MARCH OF THE TITANS - A HISTORY OF THE WHITE RACE
Chapter Forty Eight
Conquistadors : The White conquest of South and Central America
The White conquest of South and Central America is a tale of extreme high drama, with a very few White adventurers completely overwhelming millions of Amerinds through a combination of crushing technological superiority and brute force.
The White conquest of South and Central America also saw two significant population make-up changes: firstly, large numbers of White settlers (mainly from Spain and Portugal) intermarried with Amerinds, creating a new mixed race group which now dominates the entire region. This is the primary cause of the large social, economic and political gap between North and South America.
Secondly the racial mixing which did take place, absorbed the original ruling Amerind tribes in Central America (the Aztecs) and in South America (the Incas).
The disappearance of these two leading tribes meant the disappearance of their civilizations as well: perfect examples of how racial mixing can wipe out all traces of an original people - and consequently, all manifestations of their civilization. In this case it was a Nonwhite civilization -and an advanced one at that - which was destroyed by the integration process. The laws of nature in this regard are made of iron, and apply to all races equally.
The Aztecs and the Legend of the White Skinned Gods
At the time of the White Spanish conquest of Central America, the Amerind Aztecs had created an empire which stretched from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, and to the south to the present day country of Guatemala. The Aztecs were by all accounts cruel masters over other Amerind tribes, with the result that some of the subjected Amerinds actually welcomed the arrival of the Spanish. A few of these tribes would physically help the Spanish invaders against the Aztecs.
Left: the Codex Fejervary-Meyer, an original Amerind book drawn on treated deerskin. Right: a detail from the Codex, illustrating the cannibalism which shocked the White explorers. According to the Aztecs, the flesh of the palm of humans was the choicest delicacy: it was a treat reserved only for the nobles. The rest of Aztec society had to quite literally make do with the bones.
The Aztec religion was one of the reasons why there was so much resentment amongst the Amerind tribes: it demanded daily human sacrifice and most of the victims for this sacrifice were seized from surrounding Amerind tribes by the Aztecs.
The Aztec religion also played a major role in destabilizing Aztec resistance to the White invaders: one of their gods was a plumed serpent named Quetzalcoatl, the god of wind and learning. According to Aztec legend, Quetzalcoatl had been tricked and disgraced by another god, Tezcatlipoca, and then traveled to the east. He vowed to return and destroy those who worshipped his enemies, accompanied by all powerful white skinned gods.
By the time of the Spanish assault in 1519, word of the arrival of the Whites with their plumed helmets in the Caribbean Sea had traveled to the Aztecs, triggering the widely held superstition that an angry Quetzalcoatl and his white skinned gods had indeed returned to exact revenge.
This fear created confusion in the Aztec camp: should they attack the newcomers, who might be the avenging god, or should they try and appease them? This hesitancy to act was exploited to the hilt by the Spanish invaders.
The First White Expeditions into Central America
Early White settlements in Central America had been established by the Spanish: first in the Caribbean, including the city of Santo Domingo (now the capital of the Dominican Republic) and outposts on Cuba.
From Cuba, the Whites were to launch three crucial expeditions: in 1517, the first expedition ended in disaster when the explorers went ashore on the present day Mexican coast to seek water: they were ambushed by Amerinds.
A full scale battle then followed at Champeton, in which fully half of the Whites were killed. The survivors limped back to their base in Cuba. In 1518, the White Spaniards returned in greater force and a second battle of Champeton followed, this time ending with the Amerinds being defeated and fleeing into the forests after three days of fierce running racial clashes.
The expedition then continued exploring the Gulf Coast, encountering further Amerind tribes who had suffered at the hands of the Aztecs: they were the first to tell the Spaniards about the all powerful Aztec Empire, centered around what is today Mexico City.
Montezuma II
The ruler of the Aztec Empire at this time, Montezuma II, had received reports of the White explorers and, fearing the return of the angry god, ordered his subjects along the coast to greet the foreigners, offer them a large feast and gifts of gold and jewelry, and then ask them to leave.
The result was that the second White expedition into Central America returned to Cuba laden with riches and tales of a rich and powerful Amerind empire in the interior. A third, and massively historical significant expedition was formed, under the already well known explorer Hernando Cortes (who was to become the archetype conquest leader, a "conquistador").
Hernando Cortes
In 1519, Cortes and his men, numbering about 600 in all, set sail with a few cannon and horses as accompaniment. A last minute dispute with the Spanish governor saw Cortes' expedition being officially canceled, but Cortes pushed ahead anyway, later bringing back gold and other riches to the Spanish crown as justification for his expedition.
Pausing only to rescue a half Black Spanish slave who had been captured by an Amerind tribe following an earlier shipwreck, the White army sailed west along the Gulf Coast, engaging in a major battle against a local Amerind tribe at the mouth of the Grijalva River.
It was at this first battle that Cortes realized the technological advantage the Whites possessed: steel armor, guns, cannons and even horses were completely unknown to the Amerinds of central America, and many tribesmen fled at the very sight of a powerful charge horse. These advantages were pressed home remorselessly, and all the Amerind tribes up and down Central and South America were to pay dearly for being technologically so far behind the Whites.
Veracruz
Cortes sailed further north, establishing a small town, La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz, now known as the city of Veracruz. There Cortes set up an independent authority - the first White government in Central America - and renounced the authority of the governor on Cuba, pledging loyalty only to the Spanish crown. Then the Whites destroyed their ships by burning them, cutting out the option of a quick return and making it a do or die expedition. With about 500 men, Cortes then marched into the interior in search of the Aztecs.
