit rate of information
transmission. The soliton wave modulation then acts to produce a
reasonably lossless informational channel. The set of biological
informational channels act in concert to organize processes in the various
systems of the body such as the brain, heart, CNS, etc.
The AM component as the Soliton variation frequency produces the energy for
producing muscle contraction. Some of this energy and information is
derived from the Bessel Functions at the low frequency range around 1.23
Hertz (See FIG. 10). Also, this energy variation shows up and is derived
from the Soliton frequency, .nu..sub.s giving pulsation to the
longitudinal waves in the human informational system.
The system recoheres dispersive phenomena as represented as soliton wave
forms as envelopes to the harmonic series. Self resonant, nonlinear and
nonequilibrium, coherent phenomena can be treated in this manner,
informational channels in biological systems represent "self-organizing"
phenomena as this theoretical treatment suggest. These informational
channels operate as a resonant locked "loss less" or dispersion free
system in which the resonant forms are treated as an infinite series of
Fourier Bessel components. Narrow band modulation implies that only the
first leading harmonics need consideration and the high order term
contributions are treated in the asymptotic limit. In the cardiac and CNS
system, only the few orders of Bessel functions predominate and the rest
of the harmonics are approximately zero.
The inventors have discovered that the macrostructure of the body such as
the neural pathways, muscles, tendons and skeletal structures are
emitting, modifying and/or receiving information which maintain or
re-modify their activity. These systems, the cardiovascular system, etc.
interact and affect and are affected by the microstructure system such as
Purkinje cells, heme, endocrine and hormonal secretions. Also the
lymphatic system affecting and being the effect of the immunological and
other body components and to act as a set of feedback informational loops
which adjust and readjust these systems over time.
3. Detailed Apparatus of the Present Invention as Supported by the Above
Scientific Principles and Equations
It has been determined that a magnetic field generator with a minimum coil
output at the poles of approximately 0.5 Gauss and a repetition rate
between 7 and 8 Hertz and more precisely 7.6 pulses per second will
correctly pace the human heart. The precise pulse rate may need to be
varied by a small amount depending upon the condition of the individuals'
cardiovascular system. The magnetic field can be emitted from a small coil
through which a current is intermittently passed. The current is turned on
and off by an integrated circuit timer chip such as an Intersil 7555. The
chip can be powered by any appropriate power source such as a standard 9
volt 500 milli-ampere hours alkaline battery. The unit should have a
voltage regulator chip such as Intersil 7663 chip. The generated field
consists primarily of a square wave fundamental frequency and the
harmonics thereof. The localized forward and back electromotive force
(EMF's) induced in the coil as a result of the expanding and collapsing
magnetic fields at the on pulse and off pulse initiations are important
wave shaping factors of the magnetic field and are also critical
parameters.
The repetition rate is highly critical for this application and will only
pace the adult human heart within the range of 7.15 to 7.78 pulses per
second (Hertz). The appropriate frequency to which the present invention
must be set in each individual application requires a precise tuning and
long term stability to within 1/100th of a Hertz once the device is
matched to the user's cardiovascular system.
The magnetic impulses from a coil which will pace the adult human heart
must be driven by square waves with a duty cycle between 15% and 65% with
the ideal duty cycle falling usually at about 50%. The wave shape at the
coil output as measured with the proper equipment should resemble the
PQRST waves of the heart. The PQ portion should have a five millisecond
duration at 50% duty cycle square wave input. As measured with another
coil as a sensor, the portion of the output emission which would be
analogous to the Q-wave should be inverted and with the RST segment also
having a duration of approximately 5 milliseconds at the repetition rates
given herein for pacing the human heart. The total duration of the emitted
impulses and the critically damped wave train which follows should be
approximately 20 milliseconds. The Q-wave is the initiation of the
magnetic emission and the RST emission is an uncritically damped wave
resulting from the collapsing magnetic field of the coil during the off
cycle of the square wave. The measurement of these emissions should be
taken from a one to two pound coil of a number 44 wire having a DC
resistance of approximately 300 to 350 kilohms wound on a plastic spool of
approximately 3" by 5" dimensions with approximately 3 turns of 10 gauge
mu-metal foil core. The output of this coil is fed into the vertical
amplifier of an oscilloscope with an input impedance of at least 1 Megaohm
and a sensitivity of 200 millivolts/centimeter.
The biological processes involve specific geometric and electromagnetic
parameters which are key to the maintenance of the systems proper
resonance states. Such a system is like a tuned circuit with a very high Q
and narrow band width and thus is sensitive to weak field detection,
amplification and distribution. As with the chest wall, the skull and the
cerebral tissue act as low pass filters where the transfer function on the
RMS noise voltage is a function of the frequency and the band width. Our
devices employ these principles in such a manner as to match band width,
wave form and pulse duration to the biological system with which the
present invention interacts. The inventors have applied the principles
enumerated above in experiments which indicate that not only the
cardiovascular system but the central and peripheral nervous systems as
well as the autonomic nervous system behave in similar fashion.
Electric and/or magnetic current at specific mixed and varying rates and
intensities either cutaneously or externally applied magnetically will
produce fields which reduce or extinguish pain. Experimental results
indicate that some chronic pain sufferers have been free of pain for
periods of time in excess of two weeks to over two months after a single
application of 30 minutes duration of the present invention. Frequencies
of 7.1 to 8 Hertz on the lower end mixed with 70 to 78 Hertz and applied
in specific manners to be described will produce an electro-anesthesia as
well as normalization of nerve pathway impulses in people in chronic pain.
Treatment has also been successful for cases of current injury pain. The
fundamental frequency range of interest for the pain control embodiment of
the present invention lies between 7.1 Hertz and 78 Hertz. The mixed
frequencies of approximately 7.6 Hertz with a second frequency of
approximately 70.25 Hertz and a total duration of approximately 20
milliseconds will promote pain diminution and healing effects on nerves,
bones, teeth and muscles of the body when applied transcutaneously with at
least three electrodes. In the use of the device for pain control through
the emission of magnetic pulsed fields from coils, one emission is
sufficient for certain applications, however, two coils are the optimum
number but more may be used if necessary.
