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This article was found athttp://www.blacksandjews.com/Jews_and_Slavery.html which was freely available on the Internet on January 29, 2006 and is included in this archive for research, educational, and personal use by those requesting such materials in advance in accordance with the fair use provisions of Title 171 of the copyright act. More recent updates may be available at the owner's site.
Jewish Slave Ship
Owners
For decades, the White people of America have been
subjected to a continual barrage from Blacks and others that Europeans are
somehow "responsible" for the African slave trade and that we need to
"atone" for our "guilt." There are a number of flaws with the idea that we
are somehow "responsible" for the African slave trade.
THE TOUGH JUDEO SLAVE CARGOS
SLAVES SHIPPED BY JEWS IN CRUEL CONDITIONS
First, few White people even owned slaves--slavery was a rich man's
pursuit, and slavery did not exist amongst the middle and working classes
of White people.
Second, even if every European in America had an ancestor who owned slaves
(which is an extremely unlikely proposition), it makes little sense to
blame the children for the supposed sins of their fathers.
THE JUDEO SLAVE TRADE
LET US NEVER FORGET...
Third, Blacks sold their own kind into slavery, do blacks are every bit as
much to blame for slavery as are Whites.
Fourth, European Whites did not bring the slaves to America. On the
contrary, it was the Asiatic Jews who brought them here.
Below is a listing of the Jewish slave ships and the
Jewish owners of them.
Jewish Slave Ship
Owners
Name of ship
Owners
Ethnicity
Abigail
Crown
Nassau
Four Sisters
Anne & Eliza
Prudent Betty
Hester
Elizabeth
Antigua
Betsy
Polly
White Horse
Expedition
Charlotte
Caracoa
Aaron Lopez, Moses Levy, Jacob Franks
Issac Levy and Nathan Simpson
Moses Levy
Moses Levy
Justus Bosch and John Abrams
Henry Cruger and Jacob Phoenix
Mordecai and David Gomez
Mordecai and David Gomez
Nathan Marston and Abram Lyell
Wm. De Woolf
James De Woolf
Jan de Sweevts
John and Jacob Roosevelt
Moses and Sam Levy and Jacob Franks
Moses and Sam Levy
Jews
Jews
Jew
Jew
Jews
Jews
Jews
Jews
Jews
Jew
Jew
Jew
Jews
Jews
Jews
Source: Elizabeth Donnan, 4 Volumes, 'Documents
Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America' Washington,
D.C. 1930, 1935 Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pa.
In addition,
Rabbi Marc Lee Raphael
Rabbi Marc Lee Raphael is the Nathan and Sophia Gumenick
Professor of Judaic Studies, Professor of Religion, and Chair, Department
of Religion, The College of William and Mary, and a Visiting Fellow of
Wolfson College, Oxford University. He has been the editor of the
quarterly journal, American Jewish History, for 19 years, and a visiting
professor at Brown University, the University of Pittsburgh, HUC-JIR,
UCLA, and Case Western Reserve University. He came to The College of
William and Mary in 1989 after 20 years at Ohio State University. He is
the author of many books on Jews and Judaism in America, and his most
recent publication (with his wife Linda Schermer Raphael) is When Night
Fell: An Anthology of Holocaust Short Stories (Rutgers University Press,
1999). He is now writing Judaism in America for the Contemporary American
Series of Columbia University Press. Visit him at the website of his
synagoge, Bet Aviv, in Columbia, Maryland.
The following passages are from Dr. Raphael's book Jews and Judaism in the
United States a Documentary History (New York: Behrman House, Inc., Pub,
1983), pp. 14, 23-25.
"Jews also took an active part in the Dutch colonial slave trade; indeed,
the bylaws of the Recife and Mauricia congregations (1648) included an
imposta (Jewish tax) of five soldos for each Negro slave a Brazilian Jew
purchased from the West Indies Company. Slave auctions were postponed if
they fell on a Jewish holiday. In Curacao in the seventeenth century, as
well as in the British colonies of Barbados and Jamaica in the eighteenth
century, Jewish merchants played a major role in the slave trade. In fact,
in all the American colonies, whether French (Martinique), British, or
Dutch, Jewish merchants frequently dominated.
"This was no less true on the North American mainland, where during the
eighteenth century Jews participated in the 'triangular trade' that
brought slaves from Africa to the West Indies and there exchanged them for
molasses, which in turn was taken to New England and converted into rum
for sale in Africa. Isaac Da Costa of Charleston in the 1750's, David
Franks of Philadelphia in the 1760's, and Aaron Lopez of Newport in the
late 1760's and early 1770's dominated Jewish slave trading on the
American continent."