Tlaxcalans
The first Amerinds they encountered were the Tlaxcalan tribe, one of those who had suffered under the Aztecs. Nonetheless the Amerinds immediately attacked the Whites, resulting in a two week running battle in which the natives suffered very heavy losses. Admitting defeat, the Tlaxcalans surrendered and became allies of the Spaniards against the Aztecs.
In October 1519, the Whites and a few thousand of their new Tlaxcalan allies marched into Cholula, an ancient city devoted to the god Quetzalcoatl. Cholulan priests and leaders welcomed the Whites, but demanded that the Tlaxcalans camp outside the city - an arrangement which was duly made.
Battle of Cholula
After three days in the city, the Whites were informed of a plot by the local Amerinds to ambush and kill them when they were off guard. Cortes responded by summoning all the nobles of Cholula and locking them in a room, leaving the Cholulans leaderless. Then the Whites, along with their Tlaxcalans allies, set about attacking the still forming Cholulan armed forces.
The presence of the guns and horses won the day, and it is estimated that some 3,000 of the city's residents were killed. As the Whites seemed to defeat the Cholulans with relatively little effort, the Aztec emperor Montezuma decided not to oppose the invaders, having good reason to fear that they had the power of gods. Even with their Tlaxcalans allies, the Conquistador force was tiny - less than 450 Whites - but nonetheless was mightier than the tens of thousands of Aztec warriors, who were armed with spears and clubs.
Tenochtitlan
The Conquistador force marched on the Aztec capital city, Tenochtitlan, arriving there on 8 November 1519. Montezuma met Cortes outside the city walls and invited him and his tiny White army into the city. The Spanish soldiers were accommodated in a large specially prepared building and were given free rein to roam the city, finding much of the promised gold readily available.
The Aztecs let them pass unhindered, fearful of the revenge of the White skinned gods. Despite the friendly reception, Cortes knew that sooner or later the Aztecs would rebel: in an attempt to shore up his position (his force had dwindled to a few hundred Whites, and ever decreasing numbers of Amerind allies, camped outside the city) he took Montezuma as a hostage and forced him to swear allegiance to the king of Spain and to provide a huge ransom in gold and jewels. In the interim the Spanish governor of Cuba had sent an armed force to arrest Cortes for insubordination in sailing in the first place.
In April 1520, Cortes received word in Tenochtitlan that a Spanish force had arrived to arrest him on the coast. Leaving all but 200 Whites at Tenochtitlan, Cortes marched with the remainder of his men to the coast, entering the Spanish camp at night. He arrested the expedition leader and by the sheer force of his personality (along with promises of gold and riches) induced the rest of the punitive expedition to join him in his conquest of the Aztecs.
Whites Besieged
Meanwhile in Tenochtitlan itself, things had taken a turn for the worse: a skirmish had broken out between a small number of Whites and some Aztec priests: the scuffle escalated into a full scale battle, with several hundred Aztecs being killed by the superior White weapons of war.
The killing of these Aztecs broke the spell under which the Aztecs had been living: a mob of thousands besieged the building in which the Whites were housed, and in which Montezuma was still being held hostage. Cortes returned to the city in the midst of the siege.
Montezuma Stoned to Death
Cortes and his men were allowed to enter the building, but as soon as they were inside, the Aztecs launched a furious assault on the building itself. After many more dozens of Aztecs were killed, Cortes got Montezuma to address the crowds in an attempt to disperse them: the enraged crowd promptly stoned their emperor, and he died of his wounds three days later.
White Breakout
The situation then became critical: with no supplies, the Whites could not hold out for more than a few days in the besieged building. On 30 June 1520, they attempted a breakout, at first managing to fight their way out of the city center, but then being attacked on a causeway outside the city by tens of thousands of Aztecs, many in canoes.
More than half the White soldiers were killed, all of their cannons were lost, and most of the treasure they attempted to carry out was abandoned or lost in the lake and canals. Although pursued, the survivors managed to find refuge in territory controlled by their Tlaxcalan allies. The first venture into the Aztec capital ended in disaster for the White invaders.
New Invasion
Basing himself in Tlaxcala, Cortes began preparing a new invasion, obtaining supplies and reinforcements from Veracruz, which had in the interim been boosted by the arrival of new immigrants from Spain and Cuba. Within a few months, Cortes was once again on the offensive, this time making sure that he had subdued as many of the surrounding Aztecs as he could before approaching the capital city.
Finally in May 1521, the city of Tenochtitlan - which was situated on an island - was cut off from the outside. Spanish artillery mounted on ships specially constructed for the shallow waters of the surrounding rivers and lake, bombarded the city. Every day the White soldiers launched fresh assaults on the city defenses, whose supplies of food and fresh water had been cut. Famine, dysentery, and smallpox ravaged the Aztec defenders. On August 13, 1521, after a desperate siege of three months, the new Aztec emperor was captured and Tenochtitlan fell.
According to Spanish accounts, when they finally entered the city, more than 40,000 decomposed bodies - most of whom had died of disease - littered the city streets and canals. The legend of the revenge of the White skinned gods had indeed come true after all.
Mexico City
The Spaniards then proceeded to raze the city to the ground and build a new city in its place to serve as capital of the newly declared Spanish possession of central America, called New Spain. The city itself eventually came to be called Mexico City. Spanish colonists soon poured in, and the new city quickly became the largest White city in Central America.