The pain reduction and prevention embodiment of the present invention
operates on the principle of inducing dual magnetic and/or electric
impulses with specific fundamental pulse repetition rates of about 7 to 8
Hertz with approximately a 50% duty cycle and a square wave form which is
the treatment frequency of the neural pathways associated with the pain
location. This repetition frequency is fine tuned within its range to
duplicate the neuronal discharge rate of the offending neuronal pathway
conducting the pain impulses. Simultaneously applied with the 7 to 8 Hertz
treatment frequency is a 50% duty cycle square wave magnetic impulse
between 70 Hertz and 78 Hertz. This provides the electro-anesthetic effect
while treatment is in progress.
As with the pacemaker device, a timer mechanism is supplied by an
integrated circuit ICL 7555 timer, however, the duty cycles must be the
same, 50% for the lower frequency and 50% for the upper frequency. The
critical mix frequency appears at between 23 and 40 Hertz.
When the origin of the pain is in the spine, the field is extended to 3
points on the patient's body as follows: one point above the area
representing the origin of the production of the pain, and two points
distally from the first point. The latter two points need not be any
specific distance from each other when cutaneously applied. For example,
for L-5 (lumbar spine vertebra 5 in medical terminology) the number 1
point is at T-7 (upper back) and the #2 and 3 points are in the right and
left legs respectively. For example, if the radiation of the pain is down
the right leg, the #1 point is a positive terminal and the #2 and #3
points are negative terminals. If magnetic pulsation alone is utilized,
small solenoid or pancake coils are affixed to these locations. If
electric as well as magnetic modalities are desired, the coils are affixed
to the skin with conducting pads. The disadvantage of the conducting pads
is that they cause sweating and over a period of time skin irritation will
occur.
The device of this invention operates on the principle of inducing dual
magnetic and/or electric impulses with specific fundamental pulse
repetition rates of about 7 to 8 Hertz with approximately a 50% duty cycle
and a square wave form which is the treatment frequency of the neural
pathways associated with the pain location. This repetition frequency is
fine tuned within its range to duplicate the neuronal discharge rate of
the offending neural pathway, i.e., the neuronal pathways conducting the
pain impulses.
When the origin of the pain is in the spine, the field is extended to 3 or
possibly 4 points on the patient's body as follows: one point above the
area representing the origin of the production of pain, and two points
distally from the first point. The latter two points need not be any
specific distance from each other. One of these points must be at a
minimum of about 12 inches away from the uppermost positive emitter point
when electric field impulses from skin electrodes are used. Where the
origin of pain is at L5 in the spine, the #1 point is at the upper back
and the #2 and 3 points are in the right and left legs respectively. The
radiation of the pain is down the right leg.
The #1 point is a positive emitter and the #2 and #3 points are negative
emitters. If magnetic pulsation alone is utilized, small solenoid or
pancake coils are affixed to the locations. The coils need not be at an
approximate 12 inch distance from any other, and in some cases, a single
coil emitting the dual frequencies at a pain location may be sufficiently
effective. When two or more coils are utilized, the spatial proximity of
the coils is limited only by the degree of their mutual inductance
coefficient of coupling factor which would limit the effectiveness of pain
control and treatment. If electric as well as magnetic modalities are
desired, the coils are affixed to the skin with conducting pads. The
disadvantage of the conducting pads is that over a period of time skin
irritation will occur.
The coils are constructed so as to deliver two sets of pulsations
simultaneously. The second set of pulsations, is about 10 times the
treatment range: i.e.; 70 to 78 Hertz. These pulsations deliver an
anesthetic effect only during the time that the device is in use. The
therapeutic pulsations of about 7 to 8 Hertz are designed to have a long
lasting effect persisting after the device is removed. The duty cycle of
the anesthetic frequency is the same as the duty cycle of the treatment
frequency.
When the origin of the pain is not in the spine (i.e. the head and/or brain
stem) the placement of the emitters is adapted to the specific problem.
Experiments have been performed with placement of electrodes on a woman in
her forties with chronic lower back pain and sciatica radial primarily to
the right side. This pain responds to the nerve pathway magnetic resonance
induced by the therapeutic device of this invention. The placement was
determined by clinical and magnetic data indicating that the focus of pain
production was at the L-5 level. X-rays corroborate this diagnosis insofar
as discohgenic disease at the L-5 interspace is indicated.
In another treatment process, the inventors placed transcutaneous
electrodes on the facial area when treating nerve inflammation caused by
dental caries. The anesthetic frequency of 70 Hertz is mixed with the
treatment frequency of 7.34 Hertz. The time of use depends on the time of
treatment. In the case of dental work usually 15 minutes ahead of the
treatment period is recommended before dental work is done. In headache,
15 minutes is sufficient in one case which was studied by the inventors.
4. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment of the Cardiac
Pacemaker and Pain Treatment Devices
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical PQRSTU curve or trace made by a cathode ray
tube or strip chart recording using an electrocardiogram device. Various
characteristic parts of the curve are assigned the letters PQRSTU as
illustrated. Each of the letters PQRSTU identifies either the top or the
bottom of a transition point in the curve. If connections to electrodes
are reserved the curve can be upside down from the way in which it is
shown in FIG. 1 and still be a useful curve.
One of the most useful parts of the PQRSTU curve for diagnosis is the time
interval between the P point and the R point. This interval is indicated
as "a" in FIG. 1. A normal heart has about 0.16 seconds in the "a"
interval. An "a" interval of 0.18 seconds is not desirable and an "a"
interval of greater than 0.18 seconds indicates some degree of cardiac
block.