Dr. Raphael discusses the central role of the Jews in the New World
commerce and the African slave trade (pp. 23-25):
SEVENTEENTH AND
EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES
JEWISH INTER ISLAND TRADE
CURACAO, 1656
During the sixteenth century, exiled from their Spanish
homeland and hard-pressed to escape the clutches of the Inquisition,
Spanish and Portuguese Jews fled to the Netherlands; the Dutch
enthusiastically welcomed these talented, skilled businessmen. While
thriving in Amsterdam-where they became the hub of a unique urban Jewish
universe and attained status that anticipated Jewish emancipation in the
West by over a century-they began in the 1500's and 1600's to establish
themselves in the Dutch and English colonies in the New World. These
included Curacao, Surinam, Recife, and New Amsterdam (Dutch) as well as
Barbados, Jamaica, Newport, and Savannah (English). In these European
outposts the Jews, with their years of mercantile experience and networks
of friends and family providing market reports of great use, played a
significant role in the merchant capitalism, commercial revolution, and
territorial expansion that developed the New World and established the
colonial economies. The Jewish-Caribbean nexus provided Jews with the
opportunity to claim a disproportionate influence in seventeenth and
eighteenth century New World commerce, and enabled West Indian Jewry-far
outnumbering its coreligionists further north-to enjoy a centrality which
North American Jewry would not achieve for a long time to come.
Groups of Jews began to arrive in Surinam in the middle of the seventeenth
century, after the Portuguese regained control of northern Brazil. By
1694, twenty-seven years after the British had surrendered Surinam to the
Dutch, there were about 100 Jewish families and fifty single Jews there,
or about 570 persons. They possessed more than forty estates and 9,000
slaves, contributed 25,905 pounds of sugar as a gift for the building of a
hospital, and carried on an active trade with Newport and other colonial
ports. By 1730, Jews owned 115 plantations and were a large part of a
sugar export business which sent out 21,680,000 pounds of sugar to
European and New World markets in 1730 alone.
Slave trading was a major feature of Jewish economic life in Surinam which
as a major stopping-off point in the triangular trade. Both North American
and Caribbean Jews played a key role in this commerce: records of a slave
sale in 1707 reveal that the ten largest Jewish purchasers (10,400
guilders) spent more than 25 percent of the total funds (38,605 guilders)
exchanged.
Jewish economic life in the Dutch West Indies, as in the North American
colonies, consisted primarily of mercantile communities, with large
inequities in the distribution of wealth. Most Jews were shopkeepers,
middlemen, or petty merchants who received encouragement and support from
Dutch authorities. In Curacao, for example, Jewish communal life began
after the Portuguese victory in 1654. In 1656 the community founded a
congregation, and in the early 1670's brought its first rabbi to the
island. Curacao, with its large natural harbor, was the stepping-stone to
the other Caribbean islands and thus ideally suited geographically for
commerce. The Jews were the recipients of favorable charters containing
generous economic privileges granted by the Dutch West Indies Company in
Amsterdam. The economic life of the Jewish community of Curacao revolved
around ownership of sugar plantations and marketing of sugar, the
importing of manufactured goods, and a heavy involvement in the slave
trade, within a decade of their arrival, Jews owned 80 percent of the
Curacao plantations. The strength of the Jewish trade lay in connections
in Western Europe as well as ownership of the ships used in commerce.
While Jews carried on an active trade with French and English colonies in
the Caribbean, their principal market was the Spanish Main (today
Venezuela and Colombia).
Extant tax lists give us a glimpse of their dominance. Of the eighteen
wealthiest Jews in the 1702 and 1707 tax lists, nine either owned a ship
or had at least a share in a vessel. By 1721 a letter to the Amsterdam
Jewish community claimed that "nearly all the navigation...was in the
hands of the Jews."' Yet another indication of the economic success of
Curacao's Jews is the fact that in 1707 the island's 377 residents were
assessed by the Governor and his Council a total of 4,002 pesos; 104 Jews,
or 27.6 percent of the taxpayers, contributed 1,380 pesos, or 34.5 percent
of the entire amount assessed.
In the British West Indies, two 1680 tax lists survive, both from
Barbados; they, too, provide useful information about Jewish economic
life. In Bridgetown itself, out of a total of 404 households, 54
households or 300 persons were Jewish, 240 of them living in "ye Towne of
S. Michael ye Bridge Town." Contrary to most impressions, "many, indeed,
most of them, were very poor." There were only a few planters, and most
Jews were not naturalized or endenizened (and thus could not import goods
or pursue debtors in court). But for merchants holding letters of
endenization, opportunities were not lacking. Barbados sugar-and its
by-products rum and molasses-were in great demand, and in addition to
playing a role in its export, Jewish merchants were active in the import
trade. Forty-five Jewish households were taxed in Barbados in 1680, and
more than half of them contributed only 11.7 percent of the total sum
raised. While the richest five gave almost half the Jewish total, they
were but 11.1 percent of the taxable population. The tax list of 1679-80
shows a similar picture; of fifty-one householders, nineteen (37.2
percent) gave less than one-tenth of the total, while the four richest
merchants gave almost one-third of the total.
An interesting record of inter island trade involving a Jewish merchant
and the islands of Barbados and Curacao comes from correspondence of 1656.
It reminds us that sometimes the commercial trips were not well planned
and that Jewish captains-who frequently acted as commercial agents as
well-would decide where to sell their cargo, at what price, and what goods
to bring back on the return trip
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