Race and Social Class
After the White conquest, the Aztec and Amerind population, although militarily defeated, had not vanished. Even the large number of disease related deaths did not wipe them out utterly (although it most certainly dented their population figures by as much as half) - it was instead the virtual immediate practice of interracial marriages which caused both White Spaniards and Amerinds to disappear into a hybrid population, which, mixed with the Black slaves imported by the Spanish into Central America, formed the basis for the Hispanic population.
It is this mixed race grouping which in modern times has been the source of the greatest number of legal and illegal immigrants into the White created prosperity of North America. Those persons of part Spanish and part Amerind race were called Mestizos, and by 1800, they were far and away the single largest group in what was by then officially called Mexico.
Zambos
Black slaves were imported into Mexico during Cortes' time - in total some 200,000 were brought into the territory, all of whom were eventually absorbed into the mixed race population, with those of mixed Amerind and Black parentage being known as Zambos, to differentiate them from the Mestizos. By 1800, however, the majority of Zambos had in their turn been absorbed into the Mestizos, or Hispanic, group.
Caste System
As in ancient India after the arrival of the Aryans, a class structure based on Whiteness emerged almost immediately, with the whitest people forming the highest class, and the darkest forming the lowest class. During the Spanish colonial period, those Spaniards from Spain who came over to Central America as rulers were called peninsulares, most of whom returned to Spain when their tour of duty was over. They formed a distinct class by themselves, being the Whitest of the entire population. They never made up more than a few thousand of the total population.
Underneath the peninsulares were the criollos, or Creoles, people of sometimes whole, sometimes part, White extraction who had been born in the Americas. As time went on this group also became increasingly darker, until today the elite in Mexico represent the last of this group. Below the criollos were the mestizos, followed by the Blacks.
As in India, there was also a constant striving to be reclassified: many mixed race persons claimed full White status, and the Spanish king in the eighteenth century enacted a legal procedure to pronounce upon a person's Whiteness upon payment of a fee. Such a pronouncement had huge ramifications in the Spanish colonial hierarchy, and could open up positions barred to persons of mixed descent.
Because of the sheer number of Black slaves and the ever increasing Mestizo population, colonial Mexico had numerous slave riots, with many centers in isolated regions being established by escaped slaves.
French Invasion
Eventually economic and social divisions between New Spain and Spain reached a height with the invasion of the latter country by the French under Napoleon Bonaparte in 1808. With the mother country in disarray and under occupation, control over the mixed race colony broke down: a civil war between numerous factions broke out in New Spain with a small force of Whites from Spain triumphing against a militia of tens of thousands of Mestizos. Eventually however in 1821, Spain officially recognized Mexican independence and cut the last ties to Europe.
The Race Wars with the United States of America
At this stage the territory of Mexico extended far further north than what it does today: it included the sparsely populated territory of Texas and claims to large parts of present day California. After 1820, Texas began filling up with White settlers from the emerging United States of America, eventually leading to a number of race wars between the United States and Mexico.
In 1835, the White Texans formally rebelled against Mexican rule, and the Mexican president, Santa Anna, personally led an army into the territory to quell the White rebellion. Santa Anna managed to crush a small number of White rebels at the Battle of the Alamo in 1836, and proceeded to execute more than 180 Whites after the battle.
The full story of the Mexican - American race war is told in a different chapter, suffice to say here that the war eventually ended in the utter defeat of the Nonwhite Mexicans by a White American army, with Mexico City itself being besieged and captured by the White forces, in an eerie replay of the first White capture of that city from the Aztecs in 1521.
The Last White Invasion of 1861
Thereafter Mexico was plunged into the usual bouts of political, social and economic chaos which have plagued the entire Third World. Finally in 1861, a refusal by the Mexican government to pay off its foreign debts led to a new White occupation: France, Great Britain, and Spain decided to intervene jointly to protect their investments in Mexico.
A joint White military expedition from these three countries was launched in 1861, which soon captured the city founded by Cortes, Veracruz. However, when the French ambitions to actually take over the government of the country became apparent (the French ruler at the time was Napoleon III), the British and Spanish withdrew the following year.
The isolated White French army was then attacked by a numerically superior Mexican force at Puebla in May 1862. Napoleon III sent a huge White army of 30,000 men who took Puebla and occupied Mexico City in June 1863 - the third time that city had been invaded by a White army. The French installed a new government and declared a Mexican empire, with Napoleon offering the crown to the Austrian archduke Maximilian, who accepted and became Emperor of Mexico.
The French never managed to quell the entire country, and the Americans were unable to intervene because of their own civil war at the time. Events in Europe forced Napoleon III to withdraw his troops in 1867. The short reigning emperor Maximilian was arrested and executed by a Mexican firing squad in 1867. So ended the last White adventure in Mexico.
In modern times Mexico is important for two reasons :
• Firstly it is the source of the largest number of legal and illegal Third World immigrants into the United States; its huge shantytown slum outside Mexico City is one of the largest unplanned and informal cities in the world, suffering from appalling social deprivation; and
• Secondly it is one of the many Central and South American countries that is either used as a point of origin or as a jumping off point for the drug trade into North America, which, ironically (as discussed in a later chapter) wreaks the most havoc amongst Blacks in America.
South America and Spanish and Portuguese Voyages of discovery
After the Spaniard Christopher Columbus landed in the West Indies in 1492, Spain and Portugal started disputing areas of influence on the Southern American continent. The dispute was eventually settled by the pope, who in 1493, drew up defined areas of influence for the two nations - ostensibly with the idea of spreading Christianity to the natives in those territories.