Of course, a trace of a series of PQRSTU curves will clearly indicate other
things, such as pulse rate, skipped heartbeats and problems involved with
specific regions of a heart.
A device embodying this invention was constructed to produce an expanding
and collapsing magnetic field having a maximum force of 2.0 gauss, a
square wave form, a dual frequency of 7.6 Hertz and 76 Hertz, and a duty
cycle of 50% for the low frequency and 25% for the high frequency. The
device was constructed within a box having dimensions of approximately 4
centimeters wide, 5.3 centimeters long and 1.9 centimeters deep. One side
of the box has a mu-metal shield to diminish magnetic impulses emanating
away from the user. In the experiments described herein the device was
held to the left of the sternum of the user's chest with the south pole
against the chest. The device was suspended from the user's neck with a
nylon cord. The user was afflicted with a partial AV heart block in that
approximately one of each seven heartbeats was skipped and sometimes two
beats in a row were skipped. The user's heartbeat also was irregular in
the portions of the PQRSTU curve were not normal. The user was an 83 year
old subject whose physical activity was somewhat restricted as a result of
her cardiac condition.
With a practicing physician observing the procedure, the subject was
connected to an electrocardiograph and a series of her PQRSTU traces were
continuously recorded on strip chart paper. The tracings illustrated in
FIG. 2 are not a complete record. The complete strip charts were taken
over a period of several hours and are too long to be reproduced in FIG.
2. However, the traces illustrated in FIG. 2 are characteristic of the
recorded trace. Before using the device of this invention, a beat was
skipped about once in every six to ten heartbeats, several consecutive
beats were skipped frequently, and the interval between the peak of the P
curve and the peak of the R curve varied from approximately 0.19 to 0.22
seconds. After the device of this invention was put into operation and a
stabilizing period of approximately 30 minutes elapsed, no heartbeats were
skipped and the P-R interval stabilized to approximately 0.16 for every
beat.
The objective data summarized in FIG. 2 were confirmed by the subjective
response of the user who felt better after the device of this invention
was put into operation. Her subjective response was that she felt less
fatigued and her anxiety caused by skipped heartbeats, that were
occasionally perceptible to her, disappeared.
In FIG. 2 the beginning of the curve illustrates the series of PQRSTU
traces made with the subject at rest and in a stable condition. The
electrode configuration was Lead III precordial, with polarity to strip
chart recorder reversed so that the cardiac wave complex appears upright.
At the point of the "Break" illustrated in FIG. 2, the above-described
device was suspended from the subject's neck and in contact with her
chest. An immediate effect on her PQRSTU traces was not perceptible but
within five minutes no heartbeats were skipped although the interval "a"
had not yet stabilized. By the time 30 minutes elapsed the subject's trace
was as illustrated after "Break" in FIG. 1. No heartbeats were skipped and
the "a" interval was regularly 0.16 seconds.
The subject had previously been diagnosed as having coronary artery
disease, mitral valve prolapse and postural hypotension. Previously, ECG
records taken at a hospital showed her heart rate at 60 beats per minute,
rhythm NSR, P-R interval 0.22 seconds, QRS interval 0.08 seconds, ST-T
wave abnormalities and a 1 degree AV block.
Prior to the testing reported above the subject had been using the device
of this invention for five weeks and had experienced and subjective relief
described above. To develop objective data, the device was removed from
the subject for about four hours, after which the ECG record represented
by FIG. 2 was started. The record showed that at that time her P-R
interval varied between 0.19 and 0.22 seconds, her QRS interval was about
0.08 seconds and her rate was 77 beats per minute. The ECG was continued
without using the device of this invention for about another 15 minutes,
after which the device of this invention was placed to the left of the
subject's sternum.
Within 18 minutes after use of the device was begun the subject's P-R
interval stabilized to 0.16 seconds and her heart rate was reduced to 74
beats per minute. The QRS interval remained at 0.08 seconds, which is
considered normal.
After 40 minutes the subject's heart rate was 68 and all other parameters
remained stable.
When the device of this invention was again removed from the subject her
parameters remained stable for several hours. This observation suggested
that the device of this invention stimulates normal physiologic means of
pacing the heart rather than imposed electric impulses to the heart
muscle, and has the benefit of apparently reeducating the user's body to
function normally.
FIG. 3 illustrates a device embodying this invention. The device of FIG. 3
includes a container 10 having a top wall 11, a bottom wall 12, one wall
13 to be worn adjacent a user's chest and one wall 15 to be worn away from
a user's chest. Wall 15 is clad with a layer of mu-metal 15. The container
10 also has sidewalls, not numbered, to form a complete enclosure.
Within container 10 there is a wire coil 20 surrounding a core 21 that is
made of mu-metal or other material, that is quickly magnetized by the flow
of electric current through coil 20 and has its magnetism quickly collapse
when no current flows through coil 20.
Lead 22 connects one end of coil 20 to battery 23 which has its other pole
connected to precision voltage regulator 24 and then through lead 25 to a
dual function square wave generator 26 that causes current to flow through
the circuit completed by lead 27 to coil 20 at intervals which are
adjustable from about 7.20 to 7.75 Hertz for the lower frequency and from
about 72 to 77.5 Hertz for the higher frequency. An adjustment means such
as potentiometers 28 and 29 is accessible through a wall of container 10
and connects to means within timing switch 26 to adjust the frequency of
the cycle of the expanding and collapsing magnetic field.
In the embodiment of the invention in which both a high frequency cyclic
field and a low frequency cyclic field are used, the same coil and core
may be used to generate both fields or separate coils and cores may be
used.
The various elements of the device are firmly connected together and to the
interior of container 10 by means not shown but known to the art.
FIG. 4 is one plot of slightly more than one complete cycle of magnetic
field strength against time developed by the device of FIG. 3. The high
frequency waves have a duty cycle of about 25% and the low frequency waves
have a duty cycle of about 50%. High frequency waves are created only in
the active portion of the duty cycle of the low frequency waves. Thus,
while high frequency waves are present they have a duty cycle of 25%. The
field strength of the high frequency waves is substantially equal to that
of the low frequency waves. The effect of the high frequency waves is to
change the character of the wave form of the low frequency waves.