In time the Portuguese territory became known as Brazil, hence the lingua franca of that country to this day is Portuguese, while most of the rest of the continent speaks Spanish.
On 1 August 1498, during his third voyage, Columbus finally sighted the South American mainland for the first time. The next White explorer to reach the continent was the Portuguese navigator Pedro Cabral, who threw anchor off the coast of present day Brazil in April 1500 - a territory which he then claimed for Portugal. However, the claim was ignored for more than three decades by Portugal itself, whose sailors had in the interim sailed round Africa to India.
During this time of Portuguese indifference, the Spanish seized the initiative in Central America and the West Indies. In 1519, the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, then employed ironically by the Spaniards, first sailed up the river mouth of the Rio de la Plata. He then proceeded South and in November 1520, first sailed round the southernmost part of South America and sighted the Pacific ocean.
The Incas
The Incas were, like the Aztecs in Central America, the most advanced Amerind tribe in South America. The Incas possessed a fairly advanced culture, radically different though it was from White culture.
As with the Aztecs, certain aspects of the Southern Amerind culture were regarded with revulsion by the Whites: the human sacrifices to the Amerind gods was a habit which was made particular note of in accounts of Amerind life sent back to Europe. Despite possessing fairly advanced building skills, the southern Amerinds never possessed the wheel: a strange twist which has never been fully explained, as other racial groups, such as Whites, Chinese, Japanese all had developed the wheel as a concept long before being able to build structures on the scale of which the Incas and Aztecs did. The marked difference in technological levels between southern Amerinds (who had sophisticated cities) and northern American Amerinds (who were still literally living in animal skin tents and loincloths at the same time) has also never been fully explained.
This difference, combined with the Aztec legends about White gods, has led to speculation that at some stage early White settlers had been present in South America.
Germans the First Colonists
Up until 1529, White settlements in South America had been passing in nature: and despite the Spanish and Portuguese doing most of the exploring, it was a German, Bartholomous Welser, who led the first attempt at a White colony on the continent. In 1529, Welser was granted territory in South America by the then Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (also king of Spain); and the Germans established a settlement in modern Venezuela. However, racial clashes took place almost immediately, and after several massacres committed by both sides (as reprisals and counter reprisals) Welser's grant was revoked by the Church in an attempt to defuse the growing racial tensions.
Conquistadors and White Expansion
The contact with the Amerind tribes in the coastal areas of Southern America had been enough to make the Spanish realize that the Inca civilization was advanced and possibly wealthy - the Aztec example in Central America served as an indication that greater riches lay deeper in the interior, just waiting to be discovered. The Spanish were then the first to push deep into the interior of South America, in search of the wealth of which they believed they had only seen glimpses on the coast amongst the Amerinds they encountered there.
180 White Men Invade South America
The staggering feat of the first White invasion of South America by a tiny force of 180 men is one of the most remarkable episodes in South American history - and also one of the least widely known. In 1531, a conquistador named Francisco Pizarro invaded South America with 180 White men and 62 horses, taking on the hundreds of thousands and possibly millions of Incas living in the gold rich Inca empire which covered the areas today compromising the countries of Peru, Chile and Bolivia.
Advancing quickly, Pizarro reached the Inca heartland: despite the tiny White force being numerically dwarfed by the warlike Incas, the latter, like the Aztecs, had no answer against the overwhelming White technological superiority.
Atahualpa
Pizarro captured the Inca emperor, one Atahualpa, who attempted to buy his freedom by offering a staggering amount of gold and silver. Despite this offer, the conquistadors decided to burn the emperor at the stake to break Inca resistance.
In the end, because Atahualpa converted to Christianity while awaiting execution, it was decided to spare him the flames and to publicly strangle him to death instead, a method of executing non Christians already common back in Spain as a result of the Inquisition which had already claimed hundreds of victims in Europe.
As Pizarro had predicted, the death of the Inca emperor left his tribe leaderless and incapable of mounting effective co-ordinated opposition. The conquistadors then set about destroying all the Inca power structures, subduing the huge territory with the same brutality that they had used in dealing with the Inca emperor.
Eyewitness Account of the Defeat of the Incas
The Spanish account of the first defeat of the Incas and the capture of Atahualpa at the Battle of Cajamarca makes incredible reading: no better image of the events can be created that by quoting the eyewitness accounts by Pizarro's companions, including his brothers Hernando and Pedro, as sent back to Spain for the edification of the Spanish king : (Combined from: Reports on the Discovery of Peru, Hakluyst Society, 1st series, vol. 47, New York, 1872; Relations of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru, New York, Cortes Society, 1921; The Conquest of Peru, as Recorded by a Member of the Pizarro Expedition, J. Sinclair, New York, 1929; all as quoted in Guns, Germs and Steel, Jared Diamond, Jonathan Cape Ltd. 1997).
"Our Spaniards, being few in number, never having more than 200 or 300 men together, and sometimes only 100 or fewer, have in our times, conquered more territory than has ever been known before . . .
"On reaching the entrance to Cajamarca, we saw the camp of the Atahualpa (the Inca emperor) at a distance of a league, in the skirts of the mountain. The Indians' camp looked like a very beautiful city. Until this we had never seen anything like this in the Indies. It filled all our Spaniards with fear and confusion. But we could not show any fear or turn back, for if the Indians had sensed any weakness in us, even the Indians we were bringing with us as guides would have killed us. So we made a good show of spirits, and after carefully observing the town and tents, we descended into the valley and entered Cajamarca.