FIG. 5 represents another very effective embodiment of the invention. The
device of FIG. 5 develops array patterned magnetic impulses that can be
directed toward both the heart and the hypothalamus while directing a
corresponding weak field in other directions. The device of FIG. 5
includes a flat coil 40 surrounding a mu-metal core 42. Flat coils of this
type are known to the art as pancake coils.
Positioned below pancake coil 40 are cylindrical coils 42 and 43. Within
coils 42 and 43 are mu-metal cores 45 and 46.
When the coils are connected in series to a common source of electric
energy the magnetic flux emanating from the device is a resultant that
forms a flux pattern that concentrates flux in certain regions surrounding
the device. By placing the device at an appropriate location on the user's
chest the concentrated flux patterns will be directed toward the heart and
hypothalamus and the effect of the magnetic flux will be magnified.
The leads to the various coils are conventional and not illustrated. In the
preferred embodiment the coils are connected in series but they may be
connected in parallel or independently wired as along as the timing of
current flow will produce the correct wave forms in the correct phase with
each other.
The pain control circuit 100 is shown in FIG. 12. A battery (such as a 7.2
volt 500 milliampere hour nickel cadmium battery) 102 is connected to a
three terminal voltage regulator 104 such as a 7805-1 ampere 5 volt rated
regulator. The positive end of the battery is connected to terminal 1 of
the regulator. Terminal 3 of the regulator is connected to the negative
terminal of the battery and also common return to ground. An optional
phono jack 106 is connected to the battery 102 in the event a rechargeable
battery is used. The circuit also contains and on-off switch 108.
Connected in parallel with the voltage regulator, also through terminals 3
and 1 is a 0.047 microfarad capacitor 110 which is needed to suppress
power surge spikes. The output terminal of the voltage regulator is
terminal 2 from which +5 volts of electricity emanate. The power goes into
a dual timer regulator chip such as a 7556 Intersil timer chip. The first
timer chip 112 has terminals 1, 4, 14, 5, 2, 6, 7, and 3. Terminal 1 is
not connected. Terminals 4 and 14 are connected in parallel and are the
power supply leads into the first timer chip. Terminal 3 is connected to a
0.01 microfarad bypass capacitor 114 which is useful for suppressing
spikes and avoiding latch-up. Terminal 7 is connected to common ground and
back to the negative terminal of the battery. Terminals 2 and 6 are
connected in parallel and are routed through a 500,000 ohm 10 turn
potentiometer 116. Also included in the circuit is a 500 ohm one half watt
fixed resistor to avoid the timer frequency from going too high. Terminals
2 and 6 are also connected to ground through a 1 microfarad 35 volt DC
capacitor 120. The combination of the 1 microfarad 35 volt DC capacitor
120 and the 500 ohm fixed resistor 118 and 500,000 ohm variable resistor
(10 turn potentiometer) 116 determine the repetition rate of the output
signal. The output signal comes through terminal 5 into the first end 142
of the output jack 140. The frequency output of this terminal is
adjustable between 5 and 9 Hertz at a 50 percent duty cycle. Second timer
chip 126 has terminals 13, 10, 9, 12, 8 and 11. Terminal 13 is not
connected. Terminal 10 is connected to the power supply from the positive
voltage emanating through the voltage regulator 104. Terminal 11 is
connected to a 0.01 microfarad bypass capacitor 128 which is useful to
suppress spikes and avoid latch-up. Terminals 12 and 8 are connected in
parallel and are routed through a 100,000 ohm 10 turn potentiometer 130.
Also included in the circuit is a 500 ohm one half watt fixed resistor 132
to avoid the timer frequency from going too high. Terminals 12 and 8 are
also connected to ground through a 1 microfarad 35 volt DC capacitor 134.
The combination of the 1 microfarad 35 volt DC capacitor 134 and the 500
ohm fixed resistor 132 and 100,000 ohm variable resistor (10 turn
potentiometer) 130 determine the repetition rate of the output signal. The
output signal comes through terminal 9 into the second end 144 of the
output jack 140. The frequency output of this terminal is adjustable
between 50 and 90 Hertz at a 50 percent duty cycle. The output jack 140 is
connected to an input plug 150 which has two lead wires 152 and 154. The
first lead wire 152 goes into one lead 160 of a coil 170 and into a second
lead 168 on coil 172. By way of example, these coils 170 and 172 can each
be a 240 ohm resistance type coil with a mu-metal core. The other lead 154
of the input plug 150 goes into second lead 162 of coil 160 and into first
lead 164 of coil 172. The second lead 162 of the first coil 170 and the
first lead 164 of the second coil 174 are connected together. Also, the
two coils are connected in parallel.
In operation, the two coils are energized with a current flow proportional
to ohms law which holds that current is proportional to voltage divided by
resistance. The two potentiometers are set by means of a frequency counter
readout connection placed at the output jack 140 wherein the first timer
chip frequency is approximately 7.35 Hertz and the second timer chip
potentiometer is adjusted so that the second timer chip frequency is
approximately 70 Hertz. Individual settings of frequencies of the timers
are then fed into the input plug of the coil. When the coils are so
connected, the coils will emit a magnetic field. This magnetic field is
measured by a magnetic detector placed adjacent to one or both coils. When
the circuit chips are thus connected into the coil, their respective
frequencies will vary from the setting of 7.35 and 74 Hertz respectively
by + or - approximately 1 Hertz + or - 3 Hertz. This occurs because of the
thickness of the square waves intermixing. There will be in phase and out
of phase current lags and leads which reflect back into the timing
mechanism of both chips. The signal from the detector is then fed into a
real time spectrum analyzer and the analyzer range between 0.06 Hertz to
100 Hertz is observed to examine the fundamental frequency of the first
and second timer outputs. If the first Fourier spike is at 7.35 Hertz and
the second spike is at about 74 Hertz, no further adjustment is needed. If
the spikes do not show these respective frequencies, the two
potentiometers are adjusted until the frequencies are achieved. In
addition, when examining the spectrum analyzer display, the intermix
frequencies between the two spikes must be kept about 23 Hertz in order
not to affect the human heart. If these two desired frequencies cannot be
achieved without producing intermix frequencies above about 23 Hertz, then
the low end frequency can be set below 7.35 Hertz in order to achieve
intermix frequencies above 23 Hertz. After satisfactorily completing the
adjustments, the device is now set for application. Through use of this
embodiment, each magnetic coil will produce about 5 Gauss at each of the
poles. The combined resistance of the coils must be about 120 ohms in
order to produce the 5 Gauss output and have the proper intermix wave
shape.
In the case of lower back pain with a locus of L-5, and sciatica radially
down the right leg, the placement of the coils are as follows. The north
pole of one coil is placed slightly below the right knee and at the nerve
exit point on the inside of the leg. The other coil is placed
approximately at the T7 level, but with the south pole facing toward the
patient's spine. This treatment configuration is left on the patient for
approximately 30 minutes after which period of time the coil at T7 is
removed. The lower coil is left there for an additional 15 minutes and
then removed. The above treatment treats the radial sciatica. For the L5
pain, the coil used on the leg is placed directly over L5 and the other
coil is placed at T1. This treatment schedule is once again performed for
30 minutes, at which time the top coil is removed and the lower coil run
for 15 minutes. This should eliminate both pains.
In general, the south or negative pole (which induces negative ion current)
is used for treating extremities away from the brain and the outer coil is
used at the highest convenient point near the brain with the north or
positive pole (which induces positive ion current) toward the spinal
column at the level of about C3.
The above application using the coils is expedient for treatments below the
neck. When treating pain above the neck, transcutaneous electrodes must be
substituted for the coils in order for the magnetic fields not to
adversely affect the patient's brain. For treatment of dental pain,
transcutaneous electrodes must be used and are attached as previously
described. The electrodes are used in place of coils because we do not
wish to influence the person's brain with these magnetic fields. There are
two electrodes substituted for the two coils shown in FIG. 12. The setting
for the potentiometers are the same as previously described. It is
possible to have multiple positive and multiple negative electrodes each
in parallel. The treatment time if dental work is to be performed is 15
minutes to 20 minutes before dental work is begun and left on, if
feasible, during the dental procedure. The electrodes should be left on
for about 15 minutes after the dental work is done and then removed. If
dental work is not to be performed, then the treatment time is
approximately 1 hour.
The Circuit for Pacing the Heart 200 is shown in FIG. 11. Initially we have
a power source 202 such as a 9 volt 500 milliampere hour battery which can
be rechargeable (in which case an optional phono jack recharger is
included as previously described in the pain control circuit) or
nonrechargeable. This battery 202 is connected to a precise voltage
regulator chip such as in Intersil 7663 Integrated circuit. As illustrated
in FIG. 11, this chip has 8 terminals. The positive terminal of the
battery is connected to terminal 8 of the voltage regulator chip 204. The
negative or common return to the battery is connected at terminals 4 and
5. A 0.047 microfarad spike suppression capacitor 210 is placed in
parallel with the circuit. Terminal 7 of voltage regulator chip 204 is not
connected. Terminals 2 and 3 are jumpered together and connected to a
current limiting resistor 206 which can be a 1/4 watt 150 ohm resistor.
This in turn is connected to a voltage divider network which is composed
of a 10 megaohm resistor 212 at the high end and 2.2 megaohm resistor 214
and variable resistor 215 which is a 25 turn 1 potentiometer at the low
end. The three resistors are divided by a connection to pin 6. The
positive output from the voltage regulator chip comes through terminal 1
and connects to the voltage divider and current limiting network just
described. This entire network has a 0.01 microfarad spike suppression
capacitor 216 connected in parallel to the output of voltage regulator.
The regulated voltage leaving the voltage regulator is approximately 8.5
volts which enters a low current drain Intersil Timer ICL 7555. This chip
230 has 8 terminals as shown in FIG. 11. Terminals 4 and 8 are connected
in parallel and receive the positive output voltage from the voltage
regulator chip. Pin 7 is not connected. Terminal 5 is connected to a 0.01
microfarad bypass capacitor 226 and then connected to the ground return.
Pin 1 is connected to the common return ground. Terminals 2 and 6 are
jumpered together and are routed through a resistor control network
composed of a potentiometer 240 which can be a 1 megaohm, 1/4 watt 10 to
25 turn potentiometer and the 10 kilohm fixed resistor 244 to keep the
oscillator frequency from going too high. Pins 2 and 6 are also connected
through a 0.1microfarad timing capacitor 236 to ground. Pin 3 is the
output terminal which is routed to a coil 250 which contains a DC
resistance. By way of example this can be a 15 kilohm solenoid coil with
mu-metal pole pieces. The other end of the coil is connected to common
ground. In general, a fifty percent duty cycle is required. When connected
in this manner, the Intersil 7555 timer chip has a 50 percent duty cycle.
A circuit such as this one using a 500 milliampere hour 9 volt battery and
a 15 thousand ohm solenoid coil will draw about 150 microamperes of
current at 7.60 Hertz. This yields a useful life of approximately 138 days
of continuous use. In practice the useful life has been about 60 days due
the variations in shelf life age of the batteries sold as "new".
In operation, the pacemaker circuit is precisely set for the timing of the
individual patient and ideally should be at 7.6 Hertz for most patients.