"We talked a lot among ourselves about what to do. All of us were full of fear, because we were so few in number and we had penetrated so far into a land where we could not hope to receive reinforcements. Few of us slept that night, and we kept watch in the square of Cajamarca, looking at the campfires of the Indian army. It was a frightening sight. The governor's brother estimated the number of Indian soldiers there at 40,000, but he was telling a lie just to encourage us, for there were actually more than 80,000 Indians.
"The Governor concealed his troops around the square at Cajamarca, dividing the cavalry into two portions . . . In like manner he divided the infantry . . . at the same time he ordered . . . three infantrymen with trumpets to a small fort in the plaza and to station themselves there with a small piece of artillery. When all the Indians and Atahualpa with them, had entered the plaza, the governor would give a signal to . . . fire the gun and the trumpets should sound, and at the sound of the trumpets the cavalry should dash out of the large court where they were waiting hidden in readiness.
"At noon Atahualpa began to draw up his men and to approach. Soon we saw the entire plain full with Indians, halting periodically to wait for more Indians who kept filing out of the camp behind them.
"Atahualpa (came) . . . in a very fine litter with the ends of its timbers covered in silver. Eighty lords carried him on their shoulders . . . The litter was lined with parrot feathers of many colors and decorated with plates of gold and silver.
"These Indian squadrons began to enter the plaza to the accompaniment of great songs, and thus entering they occupied every part of the plaza. In the meantime all of us Spaniards were waiting ready in a courtyard, full of fear. Many of us urinated without noticing it, out of sheer terror . . .
"Governor Pizarro now sent Friar Vicente de Valverde to go to speak to Atahualpa, and to require Atahualpa in the name of God and of the king of Spain that Atahualpa subject himself to the law of our lord Jesus Christ and to the service of His Majesty the King of Spain.
"Advancing with a cross in one hand and the Bible in another, and going amongst the Indian troops up to the place where Atahualpa was, the friar addressed him . . .
"Atahualpa asked for the book, that he might look at it, and the friar gave it to him closed. Atahualpa did not know how to open the book, and the friar, extended his arm to do so, when Atahualpa, in great anger, gave him a blow on the arm . . . Then he opened it himself, and with astonishment at the letters and paper he threw it away from him five or six paces, his face a deep crimson.
"The friar then returned to Pizarro, shouting , 'Come out, Christians! Come at these enemy dogs who reject the things of God. That tyrant has thrown my book of holy law to the ground! Did you not see what happened? Why remain polite and servile towards this over proud dog when the plains are full of Indians? March out against him, for I absolve you!
"The governor then gave the signal . . . (the gun was fired) and at the same time the trumpets were sounded, and the armored Spanish troops, both cavalry and infantry, sallied forth out of their hiding places straight into the mass of Indians . . . We had placed rattles on the horses to terrify the Indians . . . The booming of the guns, the blowing of the trumpets and the rattles on the horses threw the Indians into panicked confusion. The Spaniards fell upon them and cut them to pieces. The Indians were so filled with fear that they climbed on top of one another, formed mounds, and suffocated each other. . . . The cavalry rode them down . . . The infantry made so good an assault on those that remained, that in a short time most (Indians) were put to sword.
"The Governor himself took his sword and dagger, entered the thick of the Indians with the Spaniards who were with him, and with great bravery reached Atahualpa's litter. He fearlessly grabbed Atahualpa's left arm . . . but he could not pull Atahualpa out of his litter because it was held up so high. Although we killed the Indians who held the litter, others at once took their places and held it aloft, and in this manner we spent a long time overcoming and killing the Indians. Finally seven or eight Spaniards on horseback spurred on their horses, rushed upon the litter from one side, and with great effort they heaved it over on its side. In that way Atahualpa was captured. . . . the Indians carrying the litter, and those escorting Atahualpa, never abandoned him, all died around him.
"The panic stricken Indians remaining in the square, terrified at the firing of the guns and at the horses - something they had never seen - tried to flee from the square by knocking down a stretch of wall and running out onto the plain outside. Our cavalry jumped the broken wall and charged out into the plain, shouting :'Catch those with the fancy clothes! Don't let any escape! Spear them!'
"All the other Indian soldiers whom Atahualpa had brought were a mile from Cajamarca ready for a battle, but not one made a move, and during this not one Indian raised a weapon against a Spaniard. When the squadrons of Indians who had remained in the plain outside the town saw the other Indians fleeing, most of them too panicked and fled. It was an astonishing sight, for the whole valley for 15 or 20 miles was completely filled with Indians. Night had already fallen, and our cavalry were continuing to spear Indians in the fields, when we heard a trumpet calling for us to reassemble at camp.
"If night had not come on, few out of the more than 40,000 Indian troops would have been left alive. Six or seven thousand Indians lay dead, and many more had their arms cut off and other wounds. Atahualpa himself admitted that we had killed 7,000 of his men in that battle."
Overwhelming Odds
The historical records show that Pizarro had exactly 62 soldiers mounted on horses along with 106 foot soldiers, while Atahualpa commanded an army of about 80,000. More than 7,000 Incas were killed: not one White died.
The staggering military victory was based solely on White technological superiority: the Amerinds had only stone, bronze and wooden clubs, maces and hand axes, slingshots and quilted material body armor against the White steel swords, spears and chain armor. Even the guns the Spaniards had were not decisive: they were slow loading and difficult to fire: Pizarro had only a dozen of them. The Incas were simply unable to mortally wound any of the Spaniards with their weapons.
The odds which prevailed at the Battle of Cajamarca were to be repeated even more dramatically a further four times:
Further Conquests
In 1535, conquistador Pedro de Mendoza, occupied and subdued the area around the Rio de la Plata river, and he founded Buenos Aires in 1536, establishing in that same year Spanish rule over present day Columbia. In 1540, the conquistador Pedro de Valdivia, launched a war of racial conquest against the Araucanian Amerinds in present day Chile: like the other wars of conquest, it was a short one sided affair, and in 1541, Valdivia was able to found the city of Santiago.
Civil War and Miscegenation
The adventurers who made up these White settlers were however as apt to fight amongst themselves as they were to do battle with the Amerinds: within a decade of Pizarro's conquest of the Incas, a civil war broke out between the different factions of conquistadors over mineral rights and other disputes, and Pizarro himself was murdered.
This anarchy was aggravated by the fact that almost immediately the conquistadors started taking Amerind wives, and very soon huge numbers of mixed race inhabitants with no particular loyalty to Spain or other Spanish colonists emerged. This development was dramatically illustrated in 1780, when an armed group of about 60,000 Amerinds and mixed race Creoles rebelled against Spanish rule. Although initially successful, the uprising was crushed in 1781, with its leaders being tortured and executed. A similar rebellion was put down in 1814.
Portuguese Settlement
In 1530, the Portuguese finally woke up to the fact that the Spaniards were effectively settling the entire continent, and from that year on started establishing their own settlements in what is today Brazil. The climate there lent itself well to the cultivation of sugar, and vast sugar plantations were quickly established.
Then the age old problem of providing labor arose: the answer of the day was to import Black slaves into South America, as the Portuguese had done into their own country as well. So it was that Blacks as a racial group were brought into play into the South American equation: millions were imported, and of both sexes to ensure a steady population growth.
Beginning of the African Slave Trade
By 1518, the demand for slaves in the Spanish New World was so great that King Charles I of Spain sanctioned the direct transport of slaves from Africa to the American colonies. The slave trade was controlled by the Crown, which sold the right to import slaves (called the "asiento") to entrepreneurs.
By the 1530s, the Portuguese were also using African slaves in Brazil. From then until the abolition of the slave trade in 1870, at least 10 million Africans were forcibly brought to the Americas: about 47 percent of them to the Caribbean islands and the Guianas; 38 percent to Brazil; and six percent to mainland Spanish America.
About 4.5 percent went to North America, roughly the same proportion that went to Europe.
Between 1519 and 1650, Mexico imported about 120,000 African slaves, or slightly fewer than 1000 per year. From 1650 to 1810, Mexico received an additional 80,000 Africans, a rate of 500 slaves per year. Indeed, Mexican slave owners bought no more than 50,000 slaves during the entire 18th century, when the transatlantic slave trade was at its highest.
Chile imported about 6000, about one-third of whom arrived before 1615. By 1838, the slave population in the British colony of Jamaica numbered 300,000. The French colony of Saint-Domingue (present day Haiti) had 480,000 slaves in 1790, on the eve of the Haitian Slave Revolt. By 1880, there were about two million Blacks in the Caribbean islands alone, including at least 250,000 in Cuba.
The Continent Divided Up
In 1693, gold was discovered in what is now western Brazil, which attracted a large number of new Portuguese immigrants and boosting the growth of a new port, Rio de Janeiro. In Peru, tin mines were established, and the mineral wealth combined with the abundant natural resources were quickly harnessed by the new White masters and turned into one of the most profitable colonial undertakings of its kind.
Thus by 1700, all of South America was under either Spanish or Portuguese rule, except for the territories of Guiana, which had been belatedly grabbed by Britain, France and the Netherlands, more as outposts on the continent than anything else. These outposts were to prove of vital importance in the European wars which followed and Spanish shipping suffered serious losses from British and Dutch raiders at various stages of a number of conflicts.
Colonial Dissension
Eventually the Spanish colonies, which had once provided much of the wealth upon which the greatness of Imperial Spain had been built, became liabilities: and were increasingly heavily taxed not just to pay for themselves but for Spain's increasingly disastrous European wars as well. The heavy taxation and economic interference in the South American colonies by the Spanish state created waves of unrest, amongst both White settlers and Nonwhites and a number of serious rebellions flared up: in Paraguay from 1721 to 1735, in Peru from 1780 to 1782, and in other Spanish held territories in 1781.
The Spanish from Spain also began to look down upon the Spanish colonists - especially those who had been born in South America - as wild frontiersmen, and this opinion was further aggravated when increasingly large numbers of White colonists started taking Amerind women as wives, the genesis of the Creole, or mixed race population. The Creoles however held a higher social status in the colonies than the Amerinds or Black slaves: but all resented the rule by Spaniards from Spain who only stayed just long enough in the colonies to amass some wealth and then return to Europe.
Wars of Independence
The successful war of independence against Britain in North America in 1776, and the French revolution in 1789, finally provided the spark for a series of wars of independence in South America: in a series of clashes dating from 1810 to 1825, the South American continent was piecemeal broken up into independent units, ending finally in 1825, when Spain formally surrendered control of the last part of its territory on the continent.