Setting is performed as follows. A suitable frequency counter is connected
to the output and ground across the solenoid coil and the potentiometer
240 is adjusted to within 1/100th of a Hertz to 7.60 Hertz. The apparatus
is then placed over the patient's chest and in line with the patient's
heart. For males, the preferred embodiment generally is that the south
pole of the coil faces the heart. For females, the preferred embodiment
generally is that the north or positive pole of the coil faces the heart
but needs to be determined during ECG and pacemaker adjustment on an
individual patient. In order to prescribe the precise frequency for a
given patient, the patient's ECG during both resting and hyperventilation
must be taken in order to determine the condition and character of the
person's heart. If the patient's heart is not paced within a few minutes
after the device is placed against the heart, and during the ECG
recording, then the control potentiometer is turned in one direction or
the other until proper pacing is observed.
The two circuits described above are representative of the two primary
accomplishments of the present invention, namely to control pain and to
pace the heart. Any multiplicity of comparable circuits are within the
scope of the present invention provided they achieve the following
results. For pain reduction, the lower frequency must be about 7.35 Hertz,
the upper frequency must be about 70 Hertz, and the intermix frequencies
must be above 23 Hertz. If the intermix frequency cannot be achieved above
23 Hertz with these settings, the lower frequency may be set between 7 and
8 Hertz and the upper frequency must not fall below 70 Hertz nor above 77
Hertz in order to achieve an intermix frequency in excess of 23 Hertz. For
greater efficiency, the minimum magnetic output at the poles of the coils
should be at least 5 gauss although magnetic outputs of 2 gauss will
produce desirable results if the treatment period is extended. The duty
cycle of the circuit must be 50 percent in order operate properly. For the
pacemaker device, the circuit must produce a range of frequencies between
7 and 8 Hertz and must have a duty cycle between 40 and 60 percent. The
minimum output at the poles should be at least 0.5 Gauss. The wave shape
is dependent upon the coil configuration and DC resistance. Therefore, any
coil which produces the wave form displayed in the PQRSTU form as shown in
FIG. 1 is suitable for pacing the human heart. This is because the
collapsing and expanding fields from the coil approximates the QRS shape
of the heart as shown on an ECG. This is achieved through the parameters
set forth above. The above described circuits produce a magnetic field
wave shape of this form when the field is measured as above described.
The present invention can also be embodied in a dual circuit 300 as shown
in FIG. 13 which creates all of the above set forth parameters in order to
both alleviate pain such as angina pectoris and pace the heart. Once
again, the circuit begins with a power source 302 such as a 9 volt 500
milliampere hour battery which can be rechargeable or nonrechargeable. An
optional phono jack recharger is included in the circuit using a
rechargeable battery, as previously described for the pain control
circuit. The circuit contains an on-off switch 308. This battery 302 is
connected to a precise voltage regulator chip 304 such as a Intersil 7663
Regulator. As illustrated in FIG. 13, this chip has 8 terminals. The
positive terminal of the battery is connected to terminal 8 of the voltage
regulator chip 304. The negative or common return to the battery is
connected at terminals 4 and 5. A 0.047 microfarad spike suppression
capacitor 310 is placed in parallel with the circuit. Terminal 7 of
voltage regular chip is not connected. Terminals 2 and 3 are jumpered
together and connected to a current limiting resistor 306 which can be 1/4
watt 150 ohm resistor. This in turn is connected to a voltage divider
network which is composed of a 10 megaohm resistor 312 at the high end and
2.2 megaohm resistor 314 and multi-turn potentiometer 1 resistor 315 at
the low end. The two resistors are divided by a connection to pin 6. The
positive output from the voltage regulator chip 304 comes through terminal
1 and connects to the voltage divider and current limiting network just
described. This entire network has a 0.01 microfarad spike suppression
capacitor 316 connected in parallel to the output of the voltage
regulator. The regulated voltage leaving the voltage regulator 304 is
approximately 8.5 volts and is applied to two timer chips which separate
the ICM 7555 timer chips. The first portion 330 is the same as the heart
pacer circuit except that with the first timer chip 330, the output from
the battery enters the two terminals 4 and 8 which are jumped together and
further enters terminal 7 via a 10 kilohm 1/4 watt fixed resistor 332.
Terminal 5 is connected to a 0.01 microfarad bypass capacitor 326 which is
connected to ground along with terminal 1. The output at the point of
connection from the 10 kilohm resistor to terminal 7 connects to a
solenoid coil 340 of 15 kilohms which is routed via a double pole double
throw switch 350 either to ground ("A" side) or pin 3 ("B" side) of the
second timer chip 360 via another 15 thousand ohm solenoid coil 356.
Terminals 5, 1, 6, 2, 3, 4 and 8 are identically connected as in the heart
pacemaker circuit. Terminals 4 and 8 additionally routes to a single pole
double throw switch terminal 370 and terminal 3 routes to the other ("B")
side of the single pole double throw switch terminal 370 and then to a 500
ohm 1/4 watt fixed resistor 324 and then to a 1 megaohm, 10 to 25 turn
potentiometer 334 and then a 0.1 microfarad timing capacitor 328 and then
to ground Terminals 2 and 6 are also connected to ground via capacitor
328. The switchable terminal of the single pole double throw switch 370
connects to pins 4 and 8 of ICM timer chip 360. Output pin 7 from first
timer chip 330 routes through a 15 kilohm solenoid coil 340 through one
centerpole of the double pole double throw switch 350 and then (through
"B" side) to a second 15 kilohm solenoid coil 356 and then into output pin
3 of second timer chip 360. When the double pole double throw switch is in
the "A" position, the output from both solenoids 340 and 356 go to ground.
In timer chip 360, terminal 1 connects to ground. Pin 5 contains the 0.01
microfarad spike suppression capacitor 376 to ground. Terminal 2 is routed
to terminal 6 and routed via a 0.1 microfarad timing capacitor 378 to
ground. A 50 kilohm multiturn potentiometer 390 is connected between pins
6 and 7. Pin 7 connects to a 10 kilohm 1/4 watt fixed resistor 392 to
prevent dead ending and to 100 kilohm 10 to 25 turn potentiometer 396.