The fathers of the South American wars of independence were the Venezuelans, Simon Bolivar and Francisco de Miranda and the Argentinean, Jose de San Martin. On 25 May 1810, a coalition of Spanish colonists born in South America and Creoles of Buenos Aires, deposed the Spanish viceroy and established a provisional governing body for the provinces of La Plata. In August 1811, the Paraguayans proclaimed their independence.
In 1818, San Martin led an army of locals in deposing Spanish rule in Chile, where he was aided by the Chilean revolutionary leader Bernardo O'Higgins - actually an Irishman, his presence being a good indication of the extent of the scope of the White immigration which had taken place. O'Higgins went on to declare Chile independent in 1818, after a Spanish force had been defeated.
Simon Bolivar recruited an army of White mercenaries from England to come and fight against the Spanish in South America: this force provided the power through which Bolivar was able to inflict what was to prove a final defeat upon Spanish Imperial forces in 1819.
Bolivar then established the states of Panama, Venezuela and Quito (later called Ecuador). In 1820, San Martin drove the Spanish out of the city of Lima, in modern day Peru, but faced a serious threat from Spanish Imperial forces in the rest of that country. Bolivar came to his aid and by December of that year, the Spanish forces had been decisively defeated, and the last Spanish forces were finally driven off the continent in 1826. Upper Peru was named Bolivia in honor of its liberator. Brazil had in the interim became independent from Portugal in 1822.
Argentina
Although Argentina has a large Nonwhite population, it is still home to one of the largest concentrations of Whites in South America, although expressed as a percentage of the total population, White numbers are dropping dramatically year by year.
Although there were relatively few Amerinds in the region when it was first settled, there were however enough nomadic tribesmen to give the first White settlement at what later became Buenos Aries enough problems for the town to be abandoned five years after it had been established in 1536. However, repeated settlement efforts recreated the town, and by 1750, it had 20,000 White Spanish inhabitants.
In the 20th century, the volatile make-up of the Argentinean population has been reflected in the periods of relative peace and violent disruption - with the economy virtually continuously struggling and inflation often running at more 900 percent. Despite this, Argentina is still one of the most developed countries in South America - a reflection on the other countries on the continent.
Bolivia
The tiny White Spanish occupation force in Peru and Bolivia was quickly absorbed through a process of physical integration, and when the tin mines in Upper Peru became exhausted many White settlers drifted away, leaving the country in the effective control of the largely mixed race population still resident there today.
From the time of its independence, Bolivia has consequently suffered from political instability and the country's main source of wealth continues to be its massive cocaine exports, a situation which led to direct American army intervention in 1986.
Brazil
Four major groups make up the Brazilian population: Amerinds; Portuguese; Blacks; and other smaller White and Asian groups who have trickled into the country at various stages of history. In 1998, the truly White element of the population of Brazil was estimated to be around 30 percent, with the rest of the population either being mulattos, or mixed race or pure original Amerinds (estimated at only 0.2 percent of the population).
In 1555, the French founded a colony on the shores of Guanabara Bay, but the Portuguese destroyed it in 1560, establishing on its site a new city, Rio de Janeiro, in 1567. The Dutch then made a grab for Brazil: a Dutch fleet seized a sizable piece of land in Brazil in 1624, but the city was recaptured by a combined force of Spaniards, Portuguese, and Amerinds the following year. The Dutch attacked again in 1630, and were only finally driven off in 1654.
The return of Portuguese rule saw the abolition of slavery for Amerinds only, and an increase in Portuguese immigration which was encouraged by the discovery of gold and other minerals in the territory.
The invasion of Portugal by Napoleon in 1807, saw the Portuguese royal court flee to Brazil, only to return in 1816, after the final defeat of the French. By the time that the Portuguese royal family had moved back to Portugal, they had, through corruption and general open disdain for the locals, sufficiently alienated the colonists in Brazil to the point where in 1822, the country proclaimed its independence. All royalist Portuguese troops in Brazil were forced to surrender by the end of 1823.
The importation of Black slaves was outlawed in 1853, and all slaves were formally emancipated in 1888.
Brazil's history since independence mirrors that of its neighbors: general political instability matched by economic and social deprivation, with the establishment of very clearly defined classes of people based upon their racial appearance. The general rule which is followed (as it is in India with the caste system) is that the lighter the skin, the higher class and more affluent, while the darker inhabitants make up the less affluent and lower classes.
Further political unrest led to the establishment of a republic in June 1890, adopted with a constitution taken virtually word for word from the American constitution. However, the adoption of a democratic form of government did not last long: within two years the president had declared himself effective dictator, but was in turn overthrown by the military. The country was then plunged into the seemingly endless Third World political, social and economic chaos.
Chile
A Spanish expedition into southern Chile in 1540, met strong resistance from the local Amerind tribe, the Araucanians. Despite founding several towns, including Santiago in 1541, the tiny Spanish expedition was soon overwhelmed by the numerically superior Amerinds.
In 1553, a large scale Araucanian rebellion saw the majority of the scattered White settlements destroyed and their inhabitants slaughtered. This rebellion was the initial phase of a race war that was to last nearly 100 years. The Araucanians were the only Amerind tribe in South America who did not quickly collapse under the Spanish.
A significant number of White settlements were also for the greatest part absorbed into a racial mix in Chile, although repeated fresh immigration from Europe has meant that there remained a substantial White population in that country.
Uruguay
Between 1680 and 1683, contesting Spanish ownership of the region, Portuguese colonists in Brazil established several settlements along the Rio de la Plata opposite Buenos Aires. The Spanish drove the Portuguese out in 1726, establishing the city of Montevideo in that same year. Uruguay's independence in 1830, was almost immediately followed by civil war and a succession of effective military dictatorships under the guise of semi-democracy.
Venezuela
Independent Venezuela was characterized from the start by revolutions and counter revolutions, accompanied by general economic and social anarchy. In 1902, Great Britain, France, Germany, and several other powers blockaded Venezuelan ports because of the government's failure to meet its debts and on two occasions, European warships bombarded that country's ports.
Costa Rica
Costa Rica has one of the highest White populations of all the central American countries. It is also one of the most stable countries in that region.
Instability
The vast majority of the inhabitants of the continent of South America had always been Nonwhite: the first inhabitants were exclusively Amerind; then White Spaniards and Portuguese arrived, bringing with them Black slaves, and then finally a mixed race group had emerged from the mixing of large numbers of these four groupings.
South American racial history becomes murky from then on: while the majority of the population are of mixed racial origin, there are still a significant number of Whites remaining - and it is generally in those areas where they predominate, that the regions in question are the more advanced on the continent.
So it is that First and Third World conditions exist cheek by jowl in South America, the direct result of the intermingling process which has taken place. The one overriding theme of South American history since the war of liberation from the Spanish has been instability: political, social and economic. Politically, the states have swayed between totalitarian dictatorships and part democracies; socially the continent has become the source of some of the greatest disparities in the world: with a small, usually White, elite, holding the majority of the continent's wealth, with the vast majority of the now mostly mixed race population surviving on a subsistence economy at best.
South America has also, along with South East Asia and certain parts of the Near East, become the heartland of the world drug production and running empire, echoing the Mafia of southern Italy in their criminality and murderous zeal which extends as far as politics in many South American countries.
The parallels in the racial make-up of the largely mixed race populations of Sicily and large parts of South America, and the appearance of violent international criminal gangs, is too obvious to ignore.
Politically, in spite of Bolivar's dream, unity was not to be achieved between the various states in South America, as had happened in North America. The reason for this was that, unlike North America, the population of South America was not as racially homogeneous as North America, and so racial divisions, quite apart from the already aggravated economic and social disparities, came into play. The jealousies and rivalries in South America to this day sometimes take on deadly serious but comical proportions, with two South American states being famous for going to war with one another in the 1960s over the outcome of a football match.
The End Result
White Spaniards are more common in Argentina and Uruguay, while in Brazil the numbers of White Portuguese is very small indeed, with the majority of that country being of mixed race. The desperate economic straits and impoverishment of that country also in many ways mirrors many other predominantly Third World countries.
Groups of White Italians and small numbers of Germans and Poles also settled in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay during the late nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century. They were followed by significant numbers of European Jews, seeking a haven from rising European anti-Semitism around the end of the 19th century and during the early 20th century.
German colonists settled in south central Chile, establishing some of that country's richest White enclaves. However, immigrants from Europe were not the only source of immigration into the continent: diverse groups such as Syrians, Indians, Indonesians, Chinese and Japanese, who settled in large numbers in Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia.
The end result of this tremendous mix of races in South America has been a continent of extremes: relatively well off White enclaves surrounded by masses of desperately poor and (ever growing in numbers) Nonwhites.
An interesting aspect of the racial mix in South America which is worthy of note is the one sidedness of the process: most common are the mestizos, those of part Spanish/Portuguese and Amerind ancestry. The second smallest group are those who the product of mixing between Spanish/Portuguese and Blacks, while those of Amerind and Black ancestry are far and away the smallest.
Racial Mixing: the Destruction of the Inca and Aztec Civilizations
The disappearance of the Aztec and Inca civilizations is an extremely valuable lesson for it illustrates with a Nonwhite group the end results of prolonged mixing: in exactly the same way that the ancient White civilizations of old vanished when the people who created those civilizations were submerged amongst newcomers, so did the Aztec and Inca civilizations vanish when they lost their racial homogeneity.
It is a commonly held, but false, belief that the Incas and Aztecs vanished because they all died out due to the introduction of European borne diseases. While it most certainly true that a large percentage did succumb to new diseases, there is no evidence to indicate that the entire race was wiped out in this way.
The straight military defeats suffered by the Incas and Aztecs did also not destroy these racial groups: but there is overwhelming evidence - the present day mixed race population of large parts of South America, which must have come from somewhere - that the Southern American Amerinds disappeared through racial mixing with the newcomers and with Black slaves.
The Aztec and Inca decline prove that all civilizations which are the product of specific groups, no matter which group they are, will disappear once that people disappear. This is the reason why in South America today the Aztec and Inca temples lie in ruins: the mixing of that race with others caused the very make-up of those people to change, a far more fatal blow to the advanced Inca and Aztec civilization than any military defeat or disease.
Races can recover from military defeats: but when a racial group disappears through mixing, it can never recapture its original nature: it is gone forever. The ruins of the once great Aztec and Inca civilizations stand, like the Ziggurats in Sumeria and the Pyramids in Egypt, as silent testimony of vanished peoples, submerged amongst people of a different race.
For the White race, South America has been a close repeat of the White Aryan invasion of India (although the obliteration of the White descendants in South America has not been as total as it was in India). However, the population growth amongst the mixed race inhabitants is such that even the remaining pockets of Whites in South America are due to be bred down into an insignificant number within the next 100 years - and then the entire continent is set to become similar at last: dominated by Nonwhite Third World chaos and deprivation.
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