Pins 4 and 8 of the second chip are also connected the other terminal of
this 100 kilohm potentiometer.
In operation, as a pacemaker and pain alleviation device, both the single
pole double pole switch 370 and the double pole double pole switch 350 are
turned to the "A" position. Timer chip #1 (chip 330) is set to 7.60 Hertz
with a 50 percent duty cycle and timer chip number 2 (chip 360) will be
set at 70 Hertz via the 100 kilohm potentiometer and a 25 duty cycle is
effected with the 50 kilohm potentiometer adjustment. In this A position,
the 7.6 Hertz coil impulses from Timer A are routed normally to ground as
is the 15 kilohm coil connected to timer chip 2.
When the two switches are thrown to the "B" position, timer chip #1 (chip
330) is adjusted at 7.35 Hertz as with the pain reduction embodiment and
timer number 2 (chip 360) is adjusted to the 70 Hertz frequency and the
duty cycle adjusted for 50 percent. Measurement are performed as
previously described in order to achieve an intermix frequency in excess
of 23 Hertz.
In order to convert this circuit to a pain device, the two solenoids 340
and 356 can be connected to a jack, as with the previous pain circuit.
Then the jack is connected to a pair of coils as previously described.
This patent specification contains a tremendous amount of background
scientific data in support of the embodiments of the present invention set
forth herein. It is emphasized that the specific circuit embodiments set
forth herein are only one of numerous types of embodiments which are
designed to create the resultant effects for both pacing the heart and for
counteracting pain.
Described more broadly, the present invention relates to a process for
influencing the cardiac function of a human being comprising subjecting an
area of the body adjacent to the heart or adjacent to the brain to a
cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field, said magnetic field
comprising a ringing square wave form to produce a Fourier series of
harmonics having a fundamental frequency between 7.15 Hertz and 7.78
Hertz, having a duty cycle of from about 15% to about 65% and a field
strength of at least 0.5 gauss, and further utilizing the ringing
characteristics of the magnetic fields and not introducing smoothing
elements so as not to critically dampen the leading and trailing edges of
the component ringing square wave pulses to thereby produce a series of
pulses which resemble the PQRSTU shape of a heartbeat. In a more precise
form, the frequency is specifically set at 7.6 Hertz to create a Fourier
series up to about the fifth harmonic at 38 Hertz such that the Fourier
series directly contributes to the pacemaking process.
The circuits of the present invention as shown in this specification are
further designed to create a process for influencing the cardiac function
of a human comprising subjecting an area of the body adjacent to the heart
to two cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic fields; the first cyclic
expanding and collapsing magnetic fields comprising a ringing square wave
form to produce a Fourier series of harmonics having a fundamental
frequency between 7.15 Hertz and 7.78 Hertz, having a duty cycle of from
about 15% to about 65% and a field strength of at least 0.5 gauss and
further utilizing the ringing characteristics of the magnetic fields and
not introducing smoothing elements so as not to critically dampen the
leading and trailing edges of the component ringing square wave pulses to
thereby produce a series of pulses which resemble the PQRSTU shape of a
heartbeat; and the second cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field
comprising a ringing square wave form to produce a Fourier series of
harmonics having a frequency about ten times the fundamental frequency of
the first magnetic field, having a field strength of at least 0.5 gauss,
and further utilizing the ringing characteristics of the magnetic fields
and not introducing smoothing elements so as not to critically dampen the
leading and trailing edges of the component ringing square wave pulses to
thereby produce a series of pulses which resemble the PQRSTU shape of a
heartbeat, and further having a duty cycle of from 15% to 50%, and
operating only during the active portion of the duty cycle of the first
magnetic field; whereby the dual coils enhance the efficiency of pacing
the human heart by increasing the richness of the Fourier components.
Describing the apparatus of the circuits and as supported by this
specification, the present invention is also a device for regulating
cardiac rhythm comprising a conducting wire coil, a core positioned in
said coil, means to produce a flow of electric current through the coil,
said flow comprising a ringing square wave form having a fundamental
frequency of from about 7.15 Hertz to about 7.78 Hertz and a duty cycle
of from about 15% to about 65%, said current flow being sufficient to
induce a magnetic field having a strength of at least 0.5 gauss in said
core, and means to not introduce smoothing elements so as not to
critically dampen the leading and trailing edges of the component ringing
square wave pulses to thereby produce a series of pulses which resemble
the PQRSTU shape of a heartbeat. In addition, a variation of this
embodiment is to have a second means to produce a second flow of electric
current which is only active during the active portion of the first means
which produces a flow of electric current, the second means to produce a
second flow of electric current comprising a ringing square wave form
having a fundamental frequency of from about 71.5 Hertz to about 77.8
Hertz and having a duty cycle of about 25%. The core can be an air coil or
alternatively can be made of material such as mu-metal. The coil can be a
pancake coil. It is beneficial to shield one of the poles of the core so
as not to accidentally pace a stranger's heart.
The cardiac pacemaking portion of the present invention also comprises a
device for influencing the cardiac function of a human comprising a first
conducting wire coil, a core positioned in said coil, first means to
produce a flow of electric current through said coil, said flow comprising
a ringing square wave form having a fundamental frequency of from about
7.15 Hertz to about 7.78 Hertz and a duty cycle of from about 15% to about
65%, said current flow being sufficient to induce a magnetic field having
a strength of at least 0.5 gauss in said core and means to not introduce
smoothing elements so as not to critically dampen the leading and trailing
edges of the component ringing square wave pulses to thereby produce a
series of pulses which resemble the PQRSTU shape of a heartbeat; and a
second conducting wire coil, a core positioned in said second conducting
wire coil, second means to produce a flow of electric current through said
coil, said flow comprising a ringing square wave form having a fundamental
frequency of from about 71.5 Hertz to about 77.8 Hertz and a duty cycle of
from about 15% to about 65%, said current flow being sufficient to induce
a magnetic field having a strength of at least 0.5 gauss in said core and
means to not introduce smoothing elements so as not to critically dampen
the leading and trailing edges of the component ringing square wave pulses
to thereby produce a series of pulses which resemble the PQRSTU shape of a
heartbeat; and said first conducting wire coil and said second conducting
wire coil being set so that said second conducting wire coil operates only
during the active portion of the duty cycle of said first conducting wire
coil.
The supporting equations and detailed description of the present invention,
in broadest terms, describes a method of pacing the human heart comprising
non-invasive coupling of an artificial externally generated magnetic or
electric current field with bioexcitable biologic material in vitro or in
vivo in order to establish a two-way informational channel between the
material, the artificial channel which is in the form of a narrow band
highly non-linear frequency modulated system with unique solitary
wave-like AM properties to purposefully influence or enhance particularly
the optimum functioning of the human brain, nervous and cardiovascular
systems and their component and associated parts comprising steps of
subjecting appropriate areas of the body to expanding and collapsing
magnetic fields of precisely formed shapes and durations with exactly
timed intervals which correspond to the resonant mode linear as well as
highly non-linear conditions of the given area to be stimulated by the
fundamental and odd harmonics of the ringing uncritically damped square
waves artificially generated and emitted by coils and/or electrodes as
magnetic and electric currents.
The pain control process of the present invention, as illustrated in the
aforementioned circuits and supported by this specification can be more
broadly described as a process for reducing or extinguishing pain in a
human comprising subjecting an area of the body surrounding the focus of
the pain to two cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic fields; the first
cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field comprising an uncritically
damped square wave form to produce a Fourier series of harmonics, having a
fundamental frequency between 7.15 Hertz and 7.78 Hertz, having a duty
cycle of from about 15% to about 65% and a field strength of at least 5.0
gauss; the second cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic field
comprising an uncritically damped ringing square wave form, having a
frequency about ten times the frequency of the first magnetic field to
also produce a Fourier series of harmonics, having a field strength of at
least 5.0 gauss, and having a duty cycle of from 15% to 50%, and operating
simultaneously with the first magnetic field; and said first and second
cyclic expanding and collapsing magnetic fields being tuned to each other
so that a beat frequency is generated by the dynamic interaction of the
two generated frequencies.
As supported by the illustrated circuits and supporting text of the
specification, the present invention further involves a device for
reducing or extinguishing pain in a human comprising a first conducting
wire coil, a core positioned in said coil, first means to produce a flow
of electric current through said coil, said flow comprising an
uncritically damped ringing square wave form to produce a series of
Fourier harmonics having a fundamental frequency of from about 7.15 Hertz
to about 7.78 Hertz and a duty cycle of from about 15% to about 65%, and
said current flow being sufficient to induce a magnetic field having a
strength of at least 5.0 gauss in said core; and a second conducting wire
coil, a core positioned in said second conducting wire coil, second means
to produce a flow of electric current through said coil, said flow
comprising a critically undamped ringing square wave form to produce a
series of Fourier harmonics having a fundamental frequency of from about
72.5 Hertz to about 77.8 Hertz and a duty cycle of from about 15% to about
50%, said current flow being sufficient to induce a magnetic field having
a strength of at least 5.0 gauss in said core; said first conducting wire
coil and said second conducting wire coil being set so that both coils
operate simultaneously with 50% duty cycles; and the first and second
conducting wire coils being tuned to each other so that the resultant mix
of Fourier harmonics produces a beat frequency dynamic interaction of the
two generated frequencies. The cores can be made of mu-metal or comparable
material or else can be air cores. It is usually advisable to shield one
of the poles of each core. The coils can be pancake coils. Alternatively,
each of the coils can terminate in an electrode.
When working adjacent the brain (as described for treating dental pain),
one should not use magnetic fields. Therefore electrodes can be
substituted. In this embodiment of the pain control device, the present
invention is a device for reducing or extinguishing pain in a human
comprising a first conducting pair of electrodes to form a complete path,
first means to produce a flow of electric current through said pair of
electrodes, said flow comprising an uncritically damped ringing square
wave form to produce a series of Fourier harmonics having a fundamental
frequency of from about 7.15 Hertz to about 7.78 Hertz and a duty cycle of
from about 15% to about 65%, said current flow being sufficient to induce
a voltage of from 5 to 24 volts and a current between 45 to 500
microamperes of current; a second conducting pair of electrodes to form a
complete path, second means to produce a flow of electric current through
said coil, said flow comprising an uncritically damped ringing square wave
form to produce a series of Fourier harmonics having a fundamental
frequency of from about 71.5 Hertz to about 77.8 Hertz and a duty cycle of
from about 15% to about 50%, said current flow being sufficient to induce
a voltage of from 5 to 25 volts and a current between 45 to 500
microamperes of current; said first conducting pair of electrodes and said
second conducting pair of electrodes being set so that both pairs of
electrodes operate simultaneously with 50% duty cycles; and the first and
second pair of electrodes being tuned to each other so that the resultant
mix of Fourier harmonics produces a beat frequency dynamic interaction of
the two generated frequencies.
Of course the present invention is not intended to be restricted to any
particular form or arrangement, or any specific method or embodiment
disclosed herein, or any specific use, since the same may be modified in
various particulars or relations without departing from the spirit or
scope of the claimed invention hereinabove shown and described of which
the method and apparatus shown is intended only for illustration and for
disclosure of an operative embodiment, and not to show all of the various
forms of modification in which the invention might be embodied.
The invention has been described in considerable detail in order to comply
with the patent laws by providing a full public disclosure of at least one
of its forms. However, such detailed description is not intended in any
way to limit the broad features of principles of the invention, or the
scope of patent monopoly to be granted.
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